ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE

Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FACILITIES AND CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE

THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY (PDL)

IN BALIUAG BULACAN MUNICIPAL JAIL

A Thesis

Presented to

The Criminology Department

Erhard Science College Bulacan Inc.

In Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By

Flores, John Adrian I.

Cabrera, Maryjane P.

Garcia, Jaymar DL.

March 2023

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

APPROVAL SHEET

This undergraduate thesis hereto attached entitled “THE EFFICIENCY OF THE

FACILITIES AND CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE THE HEALTH AND WELL-
BEING OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY (PDL) IN BALIUAG MUNICIPAL
JAIL” prepared and submitted by JOHN ADRIAN FLORES, MARYJANE CABRERA &
JAYMAR GARCIA in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in
Criminology, has been examined and is recommended for FINAL DEFENSE.

DR. DOMINGO J. LANGA, JR.

Thesis Adviser

Approved in fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor of Science in Criminology by

the Examination Committee with a grade of ______

KARRIZZA D. VIBAR MSCJ, Rcrim, LL. B

Chairman

Engr. EMMANUEL S. SADIWA Mr. ANTONIO INGUSAN

Member Member

SJ01 VICTOR SANTOS Jr. PSSG HARVIN JAY TOLENTINO

Member Member

Accepted and approved in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of
Science in Criminology

KARRIZZA D. VIBAR MSCJ, Rcrim, LL. B

Dean, College of Criminal Justice Education

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

RECOMMENDATION FOR FINAL DEFENSE

This undergraduate thesis hereto attached entitled “THE EFFICIENCY OF THE

FACILITIES AND CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE THE HEALTH AND WELL-

BEING OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY (PDL) IN BALIUAG MUNICIPAL

JAIL” prepared and submitted by JOHN ADRIAN FLORES, MARYJANE CABRERA &

JAYMAR GARCIA in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in

Criminology is hereby READY for FINAL DEFENSE.

DR. DOMINGO J. LANGA, JR.

Thesis Adviser

Recommending Approval

KARRIZZA D. VIBAR

Subject Professor

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE OF PROOFREADING

This document certifies that the thesis listed below was reviewed and edited for the

proper English language, grammar, punctuation, and spelling, as well as accurate calculation,

computation, tabulation, and statistics of the data collected and overall style by the

undersigned. Neither the research content nor the authors’ intention were altered in any way

during the editing process.

THESIS TITLE

THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FACILITIES AND CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE

THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY (PDL)

IN BALIUAG MUNICIPAL JAIL

AUTHORS

Flores, John Adrian I.

Garcia, Jaymar DL.

Cabrera, Maryjane P.

DR. DOMINGO J. LANGA, JR.

Master Teacher II/SGH - HUMSS & Sports

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To Jesus Christ, our Lord and Savior, for giving the wisdom, strength, support and

knowledge in exploring things, for the guidance in helping surpass all the trials that we

encountered and for giving the determination to pursue our study, and to make this study

possible.

The researchers would like to extend their deepest sincerest gratitude to all the people

who helped them in any manner, who have shared their effort and knowledge in order to

make this research a reality. Whatever has been accomplished and whatever has been the

product of every endeavor, there is a great source of effort, striving, guidance, and gracious

blessings without whom this task would have been impossible.

We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our subject professor of

Criminological Research DEAN KARRIZZA D. VIBAR for her continuous support to

our study and research, for her patience, motivations, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge.

We could have not imagine having a better advisor and mentor for our research study.

We would like to give our deepest gratitude to our thesis adviser DR. DOMINGO J.

LANGA, JR who is the key person in the realization of this study. The researchers truly salute

to his expertise surmount what seems to be an uphill task. Thank you for his time, suggestions

and encouragement. Allowing us to get the necessary information we need to make this thesis

possible.

FLORES, JOHN ADRIAN I.

CABRERA, MARYJANE P.

GARCIA, JAYMAR DL.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this work towards my family. A special feeling of gratitude to

my loving parents. I would also like to dedicate this work towards many of my friends who

have supported me throughout the entire process of this study. To my teammates for not

giving up on each other and always helping out whenever they can. To the love of my life,

my favorite person, thank you for always encouraging me to finish my task. Thank you for

listening to my rants when I am feeling drained and exhausted. You are always available

when I want someone to talk with. You are one of the reasons for the success of this research. I

love you, my love.

J.A.I.F.

I dedicate my research study to my friends and family. Who have supported me

throughout the process of this research. I will always appreciate all that they have done to help

me with this study. A special feeling of gratitude towards my parents. To my teammates Jeng

and Jai whose words of encouragement and push for tenacity ring in my ears. And most

especially to our Almighty God.

J.DL.G.

I would like to dedicate this research to my parents who encourage and inspired me in

enduring this study. They never once left my side throughout the process of this study. They

provided me with a great sense of enthusiasm and perseverance, they gave me strength and hope

whenever I feel like giving up. This research would not have been made possible without their

love and assistance.

MJ.P.C.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

ABSTRACT

Title: THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FACILITIES AND CONDITIONS THAT

PROMOTE THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF
LIBERTY (PDL) IN BALIUAG MUNICIPAL JAIL

Researchers:
Flores, John Adrian I.
Cabrera, Maryjane P.
Garcia, Jaymar

Adviser: Dr. Domingo J. Langa, Jr., Master Teacher II

School: ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE BULACAN INC.
Degree: Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Year: 2023

One of the most widely used self-assessment outcome indicators is quality of life.
Quality of life, measured through various self-assessment surveys, offers insight into an
individual's mental and physical well-being, their satisfaction with life, and their sense of
overall health and happiness. For us to learn about the prisoners' current situation, it is
important to comprehend the quality of their lives. In addition, this baseline data can be
compared to the same data gathered after the rehabilitation program has been in place for a
period of time. Using a generalized version of the Ferrans and Powers Quality of life index
questionnaire modified to fit the necessary data gathered from the inmates, the satisfaction level
on the various facets of life of selected inmates of the Baliuag Municipal Jail was evaluated to
determine their quality of life. It is therefore essential to measure the quality of life of prisoners
before, during and after the rehabilitation process in order to observe any changes in their level
of satisfaction with life, mental and physical well-being, and overall health and happiness. In
this study, the descriptive survey was used. Results showed that the majority of respondents
had good levels of quality of life despite the fact that they were being kept in jail, including in
the areas of health, functioning, psychology, spirituality, social interaction, and facility.
According to the statistical research, only the social and economic spheres of life have an
impact on the degree of contentment among male and female prisoners. The satisfaction with
one's health, functioning, psychological state, spirituality, and family life is similar for both
male and female inmates. The respondent's gender had an impact on the overall quality of life
index. The data showed that, while male inmates had slightly better social and economic quality
of life than female inmates, overall, the majority of respondents had a high quality of life
regardless of their gender. Thus, there is no significant difference between male and female
inmates’ overall quality of life with regard to the efficiency of the facilities and service
provided by Baliuag Municipal Jail.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

Title pages ..............................................................................................................................i

Approval Sheet……………………………………………………………………………...ii

Certificate of Recommendation .............................................................................................iii

Certificate of Proofreading ....................................................................................................iv

Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................v

Dedication ..............................................................................................................................vi

Abstract ..................................................................................................................................vii

Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................viii

CHAPTER I. The Problem and Its Background

Introduction ....................................................................................................1

Background of the Study ...............................................................................4

Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................6

Paradigm ........................................................................................................7

Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................15

Statement of the Problem ...............................................................................17

Assumptions and Hypothesis .........................................................................18

Significance of the Study… ...........................................................................19

The Scope and Delimitations .........................................................................20

Definitions of Terms ......................................................................................21

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Local Literature and Studies ..........................................................................22

Foreign Literature and Studies .......................................................................25

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Local Literature and Studies ..........................................................................27

Foreign Literature and Studies .......................................................................29

Local Literature and Studies ..........................................................................30

Foreign Literature and Studies .......................................................................32

Local Literature and Studies ..........................................................................33

Foreign Literature and Studies .......................................................................34

Local Literature and Studies ..........................................................................36

Foreign Literature and Studies .......................................................................38

Synthesis ........................................................................................................40

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design….........................................................................................41

Research Locale .............................................................................................42

Objective of the Study… ...............................................................................43

Research Instrument.......................................................................................43

Data Gathering Procedure ..............................................................................43

Statistical Tool ...............................................................................................44

Ethical Consideration… .................................................................................46

Participants of the Study… ............................................................................46

CHAPTER IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Profile of the respondents ..............................................................................47

Sex Distribution… .........................................................................................48

Age Distribution….........................................................................................49

Civil Status Distribution… ............................................................................50

Educational Attainment Distribution… .........................................................51

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Years of Confinement Distribution… ............................................................52

Health and Functioning ..................................................................................53

Social and Economic......................................................................................54

Psychological and Spiritual............................................................................55

Facilities .........................................................................................................56

Quality of Life Index… .................................................................................57

Difference between Male and Female’s Level of Satisfaction ......................58

CHAPTER V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings.................................................................................................63

Conclusion .................................................................................................................64

Recommendations ......................................................................................................65

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

List of Tables

Table 1.0… ....................................................................................................46

Table 2.0… ....................................................................................................53

Table 3.0… ....................................................................................................55

Table 4.0… ....................................................................................................57

Table 5.0… ....................................................................................................59

Table 6.0… ....................................................................................................61

Table 7.0… ....................................................................................................63

Table 8.0… ....................................................................................................64

Table 9.0… ....................................................................................................65

Table 10.0… ..................................................................................................65

Table 11.0… ..................................................................................................66

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

List of Figures

Figure 1.0… ...................................................................................................7

Figure 2.0… ...................................................................................................42

Figure 3.0… ...................................................................................................48

Figure 4.0… ...................................................................................................49

Figure 5.0… ...................................................................................................50

Figure 6.0… ...................................................................................................51

Figure 7.0… ...................................................................................................52

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Appendix A

References ..................................................................................................................66

Journals and Publications...........................................................................................68

Unpublished Studies ..................................................................................................69

Appendix B

Authors’ Curriculum Vitae ........................................................................................70

Survey Questioner………………………………………………………………… ..76

Tabulation of Data…………………………………………………………………..79

Attachments…………………………………………………………………………85

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

There are several unique factors pertaining to people remanded in custody by a judicial

authority or deprived of their liberty following conviction. The first is that the detaining

authority has to assume a duty of care for them, that is, a comprehensive obligation to meet at

least their basic needs. The second is that PDLs are entirely dependent on the staff of prisonsand

detention centers for all aspects of their daily lives, as well as for protection and safety. This

dependence must be understood by the staff since they share the duty of care with their

employing authority, which should influence their attitude and approach. The third factor is

that detainees retain all human rights other than their freedom. Their right to health is in no

way diminished by their detention.

There are two other compelling reasons for providing health care in prisons. First is the

importance of prison health to public health in general. Prison populations contain a high

prevalence of people with serious and often life-threatening conditions. Sooner or later most

PDLs will return to the community, carrying back with them new diseases and untreated

conditions that may pose a threat to community health and add to the burden of disease in the

community. Thus, there is a compelling interest on the part of society that this vulnerable group

receive health protection and treatment for any ill health. The second reason is society’s

commitment to social justice. Healthy societies have a strong sense of fair play: those involved

in the provision of health care are committed to reducing health inequalities as a significant

contribution to health for all. It is a fact that the majority of PDLs come from the poorest

parts of society, with deficiencies in education and employment experience. Their admission

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

to prison can be the first time they have had a settled life with adequate nutrition and a chance

to reduce their vulnerability to ill health and social failure.

Prison health care can play an important role in reducing health inequalities. All this

underlines the need for governments to give a degree of priority to health in prisons. First, they

should meet their duty of care for those deprived of their liberty. Second, they should respect

PDL’s human rights, aid the protection of their health and contribute to public health as a

whole, thus making a major contribution towards reducing health inequalities in a vulnerable

part of the population while society awaits the effects of action on the broader social

determinants of health. It is not, however, easy to provide health care in prisons which by their

nature are designed for safe custody and provided with regimes that have necessarily developed

around questions of security.

It cannot be denied that the advent of additional laws leads to the increase of law

violators, and with the intensive campaign of law enforcements against criminality, prison

congestion came into existence. This dreadful congestion of the prison cells may also be

attributed to the delays in the resolution of PDL’s pending cases and the inaccurate manual

monitoring of qualified PDLs due for early release from the jails to the Board of Pardons and

Parole (BPP). Because of this, PDLs are deprived of their early liberty. Moreover, their

continuous confinement adds burden to the expenses of the government.

Evidently, the overcrowding situation in the different prison institutions gives extra

burden on the part of the government. In food allowance alone, the allotted budget per PDL is

PhP40.00. The present population of the New Bilibid Prison (NBP) in Muntinlupa City andall

major penal institutions in the country reaches approximately 30,000 PDL’s which needs a

daily budget of one million two hundred pesos (PhP1,200,000.00) or an annual budget of four

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

hundred thirty-eight million pesos (PhP438,000,000.00) more or less to feed them excluding

the budgetary requirements for their other basic needs such as medicines, uniform, beddings

and other personal needs such as soap, toothpaste, slippers, etc.

