REPORT

ON
WIRELESS ELECTRICITY

EEN-391: TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION

Submitted by:
Aayush Kumar Singh
(20115002)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ROORKEE
ROORKEE-247667, UK (INDIA)
Autumn, 2022-23
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Abstract 3

1. Introduction 4
2. Basics Concept of Wireless Power Transfer 5
2.1 How Wireless Power Transfer works
3. Transmission Methods 6
3.1 Short Range – Inductive Coupling 6
3.2 Mid-Range – Resonance Inductive Coupling 8
3.3 Long Range – Microwave Transmission 10
4. Inductance of Coil & Coil Design
4.1 Introduction 11
4.2 Transmitter 13
4.3 Receiver 15
5. Application and Future Work 17
6. Advantages and Disadvantages 20
7. Conclusion 21

References 22
 Abstract

Wireless Power Transmission refers to the transmission of electrical energy/electrical

power from source to load over a distance without any conducting wire or cables.

The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikola Tesla around turn of
the 20th century.

Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change by eliminating the use of
conventional copper cables and current carrying wires. Current system of power
transmission involves 24% losses primarily due to the resistance of cables used in
transmission, by using Wireless transmission this loss can be reduced and efficiency
of power transmission improved.

So, due to the benefits wireless electricity transfer can offer its use can be beneficial
in improving efficiency of power transmitted and also, we can transfer power to
places where power transmission through wires is not possible.

In this report we try to analyse possibilities of using wireless electricity and how
wireless electricity transfer works and Its merits-demerits.

Take a look at various methods used to transmit electricity wirelessly based on the
distance of transmission and how they work. Using Inductive coupling for short range
and Electromagnetic waves for long range to transmit power.

We look at the advantages that wireless transmission offers and the drawbacks and
challenges in the process of making use of Wireless power transmission.
 Introduction

To start with, we still rely on the classical and conventional wire system to charge our
everyday use low power devices such as mobile phones and mid power devices like
laptops. The conventional wire-based system can get messy when it comes to
charging several devices simultaneously due to all the wires involved. It also takes
up a lot of electric sockets and each device has its own design for the charging port
further adding to the complexities.
By this point many of us would definitely have thought ― What if a single device can
be used to charge these devices simultaneously without the need of wires?
Surely such a device would make the charging process much simpler with the wires
removed. Well, the solution to this lies with wireless electricity. By using Wireless
Power Transfer our issue of charging along with other issues can be resolved
Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) is the efficient transmission of electric power
from one point to another (source to load) through vacuum or an atmosphere without
the use of wire or any other substance. [1]
This can be used for applications where either an instantaneous amount or a
continuous delivery of energy is needed, but where conventional wires are
unaffordable, inconvenient, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible.
Wireless Electricity can be made possible by inductive coupling, a simple and
effective way of transferring power wirelessly.
Wireless Power Transmission is reliable, efficient, fast, involves low maintenance
cost, and it can be used for short or long range. [1]
Well, the resistance of the wire used in the electrical grid distribution system causes
a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated. This loss implies that our present
electrical distribution system is only 70-74% efficient. [2]
So, by making use of wireless power transmission we can reduce the power losses
in wires which can improve the efficiency in power transmission.
 Basic Concept of Wireless Power Transfer

Basics of Wireless Electricity or Wireless Power Transfer:

The basic concept behind WiTricity-Wireless Electricity is Magnetic Resonance.
Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency exchange energy efficiently,
while dissipating relatively little energy in extraneous off-resonant objects. In systems
of coupled resonances, there is often a general “Strongly Coupled” regime of
operation. If we can operate in that regime in a given system, the energy transfer is
expected to be very efficient. Midrange power transfer implemented in this way can
be nearly Omni directional and efficient, irrespective of the geometry of the
surrounding space, with low interference and losses into environmental objects.[3]

1) Inductive Coupling
Inductive or Magnetic coupling works on the principle of electromagnetism. When a
wire is in proximity to a magnetic field, it generates a magnetic field in that wire.
Transferring energy between wires through magnetic fields is inductive coupling.
If a portion of the magnetic flux established by one circuit interlinks with the second
circuit, then two circuits are coupled magnetically and the energy can be transferred
from one circuit to another circuit. [4]
This energy transfer is performed by the transfer of the magnetic field which is
common to the both circuits.

