Test 3 READING AND USE OF ENGLISH (1 hour 30 minutes) Part 1 For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0} Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Example: OAaspect B part element —_D factor The Japanese Bobtail Cats have been (0) . of the lives of human beings for thousands of years. One interesting breed which fascinates scientists is. the Japanese Bobtail - a domestic cat with an unusual ‘bobbed’ tail more (1) °.... "resembling the tail of a rabbit than that of other cats. The breed has been known in Japan for centuries, and it features (2) :.. in folklore. In many traditions, cats are frequently (9), ....1... Of fear and mistrust but in Japanese stories the Bobtail tends to be (4)/."".... as a force for (5)... . The image of a Bobtail seated with one paw raised is considered a lucky charm. But how did the Bobtail (6) ........ its short tail? One legend tells of a sleeping cat whose long tail (7) ..2..0. fire. In a panic, it tore through the town, spreading flames everywhere. As a result, the then emperor declared that all cats should have their tails cut short as a (8) ....... measure. Science, however, has a less ‘romantic’ explanation based on genetics. 52nearly prominently products assumed right come by took defensive similarly obviously articles portrayed virtue get at caught restrictive ° ° Xo) (€) accurately appreciably objects exposed good hiton set ) preventative Reading and Use of English D_ closely D_ significantly D_ elements D disclosed D truth D. gofor D_ seized D correctivePart 2 For questions 8-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap, Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. Example: [o|[o[ F | | Work experience abroad i Every year thousands © young people in various countries do short periods of work in other countries (9)... thé time they leave school and start university. Typically these involve helping in schools or hospitals, or on conservation projects. The experience the young people gain will be of great benefit in their lives. (10) :....... a personal point of view, it gives them a sense of independence and confidence. It may also help them with their tong-term career. ‘There are many organisations that run work experience programmes. (11) ....... such company whew Fors is Global Volunteers, (12) -..... spokesperson Mary Cooper comments: ‘(#9) ....... than being torte an extended holiday, our placements involve learning to (14) ........ responsibility for themselves. Young people should push themselves out of their comfort zones and do (18) ..... productive Doing @ placement will add value to a CV, helping young people to (16) ........ out from the crowd in the job market. Some employers look favourably on students who have the initiative and drive to complete one.’ 4Reading and Use of English Part 3 For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap In the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. csonoe: (2) [alolaleleTare Teel TDL The significance of hairstyles Hair is the most easily (0) ........ part of the human body and also one of | ADAPT the most (17) ....... . The first barbers appeared in ancient Greece, when DISTINCT short hair became a sign of social status. Similarly, South American inca chiefs had their hair short; in contrast, the hair of their citizens got (18).......__- PROGRESS longer the turther down the social chain they were. Barbers prospered in the days of the Roman Empire, until they were expelled from Rome, when it was discovered how much they earned. Women have always reflected fashion through their hairstyles, sometimes quite (19) ......... in 15th-century Europe, women would pluck the hair from DRAMA the front of their heads in (20) ....... of beauty. Three centuries later, the PURSUE ven forthe hairdresser NEED to climb a small ladder. The maintenance needed to (22}........ these styles SURE fashion was for huge hairstyles that made it (21) looked good was enormous. Today, in our more liberal world, very little is socially (23) ....... with regard to hairstyles and technology has been ACCEPT enormously (24) ........ in reducing the time we spend on our hair. BENEFITTest 3 Part 4 For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. Here is an example (0) Example: © James would only speak to the head of department alone. oN JAMES voseseeeenee to the head of department alone. ‘The gap can be filled with the words ‘insisted on speaking’, so you write: Example: [0 | [ INSISTED ON SPEAKING Write only the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. 25 The constant public attention on famous people must have an effect on them. EYE ... Must have an effect on famous people. Constantly .. 