Congestion or prison overcrowding is not just a national issue but a worldwide issue as

well. Prisons, in most parts of the world, are overcrowded where the prison cells accommodate

PDLs more than its ideal capacity. This seeming condition does not contribute to the effective

rehabilitation of convicted persons. Whatever the reason for their detention, people deprived

of their liberty are, by definition, vulnerable. They have been taken out of their normal

environment and are no longer allowed to manage their own lives. How vulnerable they are

depending on a number of factors, including: their individual characteristics (sex, age, etc.),

the general situation in which they are detained, the reason for their detention, the stage they

are at in any judicial or administrative process and by whom they are being held.

In addition, systemic shortcomings in facilities, procedures and processes often affect

all detainees to some degree, regardless of other factors. For example, in the chaos of armed

conflict, the detention systems may be badly disrupted or have to be improvised. And for people

detained under criminal law (which accounts for the vast majority of detainees worldwide), the

judicial and prison systems are often unable to cope with the numbers, and alternatives to

detention barely exist. The humane treatment of detainees is made even more challenging in

prisons that are neglected, overcrowded or in the grip of prison gangs. In addition, many

authorities impose severe restrictions on detainees, and are increasingly resorting to

segregation and isolation.

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1
Mark Jason C Aquino & Benjar A. Cataluna. (2020). The Effectiveness of Inmates’
Welfare and Development Program to their Well-Being.
https://issuu.com/erica.fascinoitaliano/docs/rivista2.pptx/s/93021

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The ability of PDLs to cope in prison continues to be an area of concern for both

criminal justice practitioners and researchers alike. The harsh reality of imprisonment can have

a negative impact on PDLs, influencing their capacity to adapt to their new environment.

Adjustment to prison life is a process that can be affected by a variety of issues.

According to Toch (1977) there are eight environmental concerns that impact PDL’s

behavior and adjustment to prison life: privacy, safety, structure, support, emotional feedback,

social stimulation, activity, and freedom. The inability to have these concerns addressed

manifests in strained PDLs tolerance levels and immune systems, compromised PDLs

physical and emotional health, and increased incidents of aggression and violence (Covert,

1995).

One of the jail authorities we spoke with, JO2 Cecille Magalona, CRSO/ Welfare

and Development Officer, stated that the cell block is around 72 square meters in size divided

into 8 cells that can house (ideally) ten (10) PDLs per cell, each cell is equipped with its own

private comfort room. PDLs receive a uniform and their own personal hygiene pack upon

entry. The day begins with a morning prayer at 5:30 am. Around 5:45am, they begin their

exercises to help strengthen their bodies and their immune systems. At 6 am, they are tasked

with cleaning their separate cells. At 6:30 am, they are to take a bath, and at 7 am, breakfast is

to be served. In accordance with the Nelson Mandela rule, which states that all PDLs must be

treated with regard for their inherent dignity and value as human beings and that torture and

other types of ill-treatment are prohibited, they are given free range of the facility from 7 to 8

am. The Therapeutic Community Modalities Program (TCMP) morning meeting is then held

from 8 to 9 am. The PDLs return to their cells to relax or, if there is a scheduled hearing, they

are to attend the said hearing. After the meeting they go back to their cells to rest. They have

their lunch at 12pm to1pm and it always starts with a prayer. They must return to their

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

cell to rest after lunch or to attend any hearings that might be scheduled. At 3pm, there is a

midday mass, after which they engage in daily activities until 6pm. After eating dinner at 7

o'clock, they return to their cells to rest. At 10 o'clock, they eventually turn in for the day. The

PDLs spend their days at Baliuag Municipal Jail in this manner.

The ability of PDLs to cope in prison continues to be an area of concern for both

criminal justice practitioners and researchers. Adjustment to prison life is a process that can be

affected by a variety of issues. PDLs have virtually no privacy and are observable at all times

by different forms of surveillance. The aim of quality-of-life research is to analyze factors that

are relevant in the daily lives of individuals. Measuring their satisfaction could generate

baseline data to create appropriate and effective rehabilitation program. The researchers hope

to use the results in the formulation of effective strategies for possible community extension

program.

A number of factors can influence how well an individual adjusts to life in jail. PDL’s

immune systems and tolerance levels are stretched as a result of not having these issues

handled. Criminally inclined PDLs perform well on neuroticism, extroversion, psychoticism,

and lying tests. The contentment with their quality of life while confined could provide the

baseline information needed to develop an effective rehabilitation plan. PDL hardly have any

privacy and are always under various types of observation. In order to create effective tactics

for potential community extension programs, the researchers plan to utilize the findings.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The structure of subjective well-being has been conceptualized as consisting of two

major components: the emotional or affective component and the judgmental or cognitive

component (Diener, 1984; Veenhoven, 1984). The judgmental component has also been

conceptualized as life satisfaction (Andrews & Withey, 1976). Although the affective

component of subjective well-being has received considerable attention from researchers, the

judgmental component has been relatively neglected. The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS;

Diener, Emmnos, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) was developed as a measure of the judgmental

component of subjective well-being (SWB). Two studies designed to validate further the

SWLS are reported. Peer reports, a memory measure, and clinical ratings are used as external

criteria for validation. Evidence for the reliability and predictive validity of the SWLS is

presented, and its performance is compared to other related scales. The SWLS is shown to be

a valid and reliable measure of life satisfaction, suited for use with a wide range of age groups

and applications, which makes possible the savings of interview time and resources compared

to many measures of life satisfaction. In addition, the high convergence of self- and peer-

reported measures of subjective well-being and life satisfaction provide strong evidence that

subjective well-being is a relatively global and stable phenomenon, not simply a momentary

judgment based on fleeting influences.

2
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Pavot, W. G., Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the
Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being
measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 149-161.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Figure 1. Paradigm

QUALITY
DOMAIN OF LIFE OF LIFE
• Heath and Functioning
• Social and Economic
• Psychological and Spiritual
• Facilities

Respondent’s Profile
• Sex
• Age
• Civil Status
• Educational Attainment
• Years of Confinement

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) was developed to assess satisfaction with the

respondent's life as a whole. The scale does not assess satisfaction with life domains such as

health or finances but allows subjects to integrate and weight these domains in whatever way

they choose. Normative data are presented for the scale, which shows good convergent validity

with other scales and with other types of assessments of subjective well-being. Life satisfaction

as assessed by the SWLS shows a degree of temporal stability (e.g., .54 for 4 years), yet the

SWLS has shown sufficient sensitivity to be potentially valuable to detect change in life

satisfaction during the course of clinical intervention. Further, the scale shows discriminant

validity from emotional well-being measures. The SWLS is recommended as a complement to

scales that focus on psychopathology or emotional well-being because it assesses an

individuals' conscious evaluative judgment of his or her life by using the person's own criteria.

Using the 1 - 7 scale, indicate your agreement with each item by placing the appropriate

number on the line preceding that item.

Please be open and honest in your responding.

• 7 - Strongly agree • 4 - Neither agree nor • 2 - Disagree

• 6 - Agree disagree • 1 - Strongly disagree
• 5 - Slightly agree • 3 - Slightly disagree

In most ways my life is close to my ideal.

The conditions of my life are excellent.
I am satisfied with my life.
So far, I have gotten the important things I want in life.
If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing.

3
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3
Pavot, W. G., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale.
Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Although it appears that income and subjective well-being correlate in within country

studies (Diener, 1984), a debate has focused on whether this relationship is relative (Easterlin,

1974) or absolute (Veenhoven, 1988, 1991). The absolute argument advanced by Veenhoven

states that income helps individuals meet certain universal needs and therefore that income, at

least at lower levels, is a cause of subjective well-being. The relativity argument is based on

the idea that the impact of income or other resources depends on changeable standards such as

those derived from expectancies, habituation levels, and social comparisons. Two studies

which empirically examine these positions are presented: one based on 18 032 college studies

in 39 countries, and one based on 10-year longitudinal data in a probability sample of 4 942

American adults. Modest but significant correlations were found in the U.S. between income

and well-being, but the cross-country correlations were larger. No evidence for the influence

of relative standards on income was found: (1) Income change did not produce effects beyond

the effect of income level per se, (2) African-Americans and the poorly educated did not derive

greater happiness from specific levels of income, (3) Income produced the same levels of

happiness in poorer and richer areas of the U.S., and (4) Affluence correlated with subjective

well-being both across countries and within the U.S. Income appeared to produce lesser

increases in subjective well-being at higher income levels in the U.S., but this pattern was not

evident across countries. Conceptual and empirical questions about the universal needs position

are noted. Suggestions for further explorations of the relativistic position are offered.

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4
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz L., Diener, M. (1993). The relationship between income
subjective well-being: Relative or absolute? Social Indicators Research, 28, 195-223.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

The concept of psychoanalysis was first popularized by the famous psychologist,

Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis is based on the belief that all humans have deep, unconscious

beliefs, thoughts, memories, and desires. These arise from their prior experiences or hidden

conflicts in their thought process. The three areas are those of the dynamic unconscious, the

plasticity of the interpersonal drives, and mastery of experience through reversal of voice.

Sigmund Freud's theories and work helped shape current views of dreams, childhood,

personality, memory, sexuality, and therapy. Freud's work also laid the foundation for many

other theorists to formulate ideas, while others developed new theories in opposition to his

ideas. Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapies help people to improve their lives

by gaining a better understanding about how they think and feel. Talk therapies can help create

better relationships, more manageable emotions, and the ability to make better life choices.

Psychoanalytic theory postulates a multitude of different change mechanisms, and a

host of new ways of conceptualizing the change process continue to emerge as psychoanalytic

theories themselves evolve and proliferate. At the most basic level, there is an understanding

that change generally involves making the unconscious conscious, as expressed by Freud’s oft

cited axiom: “Where id has been there shall ego be.” Although Freud’s understanding of the

nature of the change process evolved over the course of his lifetime, central to his mature

thinking was the idea that change involves first becoming aware of our instinctual impulses

and unconscious wishes, and then learning to deal with them in a mature, rational, and reflective

fashion. For Freud, a central premise was thus that we are driven by unconscious wishes that

we are unaware of and this lack of awareness results in driven or self-defeating behavior.

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J.D. Safran, E. Gardner-Schuster, in Encyclopedia of Mental Health (Second Edition),
2016https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/psychoanalytic-theory

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Behavioral theory seeks to explain human behavior by analyzing the antecedents and

consequences present in the individual's environment and the learned associations he or she

has acquired through previous experience. This entry describes the various traditions within

the behavioral perspective (classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitively mediated

behavioral theory, and functional contextualism) and the clinical applications that are derived

from them. Common criticisms are discussed in light of the ongoing evolution of behavioral

theory and the fit of its tenets with the field of social work. Behavior theory is a psychological

framework used to examine and explain human psychology. Some psychologists might explore

matters of the unconscious or refer to aspects of humanity that are wholly internal and do not

display outward characteristics. However, behaviorism neglects this definition of psychology.

Behaviorism favors the observable, knowable impacts of behavior. As one researcher

stated, "behaviorism is a doctrine." It can be a way of looking at the psychology of the human

mind and explaining motivation, behavior, and psychological study through the lens of human

actions. In behaviorism, a behavior might be explained through actions rather than resorting to

an examination of intrinsic or internal motivators. For instance, through the lens of

behaviorism, addictive behavior may be less likely to be attributed to a history of trauma or

severe insecurity. Instead, it may be attributed to a system of pleasure, reward, or the

motivations governing actions. Behaviorism may also label anxiety as a learned behavior rather

than a construct determined by previous traumas, belief systems, or internally based motivators.

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Better Help Editorial Team 2022
https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/behavior/behavioral-theory-behavioral-psychology/

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Cognitive theories emphasize the creative process and person: process, in emphasizing

the role of cognitive mechanisms as a basis for creative thought; and person, in considering

individual differences in such mechanisms. Some cognitive theories focus on universal

capacities, like attention or memory; others emphasize individual differences, like those

indexed by divergent thinking tasks; some focus on conscious operations; others, on

preconscious, implicit, or unintentional processes.

One classic cognitive theory, by Sarnoff A. Mednick, argues that creative insights can

result from associative processes in memory. In this view, ideas are chained together, one after

another, and more remote associates tend to be more original. This perspective argues that more

creative individuals tend to have flatter hierarchies of associations than less creative

individuals; in other words, more creative people have many more relatively strong associates

for a given concept, rather than only a few. This is thought to provide greater scope for the

simultaneous activation of far-flung representations, which many believe to be an important

engine of creative thought.

Along similar lines, another cognitive theory focuses on how concepts are combined to

generate novelty. Research suggests that conceptual combination – bringing two different sets

of information together – is often involved in creative ideation, that original insights are more

likely when two disparate features are brought together, and that connections between these

concepts might only be seen at a very high level of abstraction. This kind of thinking has been

called metaphoric logical, the idea being that something like ‘angry weather’ is only

comprehensible in a nonliteral fashion. Such processes may suggest creative alternatives to

well-worn lines of thought.

