Well Foundations SS ee 1200 Well FoundationsWell Foundations Section 1200, 1201, DESCRIPTION ‘This work consists of construction of well foundation, taking it down othe founding level through all kinds of sub-strata, plugging the bottom, filling the inside of the well, plugging the top and providing ‘2 well cap in accordance with the details shown on the dawing and as per these specifications, or as directed by the Engineer, In case of well foundations of size larger than 12 m diameter, supplemental construction specifications will be necessary, 1202, GENERAL, 1202.1, Wells may have a circular, rectangular, or D-shape in plan and may consist o: one, two or more compartments in plan. The outer wall of the well is known as well stein'ag which may be cellular The process of taking down the welr .9 the founding level is known as well sinking. After reaching the founding level, the hollow inside the well, (“dredge hole”) is plugged at the bottom’ by concrete (“bottom plug”). The dredge hole is then filled with approved filling upto the level indicated on the drawings and provided with a concrete plug (‘top plug”). To facilitate sinking of well, steel cutting edge is fabricated and Connected to a conerete well curb of required shape. On top of the well curb, adequate height of well steining is cast and the process of sinking is carried out. After a portion of the well has teen sunk, another height of well steining is cast on top of the previous section and further sinking carried out. This process is continued till the bottom level of the well reaches the founding level. At the top of the well steining, an adequately designed "well cap” is Inid which transmits the loads and forces from the sub-structure (piers ‘or abutments) 10 the foundations, 1202.2. At least one bore-hole must be available/carried out in ac- cordance with these specifications at each well foundation location, prior to commencement of work. The depth of bore-holes should extend upto a depth equal 10 ove and a half times the outer diameterfleast dimension of the well below the anticipated founding level. The results of soil exploration should be presented in accordance with clause 74 of IRC:78. In case the well foundation is to rest on a rocky strata, it may be necessary to undertake additional borings /probings prior to commencement of work to ascertain the actual profile and tre quality 403Section 1200 Well Foundations of the rocky strata, at the level at which the well has to be seared, etc. 12023. Blasting may have to be resorted to in order to facilitate sinking through difficult strata, such as boulders and rocks etc. In case blasting is anticipated, protective/strengthening measures specified in clause 710.6 (IV) of IRC:78 shall be taken, The grade of concrete in bottom 3 metres ef steining shall not be leaner than M 20 or as shown fon the drawings. 1202.4, In case the bore hole data shows the presence of steeply dipping rock, chiselling may have to be resorted to so as 10 obtain proper seating of the founcation. For this purpose, the well may require to be dewatered complevely under high air pressure inside the well. This process is known as pneumatic sinking. Pneumatic sinking may also have to be resorted to in cases where obstacles such as tree trunks, large sized boulders or hard strata ete. cannot be removed by open dredging, ‘The necessity oF adopting pneumatic sinking shall be decided by the Engineer. ‘The cur6 and steining have to be specifically designed forspecial loadings When pneumatic sinking is adopted. 1203. SETTING OUT AND PREPARATIONS FOR SINKING 1203;1. Necessary reference points shall be fixed, away from the zone of blow-ups or possible settlements resulting from well sinking operations, Such reference points shall be connected to the perma rent theodolite stations with the base Tine on the banks. The centre of the individual wells shall be marked with reference 10 these stations. “The distance, wherever practicable, shall be checked with the help of accurate tapes and precision distomat. Reference points shall also be fixed to mark X-X axis {usually traffic direction) and Y-Y axis (normal to X-X axis) accurate'y. ‘A temporary bench mark shall also be established near the well foundation, away from the zones of blow-ups or possible seulement The bench mark shall be checked regularly with respect to the permanent bench mark established at the bridge site. 1203.2, For wells which are to be pitched in water, an earthen or sand island shall be constructed. Sand islands are practicable for water lepths of about $ metres under stable bed soil conditions. For greater depths of in Fast flowing rivers or for locations where soil is too weak to sustain sand island, floating caissons may have tw be adopted, 404Well Foundations Seetion 1200 ‘The plan dimensions of sand islands shall be such as have a working space of atleast 2 metres all around the