26. This building would be ideal for our new office except that there are no parking facilities nearby. FROM ‘This building would be ideal for our new office sis... (&tparking facilities nearby. 27. I's only because of the quality of the lead singer's voice that people listen to the album. WORTH It's the quality of the lead singer's voice that isnt. pute .. to. 5628 29 Reading and Use of English ‘The hotel wasn't just far from the sea, it was expensive too, ONLY Not chk. 8it. way from the sea, It was expensive too. Jenny felt she had stayed too long at the party. HIGH Jenny felt it. the party. Hannah's essay doesn’t have a clear enough explanation of the main point to bs awarded top marks. CLEARLY Hie mein p Hannah's essay doesn’t .. 1. tobe awarded top marks,Test 3 Part5 You are going to read a newspaper article about research into a chemical. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. - Oxytocin Oliver Burkeman asks the US academic Paul Zak about his research into a chemical called oxytocin, which has an important role in our lives. Paul Zak i renowned among his colesques for we things he does clsconcertingly soon after mesting peopl, ‘Tha first |s hugging: sesing me approsch, fe springs to his feel, and enfolds me in his arms _ talks having neadies stuck into their arms to draw blood. | escape our encounter unpunctured, but 2 |. Blan don't = witingy of course. Zak's work has invlved extracing blgod from, amongst ethers & Couple on tho Wwsng day, peepe we nave oan sacha and a grup in Papua New Gea prepa parlor traditional rituals, TO TALE SOMEONE ye FSU Having dipped into his book, The Moral Molecule, | know that what cris Zak's hunger for blood is hs intorost in oxytocin. Long known as 2 female reproductive hormone, oxytocin erargas fom Zak's research as something ‘much more. Being treated decent, he says, causes people's ontocin levels fo rise, prompting them to behave ‘more decently, while experimental subjects given an arifcial oxylocin boost behave more generously and {rustingly Describing the chemical 2s the moral molecule thal Keeps society together, Zak offers nothing lass than avast explanation of whole swathes of phiosophical questons. The subtle of the boo, the new science of what mates us good ore vee SeaBe IN en ny ‘The aforementioned wedding 00k place at a house In England, where Zak set up the equipment needed to callsct blood. He took samples, before and after the ceremony, trom the bride and groom, and varlous guests, Ine 16. then transfered his pale to his laboratory. Thore, he discovered the resuitsho'd boon expecting: the coremony caused oxytocin to spike, And it did so indirect proportion to the likely inteneity of emotional engagernent in the event” ‘The bride recorded the highest increase, folowed by close family members, then loss ciosely involved friends. ‘Mapping the wedding’s oxytocin levels gave rise, in Zak's words, to an amazing human ‘solar system with the bride as the sun, the hormone finely calibrated to the emotional warmth each guest felt. Zak's interest in oxytocin was fuelled by experiments involving the Trust Game, Participant A is invited to lend ‘some money to a stranger, Participant B. They're told that any money A sends will triple in value, whereupon can return some as a thank-you. According o traditional maciels, the game should break down before itbegins. B, ‘acting selfshly, has no reason to give any money back ~ and, knowing this, A shouldn't send any inthe fist place. 3-4 However, as in previous research with this tied and tested set up, the vast majorty of A-people Send money, while {an even larger percentage of B-pegple return some. Zak’s analysis of the oxytocin in participants’ bloodstreams reveals that by sending money to B, person A is giving a sign of trust ~ and for person B, being on the receiving (Cenc! causes oxytocin levels to Increase, motivating more generous behaviour in return. The possible implications are intriguing. Evolution has given us oxytocin, a biological mechanism that lets us be instinctively irusting and kind — or ‘moat’. Mixing science and morality prompts suspicion, however. Just because something is ‘natural’ doesn't mean it's ‘ight’, and efforts to derive moral codes from sclence rarely fend well. Moreover, i's uncieer what Zak means when he says oxytocin, or the lack of it, ‘makes’ us good or {vl Stil, none of this undermines the pragmatic aspect of Zak's work. if oxytocin is the mechanism through 5% eh mor sein kaa plans, fhn by manipulating onyedn, wo ight boost levee of tt, geneoahy and — ~ ultimately happiness. On the other hand, what's to stop car daalers, say, pumping oxytocin into showrooms? Zak waves the matter ‘vay: I's incredibly hard to get enough oxytocin info the bloodstream. Sure, oxyiocin can be stimulated in subtle ways to serve other people's agendas, ‘but they're already doing that. Why do you think they have babies in adverts? To make you feel good, by provoking the release of oxylecin.” Meanwhile, he says, we should alldo at_| 2 least eight hugs a day, massage and even watch soppy movies — he's done the tests. Interaction on social media ssepms fo lead to oxytocin spikes, undermining the argument that it's iling real human interaction; hormonally, It appears, the body processes it a real interaction. 