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A. Kozbelt, in Encyclopedia of Creativity (Second Edition), 2011
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/cognitive-theory

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-

tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. From the

bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological (food and clothing), safety (job

security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization. Needs lower

down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up.

Physiological needs - these are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air,

food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep. If these needs are not satisfied the human

body cannot function optimally. Maslow considered physiological needs the most important as

all the other needs become secondary until these needs are met.

Safety needs - once an individual’s physiological needs are satisfied, the needs for

security and safety become salient. People want to experience order, predictability and control

in their lives. These needs can be fulfilled by the family and society (e.g. police, schools,

business and medical care). For example, emotional security, financial security (e.g.

employment, social welfare), law and order, freedom from fear, social stability, property,

health and wellbeing (e.g. safety against accidents and injury).

Love and belongingness needs - after physiological and safety needs have been

fulfilled, the third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness.

Belongingness, refers to a human emotional need for interpersonal relationships, affiliating,

connectedness, and being part of a group. Examples of belongingness needs include friendship,

intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection, and love.

Esteem needs are the fourth level in Maslow’s hierarchy and include self-worth,

accomplishments and respect. Maslow classified esteem needs into two categories: esteem for

oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and the desire for reputation or respect

from others (e.g., status, prestige). Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is

most important for children and adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity.
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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Self-actualization needs are the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy, and refer to the

realization of a person's potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak

experiences. Maslow (1943) describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that

one can, to become the most that one can be. Individuals may perceive or focus on this need

very specifically. For example, one individual may have a strong desire to become an ideal

parent. In another, the desire may be expressed economically, academically or athletically. For

others, it may be expressed creatively, in paintings, pictures, or inventions.

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Saul Mcleod, PhD Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
2022https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

PROFILE OF BMJ ANALYSIS OF PROFILE OF BMJ

PDL’S LEVEL OF PDL’S IS KNOWN
SATISFACTION OF
LEVEL OF BMJ PDL’S SATISFACTION
SATISFACTION THROUGH LEVEL OF BMJ
DELIVERY OF BMJ QUESTIONAIRES PDL’S

FIGURE 1.0

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

The conceptual model is shown in Figure 1. As shown in the figure, the quality of life

is hypothesized to be determined by the Baliuag Municipal jail PDL’s profile and their levelof

satisfaction on the delivery of service of Baliuag Municipal Jail. This figure also represents

the steps needed to be taken by the proponents in conducting this research.

The focus of quality-of-life research is to examine variables that are significant in

people's everyday lives and to provide people the chance to express their contentment or

discontentment with these significant parts of life (Ferrans & Powers, 2012). Each person's life

experience is the basis for the essence of quality of life, making that person the only one

qualified to assess it in light of his or her personal values and preferences (Kimura and Silva

2009). Prior research, both quantitative and qualitative, is consistent with the notion that quality

of life is a subjective term and that, as a result, each subject's unique perspective will influence

how it is assessed.

The primary factor in determining whether to make a good or negative assessment of

the subjectively perceived quality of life is thought to be the subjective perception of the degree

of satisfaction toward the many domains or areas of life. Being a cognitive experience,

satisfaction means making a more permanent, long-term assessment of one's living situation;

as a result, it tends to be more constant.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The general problem of this study is to look into the level of satisfaction between male and

female PDL’s in Baliuag Municipal Jail from 2016-2021. The proponents aim to answer

following specific questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex;

1.3 Civil Status;

1.4 Years of Confinement; and

1.5 Educational Attainment?

2. How satisfied are the respondents with each of the following domains of life:

2.1. Health and Functioning;

2.2. Social and Economic;

2.3. Psychological and Spiritual; and

2.4. Facilities?

3. Is there a significant difference between male and female PDL’s satisfaction in each of the

following domains of life:

3.1. Health and Functioning;

3.2. Social and Economic;

3.3. Psychological and Spiritual; and

3.4. Facilities?

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

ASSUMPTIONS AND HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY

Assumptions; This research is anchored to the assumption that the facilities and

conditions in Baliuag Municipal Jail promotes the health and well-being of the PDLs thus

providing service that enhance the overall quality of life of PDLs and an acceptable level of

satisfaction for them.

Null hypotheses; The service provided by the Baliuag Municipal Jail to the PDL’s are

not effective; The level of satisfaction of PDL’s at Baliuag Municipal Jail is not acceptable;

There is no significant difference between the male and female levels of satisfaction.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This main focus of this study is to determine the efficiency of the facilities and conditions

that promote the health and well-being of persons deprived of liberty (PDL) in Baliuag

Municipal Jail (BMJ) Baliuag, Bulacan. The proponent would like to know the mode of

operation of the facility and the conditions of the PDL’s base on their personal experience for

being detained for a year or more inside the BMJ. The significance of this study is to determine

whether the amenities, routines, and environment in Baliuag Municipal Jail have an impact on

PDL” s. We want to know how they take care of themselves during their time in prison.

Jail officers - For the improvement of the Jail’s mode of operation and for them to identify if

there are rooms for enhancement and to notify individuals who are concerned about the

situation within the prison.

Persons Deprived of Liberty - For them to be able to share their experiences and personal

preferences.

The PDL’s relatives - To spread awareness to citizens and educate them what is life like in

prison.

Future researcher - They can use this study as reference for improvement.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

THE SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

The survey of PDLs is a study covering representative samples from persons in

confinement in Baliuag Municipal Jail (BMJ). The survey will try to determines the level of

satisfaction on different domains of life of the PDL’s in BMJ. The survey also ascertains the

attitudes and perception of PDL’s towards the jail management system and adequacy of

accommodation on the operations of the institution they are being held in. The survey finally

seeks recommendations and suggestions from respondents on the establishment.

Although this study is limited to the Baliuag Municipal Jail, future researchers may

consider the interconnectivity of this study to the other agencies involved in the administration

of justice such as the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology which administers the local

jails.

SUBJECT

This study will discuss the effectiveness of the BMJ’s mode of operations, the

performance of the current system and the system that provides effective jail management that

can efficiently affect level of satisfaction and the quality of living of PDL’s.

RESPONDENTS

The respondents of this study are PDL’s confined in Baliuag Municipal Jail, Baliuag

Bulacan.

TIME FRAME

The data was gathered at Baliuag Municipal Jail, Baliuag Bulacan on January 2023.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Confinement – being deprived of liberty, locked up in jail.

Inmate – person serving service in jails, prisons, waiting trial, detainees.

Jail – any type of correctional institution (housing/building) that accommodate PDL’s.

Jail Officials – persons responsible for maintaining peace and order in jail.

Level of Satisfaction – how much someone likes the life they have at the moment.

PDL – person serving sentence (imprisonment) inside jail.

Quality of Life – satisfaction in life or current condition.

Quality of Living – living in good condition.

Treatment – relation and interaction between jail officials and PDL’s.

Well-being – Physical, Mental, Spiritual and Psychological Stability of a person.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This study covers the related literatures and studies pertaining to the subject title.

As one of the five pillars of the Criminal Justice System, the BJMP was created to

address the growing concern of jail management and penology problem. Primarily, its clients

are detainees accused before a court who are temporarily confined in such jails while

undergoing investigation, waiting for final judgement and those who are serving sentence

promulgated by the court 3 years and below.

As provided for under R.A. No. 6975, the Jail Bureau is mandated to take operational

and administrative control over all city, district and municipal jails. The Bureau has four major

areas of the rehabilitation program, namely: Livelihood Projects, Educational and

Vocational Training, Recreation and Sports, and Religious/ Spiritual Activities. These were

continuously implemented to eliminate the offenders' pattern of criminal behavior and to

reform them to become law-abiding and productive citizens.

Although the workplace of the Jail Bureau is confined inside the portals of jail to

safeguard PDLs, nonetheless, the Bureau has an inherent function of informing the public of

jail operations and other matters concerning the corrections pillar of the Philippines.

Coincidentally, being a new and growing Bureau, BJMP aims to keep the public abreast of

information regarding jail management and penology.

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Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Philippines
https://www.corrections.direct/philippines/quezon-city/corrections/bureau-of-jail-
management-and-penology-philippines
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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Local Literature and Studies

It cannot be denied that the advent of additional laws leads to the increase of law

violators, and with the intensive campaign of law enforcements against criminality, prison

congestion came into existence. This dreadful congestion of the prison cells may also be

attributed to the delays in the resolution of PDL’s pending cases and the inaccurate manual

monitoring of qualified PDLs due for early release from the jails to the Board of Pardons and

Parole (BPP). Because of this, PDLs are deprived of their early liberty. Moreover, their

continuous confinement adds burden to the expenses of the government.

Evidently, the overcrowding situation in the different prison institutions gives extra

burden on the part of the government. In food allowance alone, the allotted budget per PDL is

PhP40.00. The present population of the New Bilibid Prison (NBP) in Muntinlupa City andall

major penal institutions in the country reaches approximately 30,000 PDLs which needs a

daily budget of one million two hundred pesos(PhP1,200,000.00) or an annual budget of four

hundred thirty eight million pesos (PhP438,000,000.00) more or less to feed them excluding

the budgetary requirements for their other basic needs such as medicines, uniform, beddings

and other personal needs such as soap, toothpaste, slippers, etc. Congestion or prison

overcrowding is not just a national issue but a worldwide issue as well. Prisons, in most parts

of the world, are overcrowded where the prison cells accommodate PDLs more than its ideal

capacity. This seeming condition does not contribute to the effective rehabilitation of

convicted persons.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

The Philippine Criminal Justice System (PCJS)enforces the rules of conduct needed to

protect life and uphold peace and order. It is composed mainly of five pillars namely: (1) Law

Enforcement Pillar; (2) Prosecution Pillar; (3) Courts Pillar; (4) Corrections Pillar; and the (5)

Community Pillar. These pillars work hand in hand in the administration of the justice system.

Of the five pillars of the PCJS, the Corrections Pillar performs its task as the safe keeper and

undertakes the rehabilitation of offenders and convicted felons. It is composed of the different

agencies in the government that play vital role in administering the corrections system. It aims

to rehabilitate and ensure humane treatment of PDLs. However, jail congestion hinders them

in their core functions. For several years, overcrowding of prison facilities aggravated the

miserable conditions of PDLs in the country.

Considering how complex the manual procedures of the nation’s Corrections System,

the need for automating the large amount of highly viable documents is apparent. The problem

of congestion may be lessened not in the form of infrastructure expansion, which is very costly,

but through good and innovative solutions like electronic connection of databases across

different prisons or penal colonies to monitor PDL’s qualifications, facilitate fast and on-

time release of PDLs and monitor aging cases which needs prompt and immediate action

from the court.

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Maricon Daffon (2020) Integrated Jail Management System for the Bureau of Corrections
https://www.academia.edu/34677147/Integrated_Jail_Management_System_for_the_Bureau_of
_Corrections

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Foreign Literature and Studies

Carlson and Garrett 1999 states that prison administration fundamentally involves the

application of both leadership and management techniques to correctional institutions. It must

be noted that prison administration and jail administration are not the same thing. The former

addresses concerns in the context of correctional institutions charged with maintaining the

safety and security of both PDLs and staff within the jurisdictional authority of a state or the

federal government, while the latter comprises fundamentally local correctional institutions.

This article will focus on the essential elements of prison administration. These elements are

found in the following broad categories: leadership and management, politics and correctional

administration, and correctional staff supervision and development.

This brief piece does not pretend to cover the broad categories of prison administration

as presented in textbooks or monographs. Rather, the purpose here is to provide a general

overview of how prison administration can be conceptualized and a brief discussion of the

important issues that prison administrators encounter daily. Additionally, this piece will

examine the core elements of leadership that define the essence of prison administration. It will

rely very heavily on the work that has been done on businesses, governmental agencies, and

nonprofits. Examinations of correctional administration have produced some very interesting

textbooks and treatises. DiIulio 1987 presents one of the first attempts to examine prison

management.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Similarly, Houston 1995 examines prison management in the context of day-to-day

activities of prison administrators. There is no attempt to examine the differences between

prison management and prison leadership in these works. Marquart and Crouch

1989 documents the history of litigation in the Texas prisons as a way to suggest the faults of

prison managers and their leaders in the wake of constitutional challenges to the operations of

their prisons c. 1940–1975. At the core of their examination is how legal and humane changes

can occur within prisons. Kotter 2011 and Rainey 2014 provide some interesting insights

regarding change in organizations and the history of managing public organizations, such as

prisons. These works have produced compelling portrayals and discussions regarding the

leadership and management of public and private organizations with potential application to

prisons.