Inductive Coupling with Four Component Fluxes [5]

Power transfer efficiency of inductive coupling can be increased by increasing the
number of turns in the coil, the strength of the current, the area of cross-section of
the coil and the strength of the radial magnetic field. [4]

Magnetic fields decay quickly, making inductive coupling effective at a very short
range. Thus, this method of power transfer can be employed for short ranges only.

2) Inductive Charging
Inductive charging uses the electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two
objects. A charging station sends energy through inductive coupling to an electrical
device, which stores the energy in batteries. Because there is a small gap between
the two coils, inductive charging is kind of short-distance wireless energy transfer.
Induction chargers typically use an induction coil to create an alternating
electromagnetic field from within a charging base station, and a second induction coil
in the portable device takes power from the electromagnetic field and converts it
back into electrical current to charge the battery. The two induction coils in proximity
combine to form an electrical transformer.
Greater distances can be achieved when the inductive charging system uses
resonant inductive coupling [6]
 Transmission Methods

Various methods employed for Wireless Power Transmission based on the distance
up to which power is to be transferred.

Short Range – Inductive Coupling

In electrical engineering, two conductors are referred to as mutual-inductively

coupled or magnetically coupled when they are configured such that change in
current flow through one wire induces a voltage across the end of the other wire
through electromagnetic induction. The amount of inductive coupling between two
conductors is measured by their mutual inductance.

The essentials of this procedure are that the transmitter and recipient curls are
inductively coupled. Oscillators are utilized as a part of transmitters to change over
DC current to AC current. [7]

The AC current going in the transmitter loop produces attractive field, which incites a
voltage in beneficiary curl. Magnetic Field is packed in little volume amongst
transmitter and collector. The beneficiary has a rectifier those believers Air
conditioning once again into DC for utilize.

The voltage controller is intended to keep up a steady voltage. The impact of

inductance can be increased through winding the wire.

The principal detriment of this strategy is its lower productivity. Inductive charging
additionally requires drive hardware and curls that expansion fabricating multifaceted
nature and cost. [7]

Remote charging cushion, electric brush, transformer work in view of this idea.
 Block Diagram for Inductive Coupling [8]

Mid-Range – Resonance Inductive Coupling

Resonant inductive coupling is transmitting power between two loops that are tuned
to reverberate at a similar recurrence. Resonance happens when the self-
resounding recurrence of loops equivalent to the recurrence of AC control supply,
when the equal circuits of loops in high recurrence have the base impedance [9].
Full exchange works by influencing a capacitive stacked essential to curl ring with a
swaying current.

ResonantFrequency=Capacitanceoftheplate∗InductanceofcurlResonantFrequency
= Capacitanceoftheplate∗Inductanceofcurl

This produces a wavering attractive field. Since the loop is exceedingly resounding,
any vitality set in the curl withers away generally gradually finished a lot of cycles;
however, in the event that a moment curl is brought close it, the loop can get the
majority of the vitality before it is lost, even in the event that it is some separation
away. The fields utilized are predominately non-radiative.
Attractive resounding coupling can likewise be used to convey control from an
expansive source curl to one or numerous little load loops with lumped capacitors at
the loop terminals giving a straightforward intends to coordinate full frequencies for
the loops.
In this strategy, misfortunes happen because of ohmic protection, radiation.
Some of these remote resounding inductive gadgets work at low milliwatt control
levels and are battery fuelled. Others work at higher kilowatt control levels. All the
gadgets which are used at the certain area get power from the transmitting curl and
this transmission is effective up to 75%. The power transmission between the curl is
reduced after a certain distance that is varies between 10 cm to 2.2 m.