steining. The dimension ‘of the sand islands shall however be not less than wice the dimension in plan of the well or caisson, Sand islands shall be maintained to perforin their functions, until the well is sunk to a depth below the bed level at Teast equal to the depth of water. Sand island shall be protected against scour and the top level shall be sufficiently above the prevailing water level to be decided by the Engineer so that it is safe against wave action While sand islands are constructed at well location, floating -aisson are_generally fabricated at or near the banks on dry land or dry docks. Floating caissons are towed into position in floating condition Floating caissons may be of steel, reinforced concrete or : .om bination of the two. They should have at least 1.5 m Ice boar above water level and increased, if considered necessary, m case ther. is a possibility of caissons sinking suddenly owing to reasons such 2: scour likely to result from the lowering of caissons, cffect of wav sinking in very soft strata etc Stability of floating caissons shall be ensured against overtuin ing and capsizing while being towed and during sinking for the action of water current, wave pressure, wind etc For floating caissons, @ detailed method statement for fabrication foating and sinking of caissons shall be prepared and fumished « the Engineer. Such statement shall include the total tonnage of stee involved, fabrication and welding specifications, lst of materials an plant and a description of operations and manpower required for the work. The caisson shall be tested for leakages before being towed to site. 12033. Equipment Equipment shall be deployed for construction of well foundatio: as required and as directed by the Engineer, Generally, the followine equipments may be required for the work : (©) Crane with grab buckets ~ pacity 05 to 2.0 cum, Submersible pumps (6) Air comprstor, sir locks and oher acessories where pacumatie sking of we ‘is aneipaed. (6) Chisel of spproprine sires 405Section 1200 Well Foundations (0) Aquerheaier for eating rocky strate (© Diving helmets and accessories (a) Bauipnent for concrete production, transporaton planing and compvct on 1204, CUTTING EDGE 1204.1. The mild steel cutting edge shall be made from structural steel sections. The cutting edge shall weigh not less than 40 kg per ‘metre length and be properly anchored into the well curb, as shown in the drawing. When there are two or more compartments in a well, the bottom end of the cutting edge of the inner walls of such wells shall be kept at about 300 mm above that of outer walls. 1204.2, The parts of cutting edge shall be erected on level firm ‘ground. Temporary supports shall be provided to facilitate erection and ‘maintaining the assembly in true shape. The fabrication may be carried ‘out in the shop oF at site, Steel sections shall not be heated and forced into shape. However, “V" cuts may be made in the horizontal portion, uniformly throughout the length, to facilitate cold bending. After bending, such “V" cuts should be closed by welding, Joints in the lengths of structural sections, unless otherwise specified shall be fillet welded tusing single cover plate to ensure the requisite strength of the criginal section. 42043. The cutting edge shall be laid about 300 mm above prevalent water level. 1203, WELL CURB 1208.1, The well curb may be precast or cast-in-situ. Steel formwork for well curb shall be fabricated strictly in conformity with the drawing, ‘The outer face of the curb shall be vertical, Steel reinforcements shall be assembled as shown on the drawings. The bottom ends of vertical bond rods of steining shall be fixed securely to the cutting edge with check nuts or by welds. ‘The formwork on outer face of curb may be removed within 24 hours after concreting, The formwork on inner face shall be removed after 72 hours 1205.2, All. concreting in the well curb shall be done in one continuous operation. 406‘Well Foundations Section 1200 1206. WELL STEINING 1206.1. The dimensions, shape, concrete strength ané reinforce ‘ments of the well shall strictly conform to those shown on the drawings. ‘The formwork shall preferably be of M.S. sheets shaped and stiffened bly. In case timber forms are used, they shall be lined with plywood or MS. sheets, 1206.2, Steining built in the first lift above the well curb shall not be more than 2 metres and in subsequent lifts it shall not exceed the diameter of the well or the depth of well sunk below the adjoining bed level at any time. For stability, the first lift of steining shall be cast only after sinking the curb’ at’ least partially for stability. Concreting of steining may be carried out in subsequent lifts of about 2 to 2.5 metres. Attempts should be made to minimise the number of construction joints. The concreting layers shall be limited to about 450 mm restricting the free fall of concrete to