Phillips and Roberts 2000 and Seiter 2011 lay the foundation for understanding prison

administration as complex yet guided by the same constraints and concerns found in all public

organizations. These works are very technical and others are more conceptual regarding the

operations of prison administrators. In the end, as Stojakovic 2005 and Wright 1994 suggest,

leadership and management matter to prison administration. Similarly, Stojkovic and Farkas

2003 (cited under Differing Concepts of Leadership and Management) shows how prison

administration is tied to prison leadership and the importance of developing a positive prison

culture.

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Stan Stokovic (2020) Prison Administration
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396607/obo-
9780195396607- 0285.xml

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Local Literature and Studies

Republic Act 6975 known as the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)

code created one of its departments – the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP).

It was created replacing its forerunner, the Office of Jail Management and Penology of the

defunct Philippine Constabulary / Integrated National Police. The DILG exercises supervision

and control over all district, city and municipal jails. As such, it shall ensure the establishment

of secured, clean, adequately equipped and sanitary facilities and provision of quality services

for the custody, safekeeping and development of district, city and municipal PDLs, any

fugitive from justice, or person detained, awaiting or undergoing investigation or trial, and /or

transfer to the National Penitentiary, and/or mentally ill person who endangers himself or the

safety of others as certified by proper medical or health officer, pending transfer to a mental

institution. At present, our country is confronted with rampant criminality problems of different

nature.

People of all walks of life are victims of different crimes, and are forced to commit

crimes due to poverty is seemed to be the primary cause of these. There are so many factors

that may trigger a person to commit crime such as physical appearance/handicap, poverty,

influence of peer groups and the like. Children in some jails are detained in a small (3 meters

by 7 meters approx.) unventilated concrete cell. There is no window in the cell, and the minors

have no access to an electric fan (which many of the adult cells have and which is necessary in

the constant oppressive heat). The children's cell is in a block containing over 100 convicted

adult PDLs. The same cell is always used to house children regardless of the number in the

jail. Reports from adult PDLs indicate that the same cell was used for up to 15 children at a

time. There are no bedding or basic sanitary items supplied by the jail.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

There is little effort made to rehabilitate the children who report visits from a social

worker on average less than once a month. It must be cleared out that putting a person in jail

does not mean punishing him for the violation he committed but rather to rehabilitate him to

become a better person. PDLs are psychologically sick people and they need treatment since

the purpose of confinement is not much for restriction but for reformation and rehabilitation.

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Dr. Maita LP. Guadamor & Prof. Victor v. Martinez (2018). Level of Satisfaction of the
Detainees of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)
https://garph.co.uk/IJARMSS/May2018/6.pdf

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Foreign Literature and Studies

Living conditions in a prison are among the chief factors determining one’s self-esteem

and dignity. People detained in humane detention conditions will be more willing and able to

respond to rehabilitative programs. Those who experience punitive conditions and

mistreatment on the other hand are likely to return to society psychologically shattered and in

poor or worse state of physical and mental health than when they entered. Humane prison

conditions also reduce the prevalence of violence in prisons.

Prisons in over 124 countries exceed their maximum occupancy rate, which results in

violence, higher rates of death in custody, a lack of healthcare provision and low rehabilitative

opportunities. This is often the result of punitive sentencing and chronic under funding of

criminal justice systems, as a result people in prison reside in poor conditions that violate their

human rights. Overcrowded prisons are also likely to have poor sanitary conditions that can

facilitate the transmission of communicable diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed

the dire need to reduce prison overcrowding and improve prison conditions globally.

States bear a heightened obligation towards people in prison because when they deprive

someone of their liberty, they assume a duty of care. States are also obliged to ensure that

detainees are treated humanely. This includes providing adequate accommodation, food and

water, sanitation and healthcare, access to light, fresh air and exercise. There are international

standards relating to clothing and bedding, contact with the outside world and access to legal

representation. Rules regulating the prison regime cover discipline and punishment and

instruments of restraint to ensure fair and equal treatment and safeguard against abuse and

arbitrary application.
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Penal Reform International (2019) Prison Conditions
https://www.penalreform.org/issues/prison-
conditions/issue/

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Local Literature and Studies

The ability of PDLs to cope in prison continues to be an area of concern for both

criminal justice practitioners and researchers alike. The harsh reality of imprisonment can have

a negative impact on PDLs, influencing their capacity to adapt to their new environment.

Adjustment to prison life is a process that can be affected by a variety of issues. According to

Toch (1977) there are eight environmental concerns that impact PDL’s behavior and

adjustment to prison life: privacy, safety, structure, support, emotional feedback, social

stimulation, activity, and freedom. The inability to have these concerns addressed manifests in

strained PDL’s tolerance levels and immune systems, compromised PDL’s physical and

emotional health, and increased incidents of aggression and violence (Covert, 1995).

Criminal Propensity is the notion of an underlying, or latent characteristic of all

individuals – aggression, impulsiveness, self-control, or conditionality – that has a direct effect

on a person’s likelihood of committing criminal acts which may threaten the wellbeing of the

society, or injure any of its members. Research findings suggest that people with criminal

propensity score high on neuroticism, extroversion, psychoticism and lie tests (Khurana and

Dhar, 2000). For PDLs, one of the fundamental consequences of their imprisonment is lack of

control over decisions about their activities. This lack of autonomy is evident in nearly all

aspects of prison life. PDLs have virtually no privacy and are observable at all times by

different forms of surveillance.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Understanding the quality of life of the PDLs, an understudied population, is

necessary to inform us on their current state. Measuring their quality-of-life satisfaction could

generate baseline data to create and design appropriate and effective rehabilitation program. It

is for this reason that the researchers inspired and motivated to conduct this study to establish

essential information about the prison PDL’s life and eventually use the results in the

formulation of effective strategies for possible community extension program of the College

of Criminology. Quality of life is defined as the degree of excellence of one’s life that

contributes to satisfaction and happiness and benefits mental health. Quality of life of an

individual would be affected by a number of factors, particularly by the significant positive and

negative life events.

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Ray Vincent E Araña (2018) Quality of Life of Prison Inmates in Iligan
City Jailhttps://www.academia.edu/10253192/

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Foreign Literature and Studies

The rise of the modern prison has been an eventful and fascinating evolution spanning

kingdoms, cultures, and nations. Even though its development spans 4000 years (Peters, 1998),

and has encountered many interpretations and changes, there remains a single and prominent

feature of the prison. The feature in question is the environment that exists within the prison

walls and blankets the PDLs in every aspect of their confinement. This environment consistsof

a myriad of factors that are byproducts of both the prison and the PDLs and which are often

negative in nature. These negative environmental factors are a direct result of the interaction

between prison and PDLs. As a result, the environment of the prison has its own unique

identity and composition. To better understand the fruition of this identity and make-up, it is

necessary to examine the philosophical foundation of the American prison. In following, I then

discuss the definition of the prison, the physical environment of the prison, and the objectives

of the current study.

The birthing of the American prison began in the states of Pennsylvania and New York.

These two states created and implemented a unique prison and correctional system that would

serve as the center of debate on correctional philosophy during the 19th century for not only

America but for Western Europe as well. Their respective systems of corrections laid the

groundwork not only on design but also on the correctional philosophy of confinement and

reform. These correctional systems were designed on a philosophy of confinement and reform,

that would occur through a combination of religion, regimentation, intensive labor, and

isolation (Norris & Rothman, 1998).

15
14F

15
Andrew Ryan Bradford (2016) An Examination of the Prison
Environment
https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3580&context=etd

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Local Literature and Studies

Extreme overcrowding is the most punishing aspect of doing time in jails maintained

by the Bureau of Jail and Management Penology (BJMP), which is an agency of the

Department of Interior and Local Government. In 2001, about 35,000 PDLs were fighting for

space in jails supervised by the bureau. Today, the number has jumped to 69,500. The jails in

Metro Manila account for 22,000 PDLs which is more PDLs than the official capacitythey can

accommodate. At the Manila City Jail and other prisons in the National Capital Region, PDLs

have to take turns sleeping on the floor.

Based on government projections, the total jail population in BJMP-supervised jails

could reach 89,000 in 2008, 101,250 in 2009 and 114,930 in 2010, way beyond the capacity of

these holding facilities. These figures are only for the municipal and city jails which are under

the care of the BJMP. Over congestion also brutalizes life in penitentiaries and in provincial

jails. The projected populations of national prisons administered by the Bureau of Corrections,

an agency of the Department of Justice and the jails maintained by the provincial governments

must be as dreadful. Herding individuals in cramped spaces is cruel, inhuman, ill, degrading,

and unjust punishment. Overcrowding is dangerous to health and to human life. It breeds

diseases, breaks down discipline and exacerbates tensions. Having to fight for air and space 24

hours a day make prison, in the words of PDLs, a living death.

16
15F

16

Shay Cullen (2022) The Condition of Philippine Prisons

and Jailshttps://www.preda.org

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Foreign Literature and Studies

Prison overcrowding has become a serious issue, indeed. It is an incomprehensible

phenomenon though; both the international and national actors dealt with the problem for

decades. According to Garcia-Guerrero & Marco (2012), overcrowding in correctional

institutions represents a characteristic which troubles the contemporary prisons from the time

of its invention in the 19th century. There has been an ongoing debate regarding the processes

in which the issue can be resolved. In this manner, the issues faced by the prison systems during

overcrowding have been highlighted along with the challenges faced by the politicians while

looking for a rapid change in the prison system due to the pressure of the courts and fiscal

issues. However, Specter (2010) commented that now, the problem is not only limited to the

correctional authorities, but it has also become a serious threat and challenge to the whole

criminal justice system. With the development of a number of prisons for punishment, the

prison authorities are also facing different types of issues as a result of the overcrowding.

Overcrowding in the county jail has been an issue since the 1980s (Cook, 2015). The

Bureau of Justice Statistics (2015) noted that the total correctional population in the United

States is approximately 6,741,400 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015). Understanding why

other correctional facilities are overcrowded is expected to suggest possible reasons for

overcrowding in the county jail. This understanding could provide relief to the sheriff’s office

that has faced several setbacks throughout its history (County Sheriff Office Annual Report,

2015). According to Bennett and Lattin (2009), federal guidelines require correctional

institutions to have adequate space to house PDLs, but space depends on the size of facility

compared with the maximum capacity and the total number of PDLs daily. According to the

report of Bureau of Justice Statistics (2015), it is essential that correctional facilities should

operate below capacity to prevent overcrowding.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Thus, as discussed here, the jail should operate at 104% capacity with the minimum

number of 2500 PDLs. Otherwise, Albrecht (2012) argued that the authorities have to face

daily issues. For instance, in 2011, an PDL shot and wounded another PDL inside the jail. A

critical aspect of this incident is that on the day of the shooting, the staff could not

accommodate all the PDL’s in cells: There was not enough space for all of them. Due to

overcrowding, two PDLs had to share a small cell which is mainly designed for one. The two

persons had to spend the whole time together and share everything. This created quarrels

among them. They fought for sharing one single mattress which at one point in time became

severe and resulted in serious injury for one of them as discussed by Wright (2014) on the

“Independent” website.

17
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17
Marquice Robinson (2018) A Case Study of Overcrowding in a County Jail in the
Southeast United States
https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6691&context=dissertations

35
 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Local Literature and Studies

The state of being urbane in the Philippines is seen with the combined concept of size,

density, and the existence of certain institutions associated with a lifestyle that is urban. People

all over the country has their own way to live life. Different culture and perspective at the same

time. According to (Sanidad- Leones, 2006), demographic studies reveal some common

features of urban communities: (1) people of diverse cultures have different beliefs and

behaviors; (2) differences among households with relationships between persons restricted to

specific needs; (3) increased mobility, impersonality, and anonymity; and (4) people who vary

in age, race, ethnicity, norms, and values. These are influencing factors that produce urban

criminality. These are the factors that results urban criminality. In a place where it is highly

populated and a poor community has a chance of high crime rates and it gets worse as time

passes.

Robbery, kidnapping, assault and any illegal activity is a crime. The main reason of

crime is the lack of money for necessities in life. No job or any source income triggers

desperation that leads to illegal activities. To attain a job, a person must be educated making

education a necessity. There is also a relationship between age and crime. Typically, crime

tends to peak during teenage years according to Farrington (1986). Based on research, severe

crimes happen between the ages of 25-30. This shows how a younger average age can be related

to crime rates. When these offenders are imprisoned, is it right to punish them or is it possible

to engage them in rehabilitation programs and other means to change them in to a better well-

being for them to be prepared for society.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

There are around 98 million Filipinos currently among them 53 million of those

people live in Luzon according to the Philippine Statistics Authority as of January 2015. In

2012 the PSA reported around 217,812 crimes committed in the country which gradually

increased in 2013 to 1,033,833 which is a percentage change of 374.64%. From 2013, it has

increased to 1,161,188 which is a percentage change of 12.31%. Annual Poverty Indicators

Survey (APIS) presented that the Philippines has about 3.8 million out of school youth or

about 10 percent of the 39 million Filipinos with age range 6-24 years old. In the report, it

stated that 87.3% of the youth population was 16 to 24 years old. In addition, theproportion of

out of school children and youth was higher among females than males (Sun Star Manila,

2017).