Curl with capacitance plates. [10]

Power transmission with curl [11]

Long Range - Microwave Transmission

Microwave transmission alludes to the innovation of transmitting data or vitality by

the utilization of electromagnetic waves called microwaves.

The remote vitality exchange with microwaves requires a wellspring of

electromagnetic radiation, and a microwave recipient with a DC rectifier to change
the microwave vitality into DC electrical power [12].

Transmitting and getting units must be in viewable pathway. Viewable pathway (LoS)
is a sort of proliferation that can transmit and get information just where transmit and
get stations are in perspective of each other with no kind of hindrance between them.

The electrical vitality is first changed over into microwave energy in the transmitter
which is transmitted over separation to beneficiary which has rectenna that changes
over these microwaves back into electrical vitality. Air conditioning can’t be changed
over specifically to microwave in a transmitter.

To start with it must be changed over to DC utilizing oscillator. In the beneficiary, the
output DC from rectenna is changed over to AC for utilize.

Power radiating by microwaves has the trouble that for most space applications the
required gap sizes are extensive because of diffraction constraining radio wire
directionality.

Investigations in the many kilowatts have been performed at Goldstone in California

in 1975 and (1997) at Grand Basin on Reunion Island. These strategies accomplish
removes on the request of a kilometre. Under exploratory conditions, microwave
transformation proficiency was measured to be around 54% [13].

Power Transfer through Microwaves [14]

 Inductance of Coil and Coil Design

Introduction
For Induction Coupling method its important to understand the Inductance of the coil.

An ideal inductor has inductance, but no resistance or capacitance, and does not
dissipate or radiate energy. However, real inductors have resistance (due to the
resistance of the wire and losses in core material), and parasitic capacitance (due to
the electric field between the turns of wire which are at slightly different potentials).

At high frequencies capacitance begins to affect the inductor's behaviour; at some

frequency, real inductors behave as resonant circuits, becoming self-resonant. At
frequencies above this capacitive reactance becomes dominant part of impedance.

Energy is dissipated by the resistance of the wire, and by any losses in the magnetic
core due to hysteresis. At high currents, iron core inductors also show gradual
departure from ideal behaviour due to nonlinearity caused by magnetic saturation.

At higher frequencies, resistance and resistive losses in inductors grow due to skin
effect in the inductor's winding wires. Core losses also contribute to inductor losses
at higher frequencies [15]

Single Layer Coil

A single layer coil, has two advantages.

Firstly, like all air core coils, it is free from iron losses and the non-linearity mentioned
above. Secondly, single layer coils have the additional advantage of low self-
capacitance and thus high self-resonant frequency. [16]
In the simple case of a single layer solenoidal coil the inductance may be calculated
as follows:
 L = (d2n2) / (l + 0.45d) [μH]

Where L is the inductance, d is the coil diameter in meters, l is the coil length in
meters and n is the number of turns.

Losses in coil:
At high frequencies, particularly radio frequencies (RF), inductors have higher
resistance and other losses. In addition to causing power loss, in resonant circuits
this can reduce the Q factor of the circuit, broadening the bandwidth. In RF
inductors, which are mostly air core types, specialized construction techniques are
used to minimize these losses. The losses are due to:

I. Skin effect: The resistance of a wire to high frequency current is higher than its
resistance to direct current because of skin effect. Radio frequency alternating
current does not penetrate far into the body of a conductor but travels along its
surface. Therefore, in a solid wire, most of the cross-sectional area of the wire is not
used to conduct the current, which is in a narrow annulus on the surface. This effect
increases the resistance of the wire in the coil, which may already have a relatively
high resistance due to its length and small diameter. [17]

