MODULE 2

OVERVIEW

Science and technology are dynamic processes engaged in by man to satisfy two basic needs –
the thirst for knowledge and the material requirements for human survival and prosperity. Science and
technology had been around even before the words biology, physics, chemistry, engineering, and
agriculture were coined.

Science is the description, understanding and prediction of physical phenomena through the use
and generation of verifiable theories, laws, and principles. Research and development is a usual activities
associated with science as a process. It involves the acquisition of new knowledge and the utilization of
such knowledge to devise new or improved products and processes.

Technology is the use of scientific knowledge and/or empirical somehow for the production,
improvement, and distribution of goods and services, as well as the satisfaction of other material needs. On
the other hand, it is more related to economic activity.
The outputs of technological activity are necessarily composed of both “software” and “hardware”.
Software refers to methods, techniques, organization, and management. Hardware pertains to tools,
equipment, machines, and materals (UNESCO, 1979; Posadas, 1985).
The core activity of technology is technological innovation that seeks to transform the prototype
inventions of Research and Development into commercial product or process (Posadas, 1985). Another
important activity is the utilization of technology itself. The actual use of technology in the production
process points out the potentials as well as the problems associated with a particular technology.

Society is a group of persons joined together to for a common purpose or by a common interest.
They come to learn and perform behavior expected of them.
The society makes use of science to come up with better technology in order for its people to live in
accordance with their necessities. The human successes and failures revolve around military, economic,
and medical significance. Science and technology can either yield a positive or a negative result to human
survival. Ethical dilemmas and social conflict will build up in light of abounding beliefs and culture that are
slowly disintegrating or vice versa, vis-à-vis the changes made by science and technology if our society.

From the beginning of time, man has strived to improve his way and quality of make life. The
caveman discovered how to make and use tools, developed a logical sequence for activities, and evolved
processes that added value to his life. The totality of the use and application of his knowledge, skills, tools,
and materials constitutes what we today describe as “technology”.

CHAPTER 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINES SOCIETY

To many countries, development is simply becoming

in the future of what industrialized countries are today.

The shift from nomadic life to farming led to the

development of cities: a) network and transportation; b) specialized labor; c) government and religion; and
d) social class.

It was during the 15th century, with the accelerated pace of developments, that many inventions
evolved. Such period radically changed the so-called conventional way of life of the western world.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson the students should be able to;
 Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history.
 Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment.
ACTIVITY 1
Identification. Read the following questions and give on what is/are being asked in each item. Write your
answer on the space provided before each number.

____________1. Who first described Newton’s rings?

____________2. Who first successfully explained Newton’s ring?
____________3. Who first gave a correct explanation why the sky is blue?
____________4. Who invented the Wheatstone bridge?
____________5. Who first patented the telegraph?
____________6. Who invented the Morse code?
____________7. Who first experimentally verified Coulomb’s law of electric attraction?
____________8. Who first performed Faraday’s ice pail experiment demonstrating electrostatic
shielding?
____________9. Who invented the decimal point notation in mathematics?
___________10. Who invented the drip coffee pot?
___________11. Who first made carbonated water?
___________12. What chemist was the first to discover and describe color blindness?
___________13. Who first formulated L’Hospital’s rule for evaluating indeterminate algebraic
forms?
___________14. Who first made a “Galilean” (non-inverting) type telescope consisting of a positive
objective lens and a negative eyelens at opposite ends of a tube?
___________15. Who invented the microscope?
___________16. Who first made the “Keplerian” (astronomical, inverting) type telescope consisting of a
positive objective lens and a positive eyelens at opposite ends of a tube?
___________17. Who first made a “Newtonian” reflecting telescope with a concave objective mirror?
___________18. Who first proposed and performed the experiment of dropping two balls of different weight
from a high tower to test Aristotelian’s assertion that they’d fall at different speeds?
___________19. Who first performed the experiment of flying a kite to draw down the electric fluid of
lightning?
___________20. Who does lie buried in Grant’s tomb? Where is Grant’s tomb? How many bricks are in
Grant’s tomb?

CONTENT/LESSON PROPER:

LESSON 1: SOCIETAL TRANSFORMATION BY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COPERNICAN
This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed the heaven/universe. It is the
idea that rejected Ptolemic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric
model (sun is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it)

DARWINIAN
This has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology forever. This revolution provided
a difference in “The Theory of Creation”. The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published
his book “The Origin of the Species” that emphasizes that humans are the result of the evolution.