Based on UN population projections, there will be around 25.09 million Filipinos aged

15-24 by the year 2055. In addition, Philippine’s dependency ratio – those aged 0-14 and 65

above will continue to decline by the year 2050. So, it is not exaggerated to say that the hope

of the Philippine economy and the future of our country is in the hands of the youth.

The Rizal Provincial Jail and the Inmates Welfare and Development Program. custody of

detainees with pending cases in the different courts in the Province of Rizal and for the Officers

of Rizal provincial jail to assist in their rehabilitation and reformation especially regarding their

self-preparedness and well-being. Rizal Provincial Jail service has continued to offer PDLs

the Inmates Welfare and Development Program which consists of rehabilitation programs such

as Livelihood Programs, Health Services, Religious Activities, Recreational and Sports

Activities, and vocational education and training that would help them be reintegrated into the

society and actively participate in positive socio-economic engagements upon release.

18
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18

Mark Jason C Aquino & Benjar A. Cataluna. (2020). The Effectiveness of Inmates’
Welfare and Development Program to their Well-Being.
https://issuu.com/erica.fascinoitaliano/docs/rivista2.pptx/s/93021
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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Foreign Literature and Studies

One can argue that experiencing more than one strain at a time will increase the

likelihood of engaging in crime or misconduct. In line with Agnew’s (2006) assertion that

strains high in magnitude are more likely to influence crime, Botchkovar and Broidy (2010)

highlight the impact of strain accumulation, or the clustering of strains, on criminal

involvement (Botchkovar & Broidy, 2010). In particular, they examine the relationship

between strain, negative emotions, and illegal copying, concluding that “when exposure to

strain is repetitive and routine, accumulation or clustering of negative events and conditions

may boost the crime-generating potency of other, less criminogenic strains” (Botchkovar &

Broidy, 2010, p.851). Since poor health is likely a significant strain that can lead directly or

indirectly to negative emotions, the experience of multiple conditions may be a form of strain

accumulation that is particularly high in magnitude and influential for misconduct. Given that

a person’s own health is of central importance to their daily functioning, general comfort, and

overall well-being, the experience of multiple health problems may be particularly problematic.

This may especially be the case if an individual is dealing with both a mental and physical

condition, or dealing with acute physical symptoms on top of a chronic condition in a highly

deprived, strained environment like prison. In the same way that an individual may experience

different forms of strain across various domains in their lives (e.g., work, school, family), they

may also have to cope with multiple strains across areas of their own personal health.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

As the number of individuals behind bars suffering from co-occurring disorders has

increased (Nowotny et al., 2016), corrections scholars have begun to examine the effect of dual

diagnoses on behavior. Studies reveal that those suffering with co-occurring mental disorders

and substance abuse – a form of accumulated strain in prison – are significantly more likely to

engage in misconduct, be victims of violence, and receive harsher disciplinary sanctions

(Friedmann et al., 2008; Houser & Belenko, 2015; Houser et al., 2012; Houser & Welsh, 2014;

Wood, 2012, 2014; Wood & Buttaro Jr., 2013). Despite documented research, the field

traditionally defines co-occurring disorders as a mental disorder combined with substance use

disorder. However, a substantial body of literature indicates those with a mental disorder are

more likely to have a comorbid physical condition and suffer from greater physical symptoms

(Hert et al., 2011; Osborn, 2001; Thornicroft, 2011). Those with a mental health disorder suffer

from higher rates of physical health conditions including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes,

chronic pain, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal illnesses, and cancer (Hert et al., 2011;

Sareen et al., 2007).

While psychiatric disorders are associated with greater physical problems, the two

forms of conditions are often inextricably linked, leading to a clustering of health strains. As a

result, they should be examined together as they relate to prison behavior. No research to date

has accounted for co-occurring physical conditions when assessing the link between mental

disorder and misconduct. Given the lack of research, the current study examines the

relationship between co-occurring mental and physical health conditions and PDL

misconduct.
19
18F

19
Daniel C. Semenza & Jessica M. Grosholz (2019) Mental and physical health
in prison
https://healthandjusticejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40352-018-
0082-5
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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

SYNTHESIS

Jail is an important and integral part of the criminal justice system in every country.

Used appropriately it plays a crucial role in upholding the rule of law by helping to ensuring

that alleged offenders are brought to justice and by providing a sanction for serious

wrongdoing. At best prisons should be able to offer a humane experience with opportunities

for PDLs to obtain assistance and help with rehabilitation.

While much more attention needs to be paid to finding new ways of preventing and

responding to crime, in the short-term priorities would seem to include ensuring prison is used

as a last resort and for the shortest possible time; minimizing the use of pretrial detention;

modernizing national prison laws and rules which sometimes date from colonial times; and

while applying existing international standards and working towards an updated and

comprehensive framework of norms across the globe.

For prison administrations, the collation, flow and analysis of information are key for

policy development, budgeting and resource allocation, sentence management, ensuring access

to justice and provision of appropriate specialized services. While there is much to gained by

the use of information management systems, these will only facilitate good practice based on

the collation and use of valid, reliable data and work best in locations where there is suitable

infrastructure and adequately trained staff.

Prison services and line ministries need to have a clear understanding of the ‘stock and

flow’ of the prison population to enable them to plan and budget for their operations.

Furthermore, sentence planning and the provision of appropriate services, educational,

recreational, health and legal are very much more likely to happen where reception and record

procedures are sound, confidential where necessary, sustained and used efficiently.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the research method and design of the study. It includes

research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment.

Research Design

This study made used of the descriptive design. According to Shields and Rangarjan

(2013), it is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It

does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred. Rather it

addresses the "what". The characteristics used to describe the situation or population are usually

some kinds of categorical scheme also known as descriptive categories. The descriptive

correlational research provides a comprehensive picture of what is happening in a given time

and assess the relationships between and among two or more variables (Salmorin, 2008;

Stangor & Walinga, 2014). The researchers used a self-made questionnaire in collecting the

data needed. The description of a specific situation, subject or phenomena is the core of the

descriptive method.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Research Locale

This study endeavored to determine the quality of life of selected PDL’s in Baliuag

Municipal Jail, Baliuag Bulacan (Fig. 2). This study used questionnaire to acquire the necessary

information that was analyzed and interpreted in this study. The descriptive survey research

design was used in this study.

Figure 2.0 Baliuag Municipal Jail

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Objectives of the Study

Generally, the objective of this study was to determine the level of satisfaction of

PDLs at Bureau of Jail Management and Penology at Baliuag Bulacan, Philippines. It mainly

focuses on the overall quality of their life inside as well as to their health and well-being

(physical and psychological well-being). Furthermore, it was aimed to describe the profile of

the respondents in terms of their sex and age, as well as to the significant differences on the

effect of jail management to the well-being of PDL’s when they are grouped according to their

sex and age.

Research Instrument

The instrument used in gathering the data was a set of questionnaires by Ferrans and

Powers Quality of Life Index – Generic Version that has been modified to fit the needed data

to be collected from PDLs, which was rated on a five (5) point Likert type scale. The

questionnaire is divided into two (2) parts: the first part includes the personal attributes of the

respondents such as Sex, Age, Civil Status, Years of Confinement and Educational

Attainment while the second part provides the satisfaction level of the respondents as to the

different domains of life: health and functioning, social and economic, psychological and

spiritual, andfacilities.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers submitted a request letter addressed to the Jail Warden of BJMP for

approval to administer the distribution of the questionnaires. For security reason as advised by

the Jail Warden, only the Jail personnel are allowed to hand over the questionnaires to the

PDLs.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Statistical Tools

The data gathered are summarized, tabulated and analyzed using the following

statistical techniques:

1. Frequency and Percentage

The profile of the respondents was analyzed using formula of percentage distribution as

shown below:

P= F/N x 100

Where:

P= percentage

F = frequency

N = number of respondents

100 = constant

2. Weighted Mean

The level of satisfaction of the respondents on the different domains in life was analyzed

using formula of weighted mean distribution as shown below:

Where: X = mean score

Wi = weight of each item

Xi = value of the item

N = number of respondents

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

3. T-test

T-test is used to compare two different set of values. It is generally performed on a small

set of data. t-test is generally applied to normal distribution which has a small set of values. T-

test uses means and standard deviation of two samples to make a comparison. The formula for

T-test is given below:

Where: X1 = mean of first set of values

S1 = standard deviation of first set of values

S2 = standard deviation of second set of values

N1 = total number of values in first set

N2 = total number of values in second set

The formula for standard deviation is given by:

Where: X = values given

N = total number of values

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Table 1

Scoring Scale for Weighted Mean

RANGE SATISFACTION LEVEL QUALITY OF LIFE

1.00 - 1.79 Very Dissatisfied Very Low
1.8 - 2.59 Dissatisfied Low
2.60 - 3.39 Slightly Satisfied Average
3.40 - 4.19 Satisfied High
4.20 - 5.00 Very Satisfied Very High

Ethical Consideration

Regarding the ethical standards, the researchers oversaw the study with respect for the

subjects' rights to confidentiality, privacy, informed consent, beneficence, and maleficence. As

a result, the researchers did not coerce or intimidate the participants into answering the

questionnaire; instead, they politely requested their consent and addressed a formal letter at the

beginning of the questionnaires. Included in the letter of consent to the participants is the

assurance that any information disclosed will be held with the utmost confidentiality and that

their identities will be anonymous; the researchers also reassured the participants that the study

is not intended to be objective.

Participants of the Study

The participants of this study were the PDL’s confined in Baliuag Municipal Jail,

Baliuag Bulacan. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) PDLs, compromised of fifty (50)

females and one hundred (100) males. This research was conducted to determine the PDL’s

demographic profile and to assess the level of satisfaction as well as their overall quality of

living while confined.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The researchers present the following categories with analysis and interpretation of data.

Problem 1: What is the profile of the respondents as to:

1.1. Sex;

1.2. Age;

1.3. Marital status; and

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Female
33%

Male
67%

Figure 3. Respondents Sex Distribution

Figure 3 represents the Sex distribution of the respondents. It shows that sixty seven

percent (67%) of the population were dominantly male while only thirty three percent (33%)

were female respondents.

This reveals that there are more male PDLs confined in Baliuag Municipal Jail than

female PDLs.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

45-54 18-24
13% 16%

35-44
35%
25-34
36%

Figure 4. Respondents Age Distribution

Figure 4 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents according to age. Majority

of the respondents were from age bracket of 25-34 years old which is thirty six percent (36%)

of the total population. Thirty five percent (35%) of the respondents were from age bracket 35-

44, sixteen percent (16%) were from 18-24 and thirteen percent (13%) were from age bracket

45-54.

The figure implies that most of the respondents are adult PDLs.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Separated
2%
With Live-
in Partner
23%

Single
53%

Married
22%

Figure 5. Respondents Civil Status Distribution

The figure above displays the frequency distribution of the respondents as to civil

status. It is clearly presented in the figure that majority of the respondents were single which is

fifty three percent (53%) of the total population compared to twenty one percent (22%) who

were married, twenty three percent (23%) with live-in partner, and only two percent (2%)

separated.

This shows that most of the PDLs confined in Baliuag Municipal Jail at the time of

the study were single.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

College Elementary
College Level Graduate Level
17% 3% 10%

Elementary
Graduate
19%

Highschool
Graduate
24%
Highschool
Level
27%

Figure 6. Respondents Educational Attainment Distribution

Figure 6 shows the distribution of respondents as to educational attainment. Out of

150 respondents, twenty seven percent (27%) of the sample size were high school level,

twenty four percent (24) were high school graduate, seventeen percent (17%) were

elementary graduate, seventeen percent (17%) were college level, ten percent (10%) were

elementary level, three percent (3%) were college graduate, and none of the PDLs have

taken up post graduatestudies.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

5 Years 6 Years or more

4 Years 5% 4%
4%

3 Years
11%

1 Year or Less
50%

2 Years
26%

`
Figure 7. Years of Confinement Distribution

The distribution of responders according to years spent behind bars is shown in

Figure

7. Out of 150 responders, fifty one (51%) were recently admitted and served a year or less

in prison, twenty six (26%) were admitted for two years, eleven (11%) were admitted for

three years, three percent (3%) were admitted for four years, five percent (5%) were

admitted for five years, and four percent (4%)were admitted for six years.

