hydrology

TOPIC COVERED:
 Introduction
 Application of Hydrology to Engineering
 Source of Data
 The hydrologic Cycle
 Water budget equation

BY: Engr. GINA F. MOVILLA

Objective

 Determine/Identify the basic concept of

hydrology
 Discuss and demonstrate the hydrologic cycle
 Apply the concept of hydrologic cycle
 hydrology DEFINITION:
hydro.logy
The term hydrology is from Greek: hydōr, "water"; and, logos,
"study".

noun
the science dealing with the occurrence, circulation, distribution,
and properties of the waters of the earth and its atmosphere.

Can broadly define as the technical field encompassing

the occurrence of water on, above or within the earth.
Cont. hydrology DEFINITION:
In common practice of Engineering :
considered to deal primarily with surface-water
hydrology or water on the earth surface.
Hydrology is basically an applied science. To further
emphasise the degree of applicability, the subject is
sometimes classified as
1. Scientific hydrology – the study which is concerned
chiefly with academic aspects
2. Engineering or applied hydrology – a study
concerned with engineering applications
In general engineering hydrology
deals with
1) estimation of water resources,
2) the study of processes such as
precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration
and interaction and
3) the study of problems such as floods and
droughts, and strategies to combat them.
 hydrology history The Romans constructe
d
numerous aqueducts to Perault
bring water from distant Linked rainfall to
sources into their cities flow of the river
and towns. Waste water Seine
was removed by Marriotte
complex sewage Combined Poiseuille
systems and released velocity and Stokes
into nearby bodies of river cross Manning
water. Some aqueducts section to obtain Reynolds
also provided water for discharge of the Mead
mining, processing, river Seine Meyer
manufacturing, and
4000 BC 200 AD
agriculture. 1500 1800 1850 1900
Leonardo da Pitot Hazen
Along the Indus
Vinci and Bernoulli Gumbel
River, Pakistan, the
Bernard Palissy Euler Hurst
Tigris and
independently Chezy Meinzer
Euphrates in
reached an Dalton Hubbert
Mesopotamia,
accurate Made progress in Prandtl
Hwang Ho in
representation of applications of Chow
China, and the
the hydrologic mathematics, fluid Thornthwaite
Nile in Egypt that
cycle mechanics, Penman
the first hydraulic
and hydraulics Horton
engineers created
Darcy
canals, levees,
Worked on
dams, subsurface
groundwater
water conduits,
hydrology
and wells
hydrology BRANCHES:

Chemical Eco Surface Drainage Basin

Hydrogeology Hydrometeorology
Hydrology Hydrology Hydrology Management

Study of Study of the Study of the Study of Covers

Study of transfer of hydrologic water-
chemical distribution
interactions water and processes storage, in
characteristi and
of living energy that the form of
cs of water movement of
organisms between land operate at reservoirs,
groundwater
Chemistry of and the and water or and flood-
in the soils
water in hydrologic body surfaces near Earth's protection
and rocks of
rivers and cycle and the lower surface
the Earth’s
lakes, both crust atmosphere
of pollutants
and natural
solutes
hydrology BRANCHES:
Assessing Determining the
impacts of water balance
natural and
human induced for a region
environmental
Designing change on
irrigation water resources
schemes
Designing
drainage
systems Designing
Urban
drinking
water and Determining
sewer agricultural
Assessing water balance
export of systems
sediment Predicting
& nutrients Predicting
floods
from fields floods
to water
systems