FREUDIAN
This theory has started to revolutionized psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This includes the
“Freudian Theory of Personality” that involves the human development contributes to his/her personality
and also his “psychoanalysis” that is the process that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a
human does not compete his/her developmental stages.

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INFORMATION
This has been the era in which technology has been prevalent. It is also known as the Computer
Age that has brought so much change on how are we living today.

MESO-AMERICAN
It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for Archeology. The temples and pyramids left a lot
about Architecture that leads us to study more of it.

ASIAN
The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent nationhood along the
improvement brought by it internally.

MIDDLE EAST
The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the development and growth of individual
nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize Middle Eastern societies and to push
the declining power of the Ottoman Empire and the Arab region.

AFRICAN
The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.

Source: Brainly.ph-https://.ph/questions/1623302#readmore

SUMMARY:

Variables that Influence the development of science and technology

 Creativity
 Curiosity
 Critical thinking
 Passion to know
 Passion to discover

Three revolutions that defined society

 Ideas of Known Intellectuals
 Cradles of Early Science
 Information revolution

Three ideas of known intellectuals

 Copernican
 Darwinian
 Freudian

Four Cradles of Early Science

 Meso-American
 Asian
 Middle East
 African

Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

 Astronomer who proposed that planets revolve around the sun

Copernican Revolution
 Heliocentric model with the sun at the center of the solar system

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

 English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by means of natural selection

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Darwinian Revolution
 Evolution by means of natural selection

Two books that gave birth to the Darwinian revolution

 On the Origin of Species
 The Descent of Man

On the Origin of Species (1859)

 Presented evidence on how species evolved overtime

The Descent of Man (1871)

 Introduced the idea of all organic life under the realm of revolutionary thinking

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

 Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis

Freudian Revolution
 Developed an observational method to study human’s inner life
 Focuses on human sexuality and evil nature of man

2 Methods of Psychoanalysis
 Stream of consciousness
 Free association

Three aspects on effects of Freudian revolution

 Literature
 Visual Arts
 Music

Dadaism
 Irrationality

Surrealism
 Liberate the subconscious from the bond of consciousness

Meso-American Civilizations
 Mayan
 Inca
 Aztec

Contributions of Mayan Civilization

 Astronomy-incorporated in temples or religious structures,
 prediction of eclipses
 use of astrological cycles in planting and harvesting
 Mayan hieroglyphics
 Concept of zero

Contributions of Inca Civilization

 Irrigation system
 First suspension bridge
 Quipo

Contributions of Aztec Civilization

 Chocolate
 Chinampa technology
 Canoe

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  Mandated children to get education
 Antispasmodic medication

Asian Civilization
 India
 China
 Middles East

Susruta Samhita
 Text on surgical procedures from Ancient India

Siddhanta Shiromani
 Ancient text with topics including like longitude and latitude of planets, eclipses, path of sun, and
moon

Contributions of India
 Medicine Astronomy
 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days
 Mathematics
 Mohenjo-daro ruler
 Trigonometry
 Gravity as a force of attraction
 Mathematical analysis

ACTIVITY 2!

MY GALLERY: In a creative way, summarize the intellectual revolutions that defines society in any form.
You are encouraged to collect pictures with well-defined description. Make sure to showcase the significant
contributions that takes place in each of the revolutionary advancements presented in the text.

You will be graded according to:

Creativity - 20%
Description - 25%
Mechanics - 25%
Creativity - 20%
Promptness - 10%
Total - 100%

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 LESSON 2: SURVEY OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT

A. Greek and Roman Times

1. Ancient Greek – the first culture to undertake true scientific inquiry. After the equivalent
upheavals caused by the discovery and use of iron weapons, the Greeks began to explain the
universe and themselves in a deeper way.
The earliest Greeks were settled along the western coast of Asia Minor, in Sicily and South
Italy, where the following have been fully developed:
a. Basic elements of mathematics
b. Astronomy
c. Mechanics
d. Physics
e. Geography
f. Medicine

THE FIRST FIVE CENTURIES, B.C.

The potential ruin of Hellenic Greece caused such deep changes all around that scholars agreed in
using a new name to designate the new culture, which developed chiefly from the third century.
During this time, the center was no longer in Athens and other Greeks cities which were
established outside of Europe.
The golden age of the Greeks in Science coincided with their golden age in Literature and Arts which took
place primarily in Athens on fourth and fifth centuries, B.C. that golden century was brought to a close by a
political murder of Socrates in 399 B.C.