This suggests that the majority of respondents are recently admitted detainees.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Table 2

Respondents Level of Satisfaction in Terms of Health and Functioning

In Terms of Health and Functioning 1 2 3 4 5 N ƩWiXi WM R

I am satisfied with my physical and mental
1 12 13 62 27 36 150
health 512 3.41 S
I am satisfied with the healthcare provided for
2 8 14 62 48 18 150
me 504 3.36 SS
3 I enjoy being here 52 27 45 16 10 150 355 2.37 D
4 I feel energetic all the time 29 16 62 24 19 150 438 2.92 SS
5 I am able to care for myself 35 15 43 29 28 150 450 3.00 SS
6 I have control over my life 9 12 53 35 41 150 537 3.58 S
7 I have chances to live for as long as I like 12 39 43 36 20 150 463 3.09 SS
8 I am happy with my sex life 55 20 33 22 20 150 382 2.55 D
I am able to take care of my family
9 13 22 39 46 30 150
responsibility 508 3.39 SS
10 I am useful to others 12 37 45 30 26 150 471 3.14 SS
11 I have no worries 42 20 54 22 12 150 392 2.61 SS
12 I can do things for fun 11 19 77 23 20 150 472 3.15 SS
13 I have a chance for a happy future 12 15 35 22 66 150 565 3.77 S
Total 6049 3.10 SS

Table 2 presents the satisfaction level of the respondents on the health and functioning

domains of life. It clearly shows that the respondents are slightly satisfied on the amount of

energy they need for everyday activities. The sex life got the lowest weighted mean of 2.55

which indicates that the respondents are dissatisfied in this aspect of life. Female PDLs came

out to be more dissatisfied in their sex life compared to male PDLs.

This result could be attributed to the fact that one of the fundamental consequences of

their imprisonment is lack of control over decisions about their activities. This lack of

autonomy is evident in nearly all aspects of prison life including sexual activities, though

conjugal visits are allowed, that is visits were sexual intercourse between PDLs and their

spouses may occur. PDLs have virtually no privacy and are observable at all times by

different forms of surveillance. This loss of liberty and privacy represents an extreme change

from life in the community.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Table 3

Respondents Level of Satisfaction in Terms of Social and Economic

Social and Economic 1 2 3 4 5 N ƩWiXi WM R

1 I have friends 14 4 41 32 59 150 568 3.79 S
I gain emotional support from people other
2 15 24 49 23 39 150
than my family 497 3.31 SS
3 I have a friendly neighborhood 11 18 56 24 41 150 516 3.44 S
4 I feel at home 25 27 39 20 39 150 471 3.14 SS
5 I like working (having a job) 28 16 38 30 38 150 484 3.23 S
6 I enjoy doing nothing 53 27 37 17 16 150 366 2.44 D
7 I am provided with learning and education 13 13 44 27 53 150 544 3.63 S
8 I am stable with my financial needs 35 23 46 24 22 150 425 2.83 SS
Total 3871 3.23 SS

Table 3 depicts the satisfaction level of the respondents on the social and economic

domains of life, where the aspect of having friends got the highest weighted mean of 3.79,

while not having to do anything acquired the lowest weighted mean of 2.44.

The result reveals that respondents are satisfied as to their social relationship with

friends, since they usually resort to build cordial environment inside the jail for them to feel

the sense of belongingness. The finding concludes that PDLs feel the friendly atmosphere

afforded by the BJMP officers and that they do not have regrets in the relationships and

interaction showed by the Jail personnel to them. They are contented and find the feeling of

oneness and camaraderie among the people inside regardless of race, sex and family status.

Not doing anything or not having a job to do is expected to get the lowest weighted

mean or the respondents are satisfied on this aspect because of the situation they are in. They

feel worthless inside due to lack of opportunities, for them to earn and become productive and

eventually help their loved ones.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Table 4

Respondents Level of Satisfaction in terms of Psychological and Spiritual

Psychological and Spiritual 1 2 3 4 5 N ƩWiXi WM R

1 I have a purpose in life 14 13 27 37 59 150 564 3.76 S
2 My life has meaning 10 15 29 33 63 150 574 3.83 S
3 My faith in God is unwavering 11 13 35 34 57 150 563 3.75 S
4 I am allowed to pray (anywhere/anytime) 28 11 27 24 60 150 527 3.51 S
5 I am happy with what I have 28 15 40 29 38 150 484 3.23 SS
6 I am satisfied with my current situation 48 20 49 20 13 150 380 2.53 D
7 I am satisfied with my appearance 8 12 45 40 45 150 552 3.68 S
8 No one rejects me because of my religion. 7 12 39 30 62 150 578 3.85 S
Total 4222 3.52 S

Table 4 provides the respondents satisfaction level on the psychological and spiritual

domains of life. As shown, faith in God is not a questioned to the respondents since they are

satisfied on this aspect in life with the weighted mean of 3.75. Life satisfaction as to one’s

happiness has the lowest weighted mean 3.23 which indicates a slightly satisfied response from

the respondents.

The finding implies that the respondents feel contentment with regards to the spiritual

enrichment program of the Jail Management which is to ensure that the religious and spiritual

needs of PDLs are appropriately met.

Respondents’ response on the life satisfaction as to one’s happiness which is slightly

satisfied can be linked to their current condition. Most studies show that while most PDLs,

including long-term PDLs, adjust successfully to prison life, many do not cope well with the

pains of imprisonment. Their daily lives are highly regimented and their every move is

watched by prison guards.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Table 5

Respondents Level of Satisfaction in terms of Facility

Facilities 1 2 3 4 5 N ƩWiXi WM R
I have enough space to move around the jail
1 26 18 51 19 36 150
during free time 471 3.14 SS
2 I am satisfied with the mess hall (canteen) 29 24 49 17 31 150 447 2.98 SS
I am satisfied with the toiletries (comfort
3 45 24 47 16 18 150
room/rest room) 388 2.59 D
I have enough space to move around my cell
4 41 24 52 20 13 150
block 390 2.60 SS
I am satisfied with the facilities provided by
5 45 17 49 16 23 150
the jail 405 2.70 SS
Total 2101 2.80 SS

Table 5 shows the satisfaction level of the respondents on the facility domains in life.

Out from the differing responses, having enough space to move around the jail got the highest

weighed mean of 3.1 while aspect on toiletries and cell block allocation has the lowest weighted

mean of 2.6.

The slightly satisfied response of the respondents on having enough space to move

around the jail implies that they were not fully content with the living conditions, but were

merely resigned to the fact that there was no other option regarding their current condition.

This opinion of the PDLs, coupled with the fact that overcrowding has been a problem in jails

for many years, indicates that prison reform is desperately needed to ensure PDLs are not

only safe but also provided with sufficient space and resources to enable them to live.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Table 6

Overall Quality of Life Index

Domains of Life Mean Average Overall Mean Interpretation

Health and Functioning 3.10 3.16 Average /

Slightly
Social and Economic 3.23 Satisfied

Psychological and Spiritual 3.52

Facility 2.80

Table 6 presents the overall quality of life index of the respondents. The average level

was achieved despite of the set of rigid rules that govern them and the hard life that further

aggravates their situation. Thus, even with the condition that they were held captive in prison,

they still find their prison life satisfactory.

The fact that the PDLs were able to reach an average quality of life index despite

these extreme circumstances speaks to their resilience and determination in finding

contentment even in the most difficult of times.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Problem 3: Is there a significant difference between male and female PDL’s satisfactionin

each of the following domains of life?

3.1. Health and Functioning;

3.2. Social and Economic;

3.3. Psychological and Spiritual; and

3.4 Facility;

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Table 7

Difference between Male and Female PDL’s Satisfaction on Health and Functioning

Domains of Life

Sex Mean Std. Deviation Mean t-value Sig. (2-tailed)

Difference
Male 3.31 0.66215 0.27 0.12744 1.960
Female 3.04 0.60892

Table 7 shows the PDLs satisfaction on health and functioning domains of life. As

revealed, the calculated t-value of 0.12744 is less than the tabular value of 1.960, hence, there

is no significant difference between the male and female PDL’s satisfaction towards healthand

functioning aspects in life.

Despite spending their lives in the jail, the PDLs are satisfied with their current

circumstances. From there, we might conclude that the PDLs have attained a certain level of

contentment with what they have even though their quality of life may be severely limited by

the jail. This contentment can be attributed to the fact they have become accustomed to life in

jail.

This suggests that regardless of gender, PDLs are in similar situations when it comes to

their overall health and satisfaction with life.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Table 8

Difference between Male and Female PDL’s Satisfaction on Social and Economic

Domains of Life

Sex Mean Std. Deviation Mean t-value Sig. (2-tailed)

Difference
Male 3.27 0.65375 0.23 0.13551 1.960
Female 3.50 0.70000

The table above presents the PDLs satisfaction on social and economic domains of

life. As shown reflected in the table, the calculated t-value of 0.13551 is less than to the

tabular value of 1.960, thus, there is no significant difference between the male and female

PDL’s satisfaction on social and economic domains of life.

According to Criminologists Gresham Sykes, male and female prisons cultures differ

fundamentally in difference are larger influenced by rule behavior learned outside of jail.

Equally, the values and attitudes attributed to PDL’s societies are importation from the larger

world. Although they are distorted by isolation and deprivation, prisons cultures reflect the

culture from which the PDLs have come. This is evident in the way that some prisons have

become divided along cultural and racial lines, with different groups adhering to different

social norms.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Table 9

Difference between Male and Female PDL’s Satisfaction on Psychological andSpiritual

Domains of Life

Sex Mean Std. Deviation Mean t-value Sig. (2-tailed)

Difference
Male 3.54 0.70875 0.18 0.14533 1.960
Female 3.72 0.74350

Table 9 represents the PDL’s satisfaction on psychological and spiritual domains in

life. The calculated t-value of 0.14533 is less than the tabular value of 1.960 as shown in the

table. Therefore, there is no significant difference on the satisfaction level between the male

and female on psychological and spiritual domains of life.

Table 10

Difference between Male and Female PDL’s Satisfaction on Facility Domains of Life

Sex Mean Std. Deviation Mean t-value Sig. (2-tailed)

Difference
Male 3.10 0.62000 0.17 0.12077 1.960
Female 2.93 0.58640

Table 10 displays the male and female PDL’s satisfaction response on facility

domains of life. As exposed, the calculated t-value of 0.12077 is less than the tabular value.

As a result, there is no significant difference between the male and female PDL’s satisfaction

on facility aspects in life.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Table 11

Difference between male and female PDL’s on the Overall Quality of Life Index

Sex Mean Std. Deviation Mean t-value Sig. (2-tailed)

Difference
Male 3.31 0.66116 0.01 0.13197 1.960
Female 3.30 0.65971

Table 11 gives the difference between male and female PDLs on the overall quality of

life index. It shows that the calculated t-value of 0.13197 is less than the tabular value which

is 1.960.

However, research has shown that female PDLs exhibit higher levels of anxiety and

depression than male PDLs, along with lower levels of self-esteem. This suggests that

programs need to be in place to improve PDL’s self-esteem. Furthermore, the threat or

persistent fear of victimization among PDLs that is presented in the prison environment can

lead to hyper-vigilance, which is the sustained heightened cognitive and affective arousal in the

service of scanning the environment for threats and is a key component of anxiety related

syndromes.

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings

Based from the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the moderate satisfaction

of detainees on the jail services manifest proper implementation of the jail services in

conformity with rules and regulations as mandated in the BJMP manual and have some lapses

and weaknesses for efficient implementation of the jail services. This moderate satisfaction

can be attributed to the effective implementation of the jail services by BJMP personnel in

consideration of their current resource limitations.

The findings of the study also suggest that institutional opportunities and programs are

beneficial for PDLs; therefore, more need to be provided in order to make the prison

experience as beneficial as possible. The diverse reactions of the PDLs to jail congestion by

both male and female of different ages are manifestations that jail congestion undoubtedly

affects their physical and psychological well-being. These findings can be further supported

by the fact that studies have also shown that PDLs exposed to overcrowded conditions for

long periods of time tend to develop psychological disorders, and an increase in anxiety

levels due to feeling overwhelmed with the number of PDLs present.

It is expected that PDLs could have assessed the effect of jail congestion on their

physical and psychological health to be extremely high, however, they only gave an “agree”

assessment which may lead to a conclusion that, perhaps, they were used with the usual

conditions they are into for months and years. This lack of shock and surprise could be a

result of how much time they have spent in their current environment, as well as the human

capacity for adaptation, no matter how extreme the conditions.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Conclusion

The results of this study disclosed that the overall quality of life by PDLs in Baliuag

Municipal Jail was still high regardless of their situation inside the prison cell. The respondent’s

quality of life were influenced by services offered by the jail. Both male and female PDLs

received necessary services such as medical care, hygiene facilities, counseling, skill

enhancement programs, basic needs, recreation and religious activities. Although there is

significant difference between the male and female levels of satisfaction, there was a real

difference on the needs and wants between male and female offenders.

The findings underscore the importance of the jail management to consider designing

an effective rehabilitation program. The domains on life plays a critical role throughout the

criminal justice. It is critical that programs provide appropriate screening and assessment of

the needs of individual clients, along with a range of series designed to meet those needs.