Designing buffers
SCOPE OF HYDROLOGY
The study of hydrology help us to know:
❑ The maximum probable flood that may occur at a given site and
its frequency, this is required for the safe design of drains and
culverts, dams and reservoirs, channels and other flood control
structures.
❑ The water yield from basin- its occurrence, quantity and
frequency, etc; this is necessary for the design of dams, municipal
water supply, water power, river navigation, etc.
❑ The groundwater development for which a knowledge of the
hydrogeology of the area, i.e, of the formation soil, recharge
facilities like streams and reservoirs, rainfall pattern, climate,
cropping pattern, etc are required.
❑ The maximum intensity storm and its frequency for the design of a
drainage project in the area.
HYDROLOGICAL DATA
For the analysis and deign of hydrologic project adequate
data and length of records are necessary. A hydrologist is
often posed with lack of adequate data. The basic
hydrologic data required are:
(i) Climatological data
(ii) hydrometeorological data like temperature, wind,
velocity, humidity etc.
(iii) Precipitation record
(iv) Stream-flow records
(v) Seasonal fluctuation of ground water tale or piezometer
heads
(vi) Evaporation data
(vii) Cropping pattern, crops and their consumptive use
(viii) Water quality data of surface streams and ground water
Cont. SCOPE OF HYDROLOGY
(ix) Geomorphologic studies of the basin, like area, shape
and slope of the basin, mean and median elevation, mean
temperature and other physiographic characteristics of
basin, stream density and drainage density, tanks and
reservoirs
(x) Hydrometeorological characteristics of basin:
i) a.a.r., long term precipitation, space average over
the basin using isohytes and several other methods
( Rainbird, 168)
ii) Depth area duration (DAD) curves for critical storms
( Station equipped with self-recording rain gauges).
Cont. SCOPE OF HYDROLOGY
iii)Isohyetal maps – Isohytes may be drawn for long
term average, annual and monthly precipitation for
individual years and months
iv) Cropping pattern – crops and their seaskn
v) Daily, monthly and annual evaporation from
water surface in the basin
vi) Water balance studies of the basin
vii) Chronic problems in the basin due to a flood-
menacing river or siltmenacing river
viii) Soil conservation and methods of flood control
Application of Hydrology to
Engineering
Its greatest application in the design and operation of
water-resources engineering projects such as those for:
 Irrigation
 Water supply
 Flood control
 Water power
 Navigation
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
What is the Hydrological Cycle?
The hydrological cycle is the
system which describes
the distribution and movement
of water between the
earth and its atmosphere. The
model involves the
continual circulation of water
between the oceans, the
atmosphere, vegetation and
land.
Cont. hydrologic cycle
Hydrologic cycle is the water transfer cycle, which
occurs continuously in nature;

The three important phases of the hydrology :

a) Evaporation and evapotranspiration
b) Precipitation
c) runoff

Note: The volume of water in any given state or zone

continuously varies, but the total volume remain constant.
Each path of the hydrologic cycle involves one or
more of the following aspects:
 transportation of water.
 temporary storage and
 change or State. For example. (a) the process
of rainfall has the change of state and
transportation and (b) the groundwater path
has storage and transportation aspects.
Cont. hydrologic cycle
Major aspects Involved:

1. Transport or movement of water to

and from the atmosphere, land and
vegetation and bodies of water.
2. Movement of water is
unpredictable, both in time and
over an area.
3. Water exist in three phases: vapor,
liquid or solid
Element of Hydrologic Cycle
 Evaporation-
the change of liquid water to
water vapour
Solar energy powers the cycle.
Heat energy from the sun causes
evaporation from water surfaces
(rivers, lakes and oceans)

 EVAPORATION
From the surface of ponds,
lakes, reservoir, ocean surfaces
etc. and transpiration from surface
vegetation, i.e. from plants leaves
of drop land and forest etc. takes
place.
Element of Hydrologic Cycle
. Transpiration from plants
Transpiration is essentially
evaporation of water
from plant leaves.