The fourth century was even richer in scientific achievement and was dominated by two greatest
personalities in history. The first half was dominated by Plato and the second half by Aristotle.

15th Century
Major developments happened in this century. Some notable changes which radilly changed the
course of the Western World are as follows:
a) Invention of typography – about the middle of the 15th century.
b) Geographic discoveries – initiated by Henry the Navigator which reached its climax at the end
of the century with the voyage of Columbus and other.
c) Printing – opened the production of standard texts and a little later, standard illustration.

For the first time, the progress of knowledge could be registered as soon as it was standardized
and transmitted to every corner of the civilized world. Until this period, East and West had worked
together, but now the Muslim East, increasingly inhibited by religious obscurism, rejected printing
and ceased to cooperate with the western world.

The discovery of printing was so important that it is well to consider it the beginning of the new
period, the so called-Renaissance, which was almost exclusively Western as far as Science is
concerned.

RENAISSANCE
The recovery of the texts of the Greek classics, most of which had been known only through Latin
translation of Arabic writings, was well-known during the Renaissance period. This period is considered as
the continuation of the Middle Age.

Growth of Academics
During the Renaissance, printing shops became numerous and the number of printed books
increased immeasurably thereafter.

Improved Communication of Scientific Knowledge

Another factor in the scientific revolution was the rise of learned societies and academics in various
countries. The earliest of these were in Italy and Germany which is short lived. More influential were the
Royal Society of England (1660). The former was a private institution in London and included such
scientists as Robert Hooke, John Wallis, William Brouncker, Thomas Sydenham, John Mayow, and

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Christopher Wren (who contributed not only to architecture but also to astronomy); the latter was a
government institution and was included as a foreign member of the Dutchman Huygens. In the 18th
century, important royal academics were established in Berlin (1700) and at St. Petersburg (1724). The
societies and academics provided the principal opportunities for the publication and discussion of scientific
results during and after the scientific revolution (Compton Encyclopedia Interactive, 1996).

First Academics of Science date from the 16th century

1. Academia del Lincel in Rome (1603-1630)
2. Academia del Cimento in Rome (1657-1667)
3. Royal Society in Florence (1662)
4. Academie des Sciences in Paris (1666)

The rebirth and development of science began with the publication of books that are now considered
as the main monuments of modern science, to wit:
1. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres by Nicolaus Copernicus (1500)
2. On the Fabric of the Human Body by Andreas Vesalius (1543)
3. Principia Mathematica of Sir Isaac Newton (1687)
4. Traite de la Lumiere of Christian Huygens (1690)

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 LESSON 3: THE REJECTION OF TRADITIONAL PARADIGMS – THE
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

1. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)

 Broke with the traditional belief, supported by both scientists and
theologians that the earth was at the center of the universe. A Polish
astronomer and mathematician who was a proponent of the view of an
Earth in daily motion about its axis in yearly motion around a stationary sun.
This theory profoundly altered later workers’’ view of the universe but was
rejected by the Catholic Church.
 He was accounted for placing the Sun not the Earth at the center of the
cosmos. He was able to place the planets in order of their distances from
the sun by considering their speeds and thus to construct a system of the
planets.

 In 1543, on his deathbed, Copernicus finished reading the proofs of his

great work: he died just as it was published. His epochal book, De
revoutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial
Spheres and became a landmark in the history of modern science that is
known as the “Copernican Revolution”.

It is often regarded as the starting point of modern astronomy and the

defining epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. Although Greek,
Indian and Muslim savants had published heliocentric hypotheses centuries
before Copernicus, his publication of a scientific theory of “Heliocentrism”,
demonstrating that the motions of celestial objects can be explained without
putting the Earth at rest in the center of the universe, stimulated further
scientific investigations, and became a landmark in the history of modern
science that is known as the Copernican Revolution.

2. TYCHO BRAHE (1546-1601)

 Danish astronomer who made accurate measurements of the star and
planets before the telescope. He also discovered new star in 1557. In
1563, he observed the conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn which clearly
demonstrated to him the inaccuracy of the existing records of planetary
positions.
 He rejected the Copernican system and believed that the Sun revolves
around the Earth. His observation of the comets of 1557 and five
subsequent comets also convinced him that their orbits were far beyond
the lunar orbit.
 This discovery, and the phenomenal accuracy of his observations of
planetary positions, laid him a firm basis for the breakthrough
of the Copernican world view in the 17th century.