II. Parasitic capacitance: The capacitance between individual wire turns of the coil,
called parasitic capacitance, does not cause energy losses but can change the
behaviour of the coil. Each turn of the coil is at a slightly different potential, so the
electric field between neighbouring turns stores charge on the wire. So, the coil acts
as if it has a capacitor in parallel with it. At a high enough frequency this capacitance
can resonate with the inductance of the coil forming a tuned circuit, causing the coil
to become self-resonant. [18]
 Block Diagram [19]

Transmitter
Working of transmitter circuit:
The transmitter module made up of a D.C. power source, an oscillator circuit
(commonly known as an inverter) and a transmitter coil which are the first 3 blocks
from the block diagram.
The D.C. power source provides a constant D.C. voltage to the input of the oscillator
circuit. There, this D.C. power is converted to a high frequency A.C. power and is
supplied to the transmitter coil. The transmitter coil, energized by the high frequency
A.C. current, produces an alternating magnetic field.

Block Diagram of Transmitter Circuit [19]

DC Power Source:
The D.C. Power Source consists of a simple step-down transformer and a rectifier
circuit. The transformer steps down the voltage to a desired level and the rectifier
circuit convert the A.C. voltage to D.C.

Oscillator circuit:
Very high oscillating current can be achieved with this circuit (depending on the
semiconductor used) which is necessary to increase strength of the magnetic field.

Working of oscillator circuit:

The circuit consists of two chokes labelled L1 and L2, two semiconductors labelled Q1
and Q2, a resonating capacitor labelled C2 and an inductor (the transmitter coil in
this case) labelled L3. Cross-coupled feedback is provided via the diodes D1 and D2.
R1, R3 and R2, R4 are the biasing network for MOSFETS.
When power is applied, DC current flows through the two sides of the coil and to the
transistors’ drain. At the same time the voltage appears on both gates and starts to
turn the transistors on. One transistor is invariably a little faster than the other and
will turn on more. The current would continue to increase until the coil (transformer)
saturates. The resonating capacitor C causes the voltage across the primary to first
rise and then fall in a standard sine wave pattern. [19]
Assuming that Q1 turned on first, the voltage at the drain of Q1’s will be clamped to
near ground while the voltage at Q2’s drain rises to a peak and then falls as the tank
formed by the capacitor and the coil primary oscillator through one half cycle. After
that, D1 will be forward bias by more voltage than D2 and hence it will turn on Q2
and cycle repeats.
The oscillator runs at frequency determined by inductance of the coil, the capacitor
value and to a lesser extent, the load applied to the secondary (Source coil).
The operating frequency is the familiar formula for resonance,
F= 1/2 × π × √(LC)
Receiver
Working of Receiver:
The receiver made up of a receiver coil, a rectifier circuit and a voltage regulator IC.
And additional buck converter to get more current by reducing output voltage to 5V.
An A.C. voltage is induced in the receiver coil. The rectifier circuit converts it to D.C.
and the voltage regulator IC helps to maintain a constant limited voltage at the load.
The following block diagram gives a general idea of the receiver module:

Receiver coil:
Receiver coil in this case designed same as transmitter coil with same value.
Rectifier:
Using a diode bridge: an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit
configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input.
When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current
(AC) input into direct current a (DC) output, known as a bridge rectifier.

Essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same
regardless of the polarity at the input.

Operation of bridge rectifier:

During the Positive half cycle of the input AC waveform diodes D1 and D3 are
forward biased and D2 and D4 are reverse biased. When the voltage, more than the
threshold level of the diodes D1 and D3, starts conducting – the load current starts
flowing through it.
During the negative half cycle of the input AC waveform, the diodes D2 and D4 are
forward biased, and D1 and D3 are reverse biased. Load current starts flowing
through the D2 and D4 diodes.
Further we can use capacitor filter to remove ripples present in rectifier output. After
capacitor filter, smooth DC voltage is present at the input of voltage regulator.
Voltage regulator IC:
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC
or DC voltages.
Buck converter:
Optional part in receiver circuit. It is used to increase current at output.