 Evapotranspiration
water loss to the
atmosphere from plants
and water surfaces.
 Element of Hydrologic Cycle
Condensation-is the change of the
physical state of matter from gas phase into
liquid phase

➢ The warm, moist air (containing water

vapour) rises and, as it cools,
condensation takes place to
form clouds
Element of Hydrologic Cycle
Precipitation is any product of
the condensation of Orographic lifting,
atmospheric water vapor that results in zones of high
falls under gravity. annual precipitation
on the windward side
Main forms of precipitation of the mountain.
1. drizzle 5. hail
2. rain 6. fog
3. sleet 7. dew
4. snow 8. mist

Precipitation occurs when a

local portion of the
atmosphere becomes
saturated with water vapor, so
that the water condenses and
"precipitates“.
Element of Hydrologic Cycle
Interception refers
to precipitation
that does not
reach the soil, but
is instead
intercepted by
the leaves and
branches of
plants and the
forest floor.
Element of Hydrologic Cycle
Infiltration is the process
by which water on the
ground surface enters the
soil
- Infiltration rate in
soil science is a measure
of the rate at which soil is
able to absorb rainfall or
irrigation
Element of Hydrologic Cycle

Percolation is the
movement of water
though the soil, and it's
layers, by gravity and
capillary forces.
Element of Hydrologic Cycle
Run off / Overland flow The rainwater flows,
is the water flow that either over the
occurs when the soil is ground (run off) into
infiltrated to full rivers and back to
capacity and excess the ocean.
water from rain, melt
water, or other sources
flows over the land. This
is a major component
of the water cycle, and
the primary agent in
water erosion.
A Closed System
➢ The hydrological cycle is a good example of a
closed system: the total amount of water is the
same, with virtually no water added to or lost
from the cycle.

➢ Water just moves from one storage type to

another.

➢ Water evaporating from the oceans is balanced

by water being returned through precipitation
and surface run off.
Water Budget Equation
 For a given problem area., say a catchment, in an interval of time ∆𝑡, the
continuity equation for water in its various phases is written as

Mass inflow- .mass outflow = change in mass storage

If the density of the inflow, outflow and storage volumes are the same
𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑜 = ∆𝑆
where:
𝑉𝑖 -inflow volume of water into the problem area during the time period.
𝑉𝑜 – outflow volume of water from the problem area during the time
period, and
∆𝑆= change of the storage of water volume over and under the given
period.
 While realizing that all the terms in a hydrological water budget may not be known to
the same degree of accuracy an expression for the water budget of a catchment for a
time interval ∆𝑡 is written as:

P - R - G- E - T= ∆S (1.2-a)

In this P = precipitation, R = surface runoff. G = net groundwater flow out of the
catchment, E = evaporation, T =transpiration and ∆S =change in storage. The storage S
consists of three components as
𝑆 = 𝑆𝑠 + 𝑆𝑠𝑚 + 𝑆𝑔
Where: 𝑆𝑠 - Surface water storage
𝑆𝑠𝑚 –water in storage as soil moisture
𝑆𝑔 – water in storage as groundwater

Thus in Eq. ( 1.2-a),∆𝑆 = ∆𝑆𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑠𝑚 + ∆𝑆𝑔 All terms in Eq. ( l.2-a) have the dimensions of
volume. Note that all these terms
can be expressed as depth over the catchment area (e.g. in centimeters). and in fact, this
is a very common unit.
In terms of rainfall runoff relationship, Eq. (1.2-a) can be represented
 R=P- L (1.2-b)
Where L =Losses
Sample Problem No. 1
A lake had a water surface elevation of 103,200m above
datum at the beginning of a certain month. In that month the
lake received an average inflow of 6𝑚3 /𝑠 from the surface
runoff sources. In the same period the outflow from the lake
had an average value of 6.5 𝑚3 /𝑠. Further in that month the
lake receives a rainfall of 14.5mm and the evaporation from
the lake surface was estimated as 6.10cm. Write the water
budget for the lake and calculate the water surface elevation
of the lake at the end of the month. The average lake surface
can be taken as 5000ha. Assume that there is no contribution
to or from the groundwater surface.
Sample Problem No. 2
 A small catchment area of I50 ha received a rainfall of
0.5 cm in 90 minutes due to a storm. At the outlet of the
catchment the stream draining the catchment was dry
before the storm and experienced a runoff lasting for
10hrs with an average discharge of 1.5𝑚3 /𝑠 . The stream
was again dry after the runoff event a) What is the
amount of water which was not available to runoff due
to combined effect of infiltration and transpiration? What
is the ratio of runoff to precipitation?
THE END