 Brahe also cast doubt upon the Aristotelian doctrine of

heavenly perfection. Perhaps the most serious critical blows
struck were those delivered by Galileo after the invention of
the telescope.

In quick succession, he announced that there

were mountains on the Moon, satellite circling
Jupiter, and spots upon the Sun.

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The Invention of telescopes

3. GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642)

 Formulated the basic law of falling bodies in 1604. He also
invented the telescope in 1608 that was used to confirm his belief
in the Copernican heliocentric system which he banned to
publicize.
 He made his most notable discovery about the pendulum – the
period (the time in which a pendulum swings back and forth) does
not depend on the arc of the swing (the isochronism).

 His discoveries proved the Copernican system which states that the
earth and other planets revolve around the sun. Prior to the
Copernican system, it was held that the universe was geocentric,
meaning the sun revolves around the earth.

4. JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)

 A German astronomer who discovered the three major laws of
planetary motion
 Three major laws of planetary motion conventionally designated as
follows:
1. The planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus;
2. The time necessary to transverse any arc of a planetary orbit is proportional to the area of
the sector between the central body and that arc (the “area law”); and
3. There is an exact relationship between the squares of the planets’ periodic times and the
cube of the radii of their orbits (the “harmonic law”)

1st law 2nd law 3rd law

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 5. PARACELSUS
 Rejected the older alchemical and medical theories and founded iatrochemistry, the forerunner of
modern medical chemistry.
6. ANDREAS VESALIUS
 Like Paracelcus, turned away from the medical teachings of Galen and other early authorities and
through his anatomical studies helped found modern medicine and biology. The philosophical
basis for the scientific revolution was expressed in the writings of Francis Bacon – who urged that
the experimental method plays the key role in the development of scientific theories.
7. RENE DESCARTES
 The universe is a mechanical system that can be describe in mathematical terms
8. CHRISTIAN HUYGENS
 Perfected the mechanical clock in the late 16th century and improvements in telescope.
9. ISAAC NEWTON
 In 1600s, Newton used the findings of others to develop a unified view of the forces of the
universe. In his book Principia (1687), he formulated a law of universal gravitation and showed
that both objects on the earth and the heavenly bodies obey this law.
 In his studies of lenses and prisms laid the foundation for the modern study of optics.
 Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, independently developed a new system of
mathematical calculus.

MODERN PHYSIOLOGY - early in the 1600s

10. WILLIAM HARVEY

 Performed careful experiments and used simple mathematics to show how blood circulates
throughout the human body.
11. ROBERT HOOKE
 In the mid-1600s, an English scientist, pioneered the use of microscope to study the fine
strctures of plants and animals and uncovered a new world of cells.
12. ROBERT BOYLE
 In the mid-1600s, an Irish scientist, helped establish the experimental method in chemistry. He
introduced many new ways of identifying the chemical composition of substances.
(Encyclopedia Brittanica Interactive, 2000)

DISCOVERIES

1. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen - discovered x-ray in 1895

2. Antoine Henry Becquerel - radioactivity in 1896
3. Pierre and Marie Curie - radium in 1898
4. Sigmund Freud - psychoanalysis in 1900
5. Max Planck - discovered the theory of quanta in 1901
6. Hugo De Vries - theory of mutations in 1901-1903
7. Albert Einstein - special and general theories of relativity in 1905 - 1916
8. Baron Rutherford - the disintegration of atom in 1919

ACTIVITY 3: Reading Enrichment Task

Read the questions comprehensively then answer with authenticity that is free from any bias just like
copy and paste practice. Take note that your answers will be subjected for plagiarism check.

1. How did early men invent and fashion their tools for day to day living?
2. How did they domesticate animals and learn the tricks of husbandry?
3. How did they obtain the rudiments of arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy?
4. How did they find the best foods for health and the best drugs for sickness?

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References
1. Quinto, E.J.M. & Nieva, A.D. (2018). Science, Technology and Society: Outcome-Based Module
(1st ed.) C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City Philippines.
2. Mcnamara, D.J., Valverde, V.M., & Beleno, III R. (2018). Science, Technology and Society (1st ed).
C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
3. Ballena, N.D.S., Bernal, R.D., Paquiz, L.G., Ramos, R.C., & Viet, L, C. (2004). Science Technology
and Society. Trinitas Publishing, Inc., Trinitas Complex, Pantoc Road, Pantoc, Meycauayan 3020
Bulacan.

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