Buck converter is DC to DC converter which step down the voltage and according to
it, increases output current. Efficiency of converter is high (near about 98%) and
hence very small amount of power loss in the module.
 Possible Applications and future work
Applications:
1) Transmission of power to the portable devices wirelessly
Something we started the discussion with. To transfer energy from the
charging pad to the battery each part has planar coils. The charging pad and
battery can communicate with each other cause the electrical energy is
modulated. Before transmits full power to the battery, the charging pad verify
that a valid battery is in place or not. This communication continues
throughout the charging process to confirm the battery is still in place [20].

2) Wirelessly charging of electric vehicle

A charging pad sits on the ground, connected to a wall-mounted power
adapter. The car can be parked over it. On the backside of the car there is a
receiver when charger detects the receiver within range, it automatically starts
charging, no wired connection is needed [21].
3) Wirelessly charging lane for Self-driving electrical vehicle
Vehicles can simply return and park for a while to charge by using wireless
charging pads in parking Garages, curbs, lanes, and for self-driving [21].

4) Wireless Charging of Public Transport

Every electric bus has a wireless charging receiver. Wireless chargers are
embedded in the hard surface of a road or under the road surface at regular
intervals. When the bus is stopped no need to plug in or no need to connect with
wireless chargers. It will automatically have charged.
It’s called a motion bus. These kinds of buses are already tested in the UK, Italy,
the Netherlands, and South Korea [22]
5) Wirelessly powered home appliances
In future we can have a transmitting device inside home that will transmit power
to all the home appliances such as Television, Laptop, Lamp, Iron, Sound Box,
Fridge, Mobile etc. Transmitting device transmit power and all the appliances will
receive that power through receiving devices set up inside all appliances. [22]
Future work:
To transmit the power to a greater distance, a high-power radio frequency amplifier
connected with an oscillator is needed. But the construction of the bulky RF power
amplifier requires much time.
High power vacuum tube transistor amplifier with high current will make the system
more efficient.
A crystal oscillator circuit might be a better option for the transmitter circuit since it
can produce a very high frequency A.C. current.
 Advantages and disadvantage

Advantages:
1) We don’t need to stick with wires while using any electric device like mobile,
laptop, camera etc. complete removal of wires is possible by Wireless Power
Transmission so system becomes more user friendly and the complexity can
be reduced. It is convenient as cable connection is not needed [23]
2) The percentage of power lose during transmission and distribution can be
approximated to 24%, the main reason for this inefficient during transmission
and distribution is the resistance of wires or conductors. So, Wireless power
transmission is one of the promising future alternatives for more efficient power
transmission and distribution [24]
3) Wireless power transfer provides better product durability by delivering
reliable power transfer in critical conditions like wet, dirty, and moving
environments [25]

Disadvantages:
1) Major disadvantage of wireless power transfer is high power loss for longer
distance. So, we can transfer power wirelessly from one point to another very
efficiently if distance is too small but the loss rapidly increases with distance.
2) Wireless chargers are relatively more expensive at the design stage than a
conventional wall socket charger [23]
3) The capital cost for starting and implementation of Wireless power transmission
is very high. [24]
4) Another disadvantage is the interference of microwaves with our own
communication system, the filed strength is sometimes unsafe [24]
5) Fog, and rain, also affect the practical application of laser and microwave
Wireless Power Transmission [25].
Conclusion:

We see that wireless power transfer is very much feasible and is a great option to
use, but the technology is still developing and there are certain technological
challenges in use of wireless power transfer and with further advancements we can
completely go with wireless electricity.

It offers certain advantages due to which one can prefer wireless electricity but the
challenges in its use limit the usage, so, there is a lot more to be done so that
wireless electricity can be conveniently used for day-to-day needs.
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