58a 32 34 35 38 i) Reading and Use of English What does the writer suggest about Paul Zak in the first paragraph? A He provokes mixed feelings in people. B_ He understands that aggression can sometimes be useful. © _ He can adapt himself to a variety of situations. D ) He is capable of being very persuasive. What does ‘spoils’ refer to in line 16? A. equipment 59Part 6 You are going to read four extracts from online articles about childhood. For questions 37-40, choose from the extracts AD. The extracts may be chosen more than once, Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet, The Changing Face of Childhood in the USA A Mary Granger Parents often complain that childhood today seems different to what it was when they were young - when a {free day meant they ran care-free out the door after breakfast and played until twilight. But they are somewhat hypocritical, because many of today's Detter-off children seem to have less time for such unstructured play 40 as they face an unfortunate mass of parent-organised ‘things-to-keep-kids-busy’ thet might include karate lessons, tutoring or ballet. Parents are increasingly unwilling to let their offspring play outside. As a result children are more protected than ever before. A generation ago children went cycling on their own, went on Public transport alone, took responsibility for themselves. Some experts suggest that the whole nature of Parenting was different; that it was much less hands-on and more trusting of the child. B Max Poenbaum The interaction between the child and the natural environment provides an authentic learning experience 3° based on sensory absorption and investigation, but it disappears with the passing of childhood. Then adult Cognitive reasoning gradually takes over as the world is seen In a more objective ar scientific way. At the transition between childhood and adulthood, yaung people can feel in danger of having nothing stable to hold on to, caught between the trapeze of chikthood that has been let go of and the trapeze of growing up Not yet within his or her grasp. Now parents must become a safety net at a time when the young person ae feels naturally anxious and insecure. But these days, parents are struggling against the slow creep of an © increasingly commercial and sexualised culture and behaviour. That very cullure, which Is so rightly blamed 2 for preventing younger children from being children also undermines the parenting of teenagers. | ">, © John P. Ondorenko esp net unwas {t Is clear that young children have a special affinity for the great outdoors that is connected 10 ther development and thelr ways of knowing and learning, This is. unique end unrepeatable ability that starts 37 to fade during the teenage years, Even so, are -feady. Celebrity culture, adultstyle clothes and music videos are all guilty of encouraging them to act older than they are, As a result they are adrift in a sea of disaffection. In particular they care less about sched! Performance and social obedience than’ever before. On the fp side, they are much more tolerant and aware of ethical Issues and also more caring regarding the future of the planet, A common adolescent complaint 40-8 of ever-increasing boredom, and yet children today have no reason to be bored, partly as the number of formal, extra-curricular activities available to them is unprecedented. D_ Steven Zataria ; Once the pre-teen years are gone, parents have a more aloof adolescent who is more reluctant to be touched, ‘who would rather spend time with friends, who feels too old to play with paronts, who is embarrassed by their Bublic company, who is more private and less forthcoming, and who seems to court their disapproval though Geliberate resisiance and opposition. The pattern is a standard one and always has been, as any psychologist will tel you, Teenagers may think they are fully independent, fiercely so in fact, but parents must be there for them, taking @ back seat, intervening fess than before, but ready to listen and guide when called upon, But Rarenting is becoming increasingly complex. The increasingly commercialised end sexualised world we live in xn ‘means that children are missing out on a proper childhood, The solution is clearly nt to keep children wholly innocent untithey are adutts, but we have surely reached the point where some regulatory protection is reduited. 