These differences also play a huge part in coping strategies, adjustment and behavior while in

prison. Thus, to develop a comprehensive understanding of the offender and to identify areas

that could benefit from intervention and treatment, it is important for prison managers to

identify criminal justice offenders as individuals

As a general rule, that if the computed value is less than the true value, the null

hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is no significant difference between the male and

female offenders on the overall quality of life index. This finding explains that there is no

significant difference in the complex relationship between the coping strategies, adjustment

and well-being among male and female offenders.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Recommendations

Having the outcome of the study as the basis, the following recommendations are

formulated:

There are several steps that jail administrators can take to improve their facilities, including:

• Enhancing the physical environment: Providing better living conditions, such as improved

sanitation facilities, access to recreational activities and exercise opportunities can help

improve the well-being of PDLs.

• Enhancing educational and vocational training programs that can help PDLs develop new

skills and prepare for life after confinement.

• Implementing rehabilitation and reentry programs: Providing support and resources for

PDLs to successfully transition back into society can help reduce recidivism and improve

public safety.

Implementing these changes can require significant resources, including funding,

staffing, and political will.

It's important to note that these recommendations are anchored to the findings of this

research. Additionally, it is highly recommended to conduct a follow up research related to this

study. It is also recommended to include the jails officers and staffs to be interviewed in the follow up

research.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

APENDIX A

References

 Bautista, M.B. (2014) Integrated Jail Management System for the Bureau of Corrections,

1,31-84. Retrieved from

https://scholar.google.com. ph/scholar?prmd=inv&biw=360&bih=566&dpr=2&um=1&ie

=UTF-8&lr&q=related:mP81:scholar.google.com/#d=gs_qabs&p=&u=%23p%3DmP81_

-Article: Google Scholar

 Drapalski, Al, Youman, K. Stuewig, J & Tangley, J. (2009). Gender differences in jail

inmates’ symptoms of mental illness, treatment history and treatment seeking. Journal of

Criminal Behavior & Mental Health vol 19 #3. Retrieved at

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19533597 ‘

-Article: Google Scholar

 Fazel, S., Hayes, A., Bartellas, K., Clerici, M. & Trestman, R. (2016). The mental health

of prisoners: A review of prevalence, adverse outcome and interventions. Lancet Psychiatry

vol 3 no. 9

-Article: Google Scholar

 Garcia-Guerrero, J. & Marco, A. (2012). Overcrowding in prison and its impact to health.

Rev Esp Sanid Penit vol 14

-Article: Google Scholar

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

 Salmorin, M. (2008). Methods of research. Manila: Mindshapers Co. Inc.

-Article: Google Scholar

 Siegfried, C., Hills, H, Ickowitz, A. (2004). Effective prison mental health services:

Guidelines to expand and improve treatment. Washington DC US Department of Justice,

National Institute of Corrections

-Article: Google Scholar

 Mary Ann Cortez (2022) Understanding the Needs, Breaking Down Barriers: Mental

Health Issues and the Well-Being of PDLs in Quezon City Jail

(http://hlaf.org.ph/understanding-the-needs-breaking-down-barriers-mental-health-issues-

and-the-well-being-of-pdls-in-quezon-city-jail/)

-Article: Google Scholar

 Gabriel Pabico Lalu (2022) BJMP offers ‘telepsychology” for stressed personnel, PDLs

during lockdown (https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1259214/bjmp-offers-telepsychology-for-

stressed-personnel-prisoners-during-lockdown)

-Article: Google Scholar

 Dr. Eduardo Gonzales (2019) BJMP focuses on health programs for PDLs

(https://mb.com.ph/2019/09/27/bjmp-focuses-on-health-programs-for-pdls/)

-Article: Google Scholar

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

 Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life

Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.

(https://fetzer.org/sites/default/files/images/stories/pdf/selfmeasures/SATISFACTION-

SatisfactionWithLife.pdf)

-Article: Google Scholar

Journals and Publications

 Mott, J., Adult Prisons and Prisoners in England and Wales: A Review of the Findings of

Social Research, London: HMSO, 2011

 Prisons and Probation Ombudsman Annual Report, London: HMSO, 2013

 Smith, C. “Healthy Prisons: A Contradiction in Terms?” The Howard Journal, 2012.

 Pavot, W. G., Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the

Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being

measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 149-161.

 Pavot, W. G., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale.

Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172.

 Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz L., Diener, M. (1993). The relationship between income

subjective well-being: Relative or absolute? Social Indicators Research, 28, 195-223.

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Unpublished Studies

 Altschuler, David et. al., “Intensive Parole High Risk Juvenile Offenders: A Framework

for Action”, (An Unpublished paper presented to the American Society of criminology

Meetings Baltomore, MD, 2014).

 Hidalgo, Fernando L. “Environment as a Factor in the Rehabilitation Process of Offenders”

(An unpublished Undergraduate Thesis presented at the College of Criminology,

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa, 2014).

 Laven, Roger J., “Community-Managed Corrections”, (Unpublished Paper presented at the

Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Science, Denver, Co. 2013)

 Murty, K.S. et. al. “Community-Based Programs as an Alternative to Incarceration: The

Case of Fulton County, Project Redirection”, (Unpublished Paper at the Annual Meeting

of the Academy of criminal Justice Sciences, St. Louis, Mo. 2013).

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Appendix B

JOHN ADRIAN I. FLORES

295 Libis, San Rafael, Bulacan
Contact No. 0905-364-3762
[email protected]

Objective

Aspiring to become a part of an industry or corporation in which I may apply, share

and nurture my knowledge and skills regarding the course I have taken.

Personal Data

Date of Birth : April 25, 1999

Age : 23

Birth Place : Pantubig, San Rafael, Bulacan

Sex : Male

Civil Status : Single

Height : 5’6

Weight : 85kg

Religion : Catholic

Nationality : Filipino

Language to Speak : English and Tagalog

Father’s name : Rolando I. Flores

Mother’s name : Gloria P. Igaya

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Educational Background

College : Erhard Science College Bulacan

Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
4th Year Student Bachelor of Science in Criminology
2019-2022
College : Microlink Institute of Science and Technology
Information Technology
Graduated 2017

High School : San Rafael National Trade School

Graduated 2015

Elementary : Libis Central School

Graduated 2012

Achievements
• NCII passer in Consumer Electronics Servicing
• NCIII passer in Visual Graphics and Design
• Certificate of Recognition as best Presenter in System Design and Analysis
• Certificate of Excellency as an Intern (OJT) in Local Government Unit assigned at the
Office of the Municipal Mayor of Bustos Bulacan as Administrative I.T. Assistant

Skills
• Computer Literate
• Knowledgeable with the use of Computer Applications/Software
• Knowledgeable in Basic Computer Troubleshooting; Hardware and Software
(Maintenance and Repair)
• Knowledgeable with use of Adobe Photoshop
• Knowledgeable in Basic Computer Networking (Multiple Unit Access/Server and
Client)
• Knowledgeable in Basic Computer Software Reprogramming (Formatting/Installation
of Hardware/Software)
• Knowledgeable in Basic Appliances Troubleshooting (Maintenance and Repair)

I hereby to certify that the above information is true and correct with the best of my
knowledge

JOHN ADRIAN I. FLORES

Applicant’s Signature

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Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

GARCIA, JAYMAR DE LEON.

The picture can't be displayed.

349 Tukod, San Rafael, Bulacan Contact

No. 0950-978-3385
[email protected]

Objective

To know the basic thinks in this field that can improve and enhance my personality as
a Criminology student, and become the most outstanding performance in this Internship
program.

Personal Data

Date of Birth : October, 09, 1999

Age : 22

Birth Place : Pala-pala, San Ildefonso, Bulacan

Sex : Male

Civil Status : Single

Height : 5’5

Weight : 54kg

Religion : Catholic

Nationality : Filipino

Language to Speak : English and Tagalog

Father’s name : Jonathan Garcia

Mother’s name : Merly Garcia

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Educational Background

College : Erhard Science College, Bulacan

Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
4th Year Student Bachelor of Science in Criminology
2019-2023

High School : Maronquillo, National High School.

Graduated 2019

Elementary : Tukod Elementary school

Graduated 2012

Skills
• Hard working
• Flexible
• Willing to learn
• Reliable
• Respectful
• Patient
• Fast learner

I hereby to certify that the above information is true and correct with the best of my
knowledge

JAYMAR GARCIA DE LEON.

Applicant’s Signature

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

CABRERA, MARYJANE P.
Address: Paltao, Pulilan Bulacan
Mobile No: 0961-270-7172
Email Add: [email protected]

OBJECTIVE

To be the absolute asset in the company through my loyalty and dedicated work and to
seek an exciting, challenging position within dynamic and innovative organization, which
offers variety and the opportunity for both business and personalgrowth.

SKILLS

• Hardworking and Patient

• Responsible and Trustworthy
• With good communication skills
• Effective interpersonal skills
• Fast learner

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: Erhard Science College

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
San Rafael Bulacan
2019 - 2022(under graduate)

Senior High School: St. Dominic Academy

Poblacion, Pulilan Bulacan
S.Y 2017 - 2018

High School: St. Dominic Academy

Poblacion, Pulilan Bupacan
S.Y 2011– 2016

Elementary: Pulilan Central School

Poblacion, Pulilan Bulacan
S.Y 2005 – 2011

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

PERSONAL DATA

Age : 24yrs old

Gender : Female
Date of Birth : Feruary 1, 1998
Place of Birth : Gapan Nueva
Ecija Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Height : 5”6
Weight : 90 kg
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Hermie Cabrera
Occupation : Farmer
Mother’s Name : Josephine Cabrera
Occupation : House wife
Guardian : Josephine Cabrera
Contact Number 09612707172

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Kap. Elena
Andan Barangay
Captain
0923752893

I hereby certify that all information’s have given above are true andcorrect to
the best of my knowledge and belief

Maryjane Cabrera
Applicant’s Signature

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

This questionnaire aims to analyse the quality of life of PDL’s in Baliuag Municipal
Jail, Baliuag Bulacan, Philippines.
The data of this questionnaire will be used for a research study. Your identity will
remain anonymous, and your participation in this study is completely voluntary. Answering
this questionnaire indicates your consent to participate in this study.

Directions: Check the box that corresponds to your answer.

Part 1: Demographic Profile of Respondents

Age:

18-24 □ 35-44 □

25-34 □ 45-54 □

Gender:

Male □ Female □

Civil status:

Single □ With Live-n Partner □

Married □ Separate □

Years of Confinement (Jail Time)

1 □ 3 □ 5 □

2 □ 4 □ 6 or more □

Educational attainment:

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 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

Elementary Level □ College Level □

Elementary Graduate □ College Graduate □

Highschool Level □ Post Graduate □

Highschool Graduate □

Part II: the satisfaction level of the respondents as to the different domains of life

Directions: Check the column that reflects to your response in each statement.
1: Very Dissatisfied 3: Average 5: Very Satisfied
2: Dissatisfied 4: Satisfied

A. Respondents Level of Satisfaction in Terms of Health and Functioning

1 2 3 4 5
I am satisfied with my physical and mental health
I am satisfied with the healthcare provided for me
I enjoy being here
I feel energetic all the time
I am able to care for myself
I have control over my life
I have chances to live for as long as I like
I am happy with my sex life
I am able to take care of my family responsibility
I am useful to others
I have no worries
I can do things for fun
I have a chance for a happy future

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

B. Respondents Level of Satisfaction in Terms of Social and Economic

1 2 3 4 5
I have friends
I gain emotional support from people other than my family
I have a friendly neighborhood
I feel at home
I like working (having a job)
I enjoy doing nothing
I am provided with learning and education
I am stable with my financial needs

C. Respondents Level of Satisfaction in terms of Psychological and Spiritual

1 2 3 4 5
I have a purpose in life
My life has meaning
My faith in God is unwavering
I am allowed to pray (anywhere/anytime)
I am happy with what I have
I am satisfied with my current situation
I am satisfied with my appearance
No one rejects me because of my religion.

D. Respondents Level of Satisfaction in terms of Facilities

1 2 3 4 5
I have enough space to move around the jail during free time
I am satisfied with the mess hall (canteen)
I am satisfied with the toiletries (comfort room/rest room)
I have enough space to move around my cell block
I am satisfied with the facilities provided by the jail

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS

Gender MALE % FEMALE % TOTAL %
100 67 50 33.3 150
AGE
18-24 20 20 4 8 24 16
25-34 25 25 29 58 54 36
35-44 40 40 12 24 52 35
45-54 15 15 5 10 20 13
150
Marital Status
Single 48 48 32 64 80 53
Married 26 26 6 12 32 21
With Live-in Partner 25 25 10 20 35 23
Separated 1 1 2 4 3 2
150
Educational Attainment
Elementary Level 13 13 2 4 15 10
Elementary Graduate 8 8 21 42 29 19
Highschool Level 29 29 11 22 40 27
Highschool Graduate 28 28 8 16 36 24
College Level 18 18 7 14 25 17
College Graduate 4 4 1 2 5 3
Post Graduate 0 0 0 0 0 0
150
Years Incarcerated
1 44 44 33 66 77 51
2 33 33 6 12 39 26
3 11 11 5 10 16 11
4 3 3 1 2 4 3
5 3 3 5 10 8 5
6 or more 5 5 1 2 6 4
150

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The Satisfaction Level of Respondents as to the Different Domains of Life
Level of Satisfaction of Respondents 1 2 3 4 5
In Terms of Health and Functioning Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL %
1 I am satisfied with my physical and mental health 11 1 12 8 9 4 13 9 34 28 62 41 24 3 27 18 22 14 36 24
2 I am satisfied with the healthcare provided for me 7 1 8 5 10 4 14 9 37 25 62 41 31 17 48 32 15 3 18 12
3 I enjoy being here 26 26 52 35 20 7 27 18 31 14 45 30 13 3 16 11 9 1 10 7
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

4 I feel energetic all the time 5 24 29 19 14 2 16 11 49 13 62 41 17 7 24 16 15 4 19 13

5 I am able to care for myself 10 25 35 23 14 1 15 10 40 3 43 29 24 5 29 19 14 14 28 19
ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE

6 I have control over my life 8 1 9 6 11 1 12 8 44 9 53 35 28 7 35 23 9 32 41 27

Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

7 I have chances to live for as long as I like 12 0 12 8 13 26 39 26 36 7 43 29 29 7 36 24 10 10 20 13

8 I am happy with my sex life 25 30 55 37 15 5 20 13 28 5 33 22 17 5 22 15 15 5 20 13
9 I am able to take care of my family responsibility 8 5 13 9 20 2 22 15 35 4 39 26 20 26 46 31 17 13 30 20
10 I am useful to others 10 2 12 8 13 24 37 25 34 11 45 30 26 4 30 20 17 9 26 17
11 I have no worries 15 27 42 28 16 4 20 13 43 11 54 36 19 3 22 15 7 5 12 8
12 I can do things for fun 9 2 11 7 16 3 19 13 43 34 77 51 18 5 23 15 14 6 20 13
13 I have a chance for a happy future 11 1 12 8 14 1 15 10 29 6 35 23 20 2 22 15 26 40 66 44
Level of Satisfaction of Respondents 1 2 3 4 5
Social and Economic Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL %
1 I have friends 8 6 14 9 4 0 4 3 36 5 41 27 25 7 32 21 27 32 59 39
2 I gain emotional support from people other than my family 14 1 15 10 16 8 24 16 40 9 49 33 21 2 23 15 9 30 39 26
3 I have a friendly neighborhood 5 6 11 7 15 3 18 12 50 6 56 37 19 5 24 16 11 30 41 27
4 I feel at home 18 7 25 17 22 5 27 18 32 7 39 26 17 3 20 13 11 28 39 26
5 I like working (having a job) 6 22 28 19 12 4 16 11 34 4 38 25 27 3 30 20 21 17 38 25
6 I enjoy doing nothing 25 28 53 35 21 6 27 18 29 8 37 25 15 2 17 11 10 6 16 11
7 I am provided with learning and education 10 3 13 9 13 0 13 9 37 7 44 29 25 2 27 18 15 38 53 35
8 I am stable with my financial needs 14 21 35 23 19 4 23 15 40 6 46 31 18 6 24 16 9 13 22 15
Level of Satisfaction of Respondents 1 2 3 4 5
Psychological and Spiritual Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL %
1 I have a purpose in life 10 4 14 9 13 0 13 9 23 4 27 18 30 7 37 25 24 35 59 39
2 My life has meaning 7 3 10 7 15 0 15 10 25 4 29 19 29 4 33 22 24 39 63 42
3 My faith in God is unwavering 8 3 11 7 10 3 13 9 27 8 35 23 28 6 34 23 27 30 57 38
4 I am allowed to pray (anywhere/anytime) 7 21 28 19 11 0 11 7 26 1 27 18 18 6 24 16 38 22 60 40
5 I am happy with what I have 4 24 28 19 14 1 15 10 34 6 40 27 26 3 29 19 22 16 38 25
6 I am satisfied with my current situation 22 26 48 32 19 1 20 13 39 10 49 33 13 7 20 13 7 6 13 9
7 I am satisfied with my appearance 7 1 8 5 11 1 12 8 38 7 45 30 33 7 40 27 15 30 45 30
8 No one rejects me because of my religion. 5 2 7 5 11 1 12 8 35 4 39 26 22 8 30 20 27 35 62 41
Level of Satisfaction of Respondents 1 2 3 4 5
Facilities Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL % Male Female TOTAL %
1 I have enough space to move around the jail during free time 19 7 26 17 15 3 18 12 43 8 51 34 13 6 19 13 10 26 36 24
2 I am satisfied with the mess hall (canteen) 22 7 29 19 22 2 24 16 37 12 49 33 12 5 17 11 7 24 31 21
3 I am satisfied with the toiletries (comfort room/rest room) 19 26 45 30 23 1 24 16 35 12 47 31 13 3 16 11 10 8 18 12
4 I have enough space to move around my cell block 15 26 41 27 20 4 24 16 45 7 52 35 14 6 20 13 6 7 13 9
5 I am satisfied with the facilities provided by the jail 22 23 45 30 15 2 17 11 38 11 49 33 11 5 16 11 14 9 23 15
 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

Overall Weighted Mean

1 2 3 4 5
Health and Functioning
0.08 0.17 1.24 0.72 1.20 3.41
0.05 0.19 1.24 1.28 0.60 3.36
0.35 0.36 0.9 0.43 0.33 2.37
0.19 0.21 1.24 0.64 0.63 2.92
0.23 0.20 0.86 0.77 0.93 3.00
0.06 0.16 1.06 0.93 1.37 3.58
0.08 0.52 0.86 0.96 0.67 3.09
0.37 0.27 0.66 0.59 0.67 2.55
0.09 0.29 0.78 1.23 1.00 3.39
0.08 0.49 0.9 0.80 0.87 3.14
0.28 0.27 1.08 0.59 0.40 2.61
0.07 0.25 1.54 0.61 0.67 3.15
0.08 0.20 0.7 0.59 2.20 3.77
1 2 3 4 5 3.10
Social and Economic
0.09 0.05 0.82 0.85 1.97 3.79
0.10 0.32 0.98 0.61 1.30 3.31
0.07 0.24 1.12 0.64 1.37 3.44
0.17 0.36 0.78 0.53 1.30 3.14
0.19 0.21 0.76 0.80 1.27 3.23
0.35 0.36 0.74 0.45 0.53 2.44
0.09 0.17 0.88 0.72 1.77 3.63
0.23 0.31 0.92 0.64 0.73 2.83
1 2 3 4 5 3.23
Psychological and Spiritual
0.09 0.17 0.54 0.99 1.97 3.76
0.07 0.20 0.58 0.88 2.10 3.83
0.07 0.17 0.7 0.91 1.90 3.75
0.19 0.15 0.54 0.64 2.00 3.51
0.19 0.20 0.8 0.77 1.27 3.23
0.32 0.27 0.98 0.53 0.43 2.53
0.05 0.16 0.9 1.07 1.50 3.68
0.05 0.16 0.78 0.80 2.07 3.85
1 2 3 4 5 3.52
Facilities
0.17 0.24 1.02 0.51 1.20 3.14
0.19 0.32 0.98 0.45 1.03 2.98
0.30 0.32 0.94 0.43 0.60 2.59
0.27 0.32 1.04 0.53 0.43 2.60
0.30 0.23 0.98 0.43 0.77 2.70
2.80
81
 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

Male Weighted Mean

1 2 3 4 5
Health and Functioning
0.11 0.24 1.02 0.96 1.10 3.43
0.07 0.16 1.11 1.24 0.75 3.33
0.26 1.04 0.93 0.52 0.45 3.20
0.05 0.58 1.47 0.68 0.75 3.53
0.10 0.70 1.2 0.96 0.70 3.66
0.08 0.18 1.32 1.12 0.45 3.15
0.12 0.24 1.08 1.16 0.50 3.10
0.25 1.10 0.84 0.68 0.75 3.62
0.08 0.26 1.05 0.80 0.85 3.04
0.10 0.24 1.02 1.04 0.85 3.25
0.15 0.84 1.29 0.76 0.35 3.39
0.09 0.22 1.29 0.72 0.70 3.02
0.11 0.24 0.87 0.80 1.30 3.32
1 2 3 4 5 3.31
Social and Economic
0.08 0.28 1.08 1.00 1.35 3.79
0.14 0.30 1.2 0.84 0.45 2.93
0.05 0.22 1.5 0.76 0.55 3.08
0.18 0.50 0.96 0.68 0.55 2.87
0.06 0.56 1.02 1.08 1.05 3.77
0.25 1.06 0.87 0.60 0.50 3.28
0.10 0.26 1.11 1.00 0.75 3.22
0.14 0.70 1.2 0.72 0.45 3.21
1 2 3 4 5 3.27
Psychological and Spiritual
0.10 0.28 0.69 1.20 1.20 3.47
0.07 0.20 0.75 1.16 1.20 3.38
0.08 0.22 0.81 1.12 1.35 3.58
0.07 0.56 0.78 0.72 1.90 4.03
0.04 0.56 1.02 1.04 1.10 3.76
0.22 0.96 1.17 0.52 0.35 3.22
0.07 0.16 1.14 1.32 0.75 3.44
0.05 0.14 1.05 0.88 1.35 3.47
1 2 3 4 5 3.54
Facilities
0.19 0.52 1.29 0.52 0.50 3.02
0.22 0.58 1.11 0.48 0.35 2.74
0.19 0.90 1.05 0.52 0.50 3.16
0.15 0.82 1.35 0.56 0.30 3.18
0.22 0.90 1.14 0.44 0.70 3.40
3.10
82
 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

Female Weighted Mean

1 2 3 4 5
Health and Functioning
0.02 0.16 1.68 0.24 1.40 3.50
0.02 0.16 1.5 1.36 0.30 3.34
0.52 0.28 0.84 0.24 0.10 1.98
0.48 0.08 0.78 0.56 0.40 2.30
0.50 0.04 0.18 0.40 1.40 2.52
0.02 0.04 0.54 0.56 3.20 4.36
0.00 1.04 0.42 0.56 1.00 3.02
0.60 0.20 0.3 0.40 0.50 2.00
0.10 0.08 0.24 2.08 1.30 3.80
0.04 0.96 0.66 0.32 0.90 2.88
0.54 0.16 0.66 0.24 0.50 2.10
0.04 0.12 2.04 0.40 0.60 3.20
0.02 0.04 0.36 0.16 4.00 4.58
1 2 3 4 5 3.04
Social and Economic
0.12 0.00 0.3 0.56 3.20 4.18
0.02 0.32 0.54 0.16 3.00 4.04
0.12 0.12 0.36 0.40 3.00 4.00
0.14 0.20 0.42 0.24 2.80 3.80
0.44 0.16 0.24 0.24 1.70 2.78
0.56 0.24 0.48 0.16 0.60 2.04
0.06 0.00 0.42 0.16 3.80 4.44
0.42 0.16 0.36 0.48 1.30 2.72
1 2 3 4 5 3.50
Psychological and Spiritual
0.08 0.00 0.24 0.56 3.50 4.38
0.06 0.00 0.24 0.32 3.90 4.52
0.06 0.12 0.48 0.48 3.00 4.14
0.42 0.00 0.06 0.48 2.20 3.16
0.48 0.04 0.36 0.24 1.60 2.72
0.52 0.04 0.6 0.56 0.60 2.32
0.02 0.04 0.42 0.56 3.00 4.04
0.04 0.04 0.24 0.64 3.50 4.46
1 2 3 4 5 3.72
Facilities
0.14 0.12 0.48 0.48 2.60 3.82
0.14 0.08 0.72 0.40 2.40 3.74
0.52 0.04 0.72 0.24 0.80 2.32
0.52 0.16 0.42 0.48 0.70 2.28
0.46 0.08 0.66 0.40 0.90 2.50
2.93
83
 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

Standard De viation
fe male male
He alth and Functioning
0.70000 0.68600
0.66800 0.66600
0.39600 0.64000
0.46000 0.70600
0.50400 0.73200
0.87200 0.63000
0.60400 0.62000
0.40000 0.72400
0.76000 0.60800
0.57600 0.65000
0.42000 0.67800
0.64000 0.60400
0.91600 0.66400
0.60892 0.66215
Social and Economic
0.83600 0.75800
0.80800 0.58600
0.80000 0.61600
0.76000 0.57400
0.55600 0.75400
0.40800 0.65600
0.88800 0.64400
0.54400 0.64200
0.70000 0.65375
Psychological and Spiritual
0.87600 0.69400
0.90400 0.67600
0.82800 0.71600
0.63200 0.80600
0.54400 0.75200
0.46400 0.64400
0.80800 0.68800
0.89200 0.69400
0.74350 0.70875
Facilitie s
0.76400 0.60400
0.74800 0.54800
0.46400 0.63200
0.45600 0.63600
0.50000 0.68000
0.58640 0.62000

0.659706 0.66116
84
 ERHARD SCIENCE COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Dr. Guizano Sr. St. Capihan, San Rafael, Bulacan

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