60Reading and Use of English Which expert has a similar view to Poenbaum on how long people's instinctive relationship with nature lasts? expresses similar opinion to Zafaria on what the role of a parent should 38. | P, be regarding teenage children? has a different view from the others on whether children are growing up too fast? expresses 4 different opinion from Ondorenko on the value of planned activities for children? 61Part7 You are going to read an extract from a newspaper atticle about travelling in Poland. Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (41-46). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Before Google . the alternative travel guide to Poland Vicky Baker takes social networking back fo its roots by resurrecting a travel project in Poland from the early 1990s. ‘Lam going to take you to my friend's studio. It’s quite unusual,” says Jarek, my unofficial guide to Krakow, in one of the biggest understatements of the trip. He leads me to an old cottage. Tt looks abandoned, but then we are greeted by a man ‘who, with his grey beard and sheepskin waistcoat, looks like an ageing pop stat. Outside there's a two- meire-high carved totem pole and the remains of a bonfire are still burning. ‘As a couch surfer I am used to finding golden opportunities through strangers, but the unusual thing about this connection is that it came about after 1 tried to reconstruct @ tourism project that was, in many ways, the precursor to modern social networking Back im the 1980s"US-born Jim Haynes, a renowned supporter of alternative ‘arts, had an idea. Convinced that the best travel experiences come from the people you meet, he set himself goal: he would match inqnisitive travellers with. gracious.hosts: by creating an alternative: guidebook, in a country he loved. Poland: People to People fnally hit the bookshelves in 1991. _ contact details and a- willingness to participate in th ‘scheme, Jim assembled all the names in what read like a personal address book, The of £6 bought you the contact details of 1,000 strangers. ee 62 later, Jim’s hosts would still be willing to grect an unknown visitor from overseas, But, frst-l-would "have to track them dawn. (f¥[e At first T planned to communicate only by post and sent several letters before realising I lacked the patience. Feeling a little guilty, T opted for the 2st-century solution: searching for die names on the Internet. Many were dead ends; others simply never responded. But gradually people did come forward and I received various slightly stunned replies. Before long I had meetings arranged in ‘Krakow and Gdansk, 5 the [ormer in | ac ae t skip a anise ts, though, and head off to! wed 50-year-old academic. We mest in Pishivcennty cafe, where an ulta-polte waitress sets down a massive plate of Polish dumplings before us. Itis to0 much for any tourist to eat. is 46 hal Ym charmed by Krakéw and reluctant 10 Ieave Wiatlek, who proves to he excellent company and the café, but J already have my next meeting arranged a 10-hour train ride away. Gdansk, with its immaculately renovated buildings and litle boutiques, is clearly a world away from the city it was in the 1990s, I have arranged to rect kite- surfing enthusiast Mariusz at a restaurant there. Poland: People to People lives on, it seems, T know Jim will be delighted. Lay nb B. “ge er Ge eB a challenge. Jim sent out tuihidreds of letters through his already extensive network of friends and placed small ads in various Polish publications, “My-new.ecquaintance-has hazy memories of the people be met through the book, but says he enjoys the company of visitors, as they are curious and interested in others. He shows me cold photos and speaks of how life has changed here, What follows is one of those surreal travel experiences, where one new friend introduces you to another and another. Before long we've set off on a tour of Krakéw's artistic community Details were sparse; just contact details and a very sbort profile. ‘I live in Krakéw and I am a man of ‘Krakow, read one rather unhelpful entry. Reading and Use of English t one of the open-house dinners he runs every Sunday at his Paris home. It was like opening a litue time capsule and from that moment F The next morning is the occasion of my impromptu adventure with Jarek, an artist T found after contacting various local galleries. He invites me for dinner and even finds the original typewritten letter Jim sent in 1989 to introchuce the project. qtratdw G itis my first time in Poland, and the-former is undeniably impressive. The picture-perfect main square is lined with Renaissance buildings, lively street cafés and golf carts waiting to take tourists around town.