not more than 1.5 m. Laitance formed at the top surface of a lift shall be removed to expose coarse aggregates before setting of concrete at the proposed construction Joint, As far as possible, construction joints shall not be kept at the location of laps in the vertical steining bars 12063. The steining of the well shall be built in one straight line from botiom to top such that if the well is tilted, the next lift of steining will be aligned in the direction of the tlt. The work will be checked carefully with the aid of straight edges of lengtts approved by the Engineer. Plumb bob or spirit level shall not be used for alignment. After sinking of a stage is complete, damaged portions if any, of steining at top of the previous stage shall be properly repaired before constructing the next stage. 1206.4. The height of steining shall be calibrated by making at least 4 gauges (preferably in trafic direction and in a direction normal to traffic, direction) distributed equally on the outer periphery of the well each in the form of a 100 mm wide strip painted on the well, with every metre mark shown in black paint. The. gauges shall start with zero at the bottom of the cutting edge. Marking of the gauges shall be done carefully with a steel tape, 1206.5. After reaching the founding level, the well steining shall be inspected to check for any damage or cracks. The Engineer will direct and the Contractor shall execute the remedial measures before accepiance of the well steining, In case the well cannot be accepted even with any remedial measures, then the well shall stand rejected, 401Section 1200 Well Foundations 1207. WELL SINKING 1207.1. General ‘The well shall as far as possible be sunk true and vertical through all types of strata. ‘Sinking or loading of the well with kentledge shall be commenced only after the steining has been cured for at least 48 hours or as specified in the drawings. No well shall be permitted to be placed in a pre-dredged hole. ‘The well shall be sunk by excavating material uniformly from inside the dredge hole. Use of water jetting, explosives. and divers may be adopted for sinking of wells through difficult strata with prior approval of the Engineer. Normally dewatering of well should not be permitted as a means for sinking the well. It also shall never be resorted to if there is any danger of sand blowing under the well, Dewatering shall however be done when well is 10 be founded into rock. Pneumatic sinking may have to be resorted to where obstacles such as tree trunks, large size boulders, etc. are met at the bottom or when there is hard strata which cannot be removed by open dredging. The necessity for pneumatic sinking shall be decided by the Engineer. Sinking history of weil shall be maintained in the format given in Appendix. 1200/. 1207.2. Use of Kentledge as Sinking Load Kentledge shall be placed in an orderly and safe manner on the loading platform and in such a way that it does not interfere with the excavation of the material from inside the dredge hole and also does not in any way damage the steining of the well. Where tits are present or there is a danger of well developing tilt, the position of the load shall be regulated in such a manner as to provide greater sinking effort on the higher side of the well., 1207.3. Use of Water Jetting Water jetting may be employed for well sinking wherever neces- sary, 1207.4, Use of Explosives Mild explosive charges may be used as an aid for sinking of the well only with prior permission of the Engineer. Blasting of any sort 408Well Foundations Section 1200 shall only be done in the presence of the Engineer and not before the concrete in the steining has hardened sufficiently and is more than 7 days old, When likelihood of blasting is predicted in advance, protection of the bottom portion of the well shall be done as per these specifications. ‘After blasting operations are completed, the well curb and steining should be examined for any cracks and remedial measures taken, If blasting has been used after the well has reacted the design foundation level, normally 24 hours shall be allowed to lapse before the bottom plug is laid, ‘The charges shall be exploded well below the cutting edge by making a sump so as to avoid chances of any damage to the curb or to the steining of the well. A minimum sump of 1 metre depth should be made before resorting to blasting. Use of large charges, 0.7 kg ‘or above, may not be allowed except under expert direc‘ion and with the permission from the Engineer. Suitable pattern of charges may be arranged with delay detonators to reduce the number of charges fired at a time, The burden of the charge may be limited to 1 metre and the spacing of holes may normally be kept as 0.5 to 0.6 meures. Al prevalent laws concerning handling, storing and using of ex- plosives shall be stricly followed. Al safety precautions shall be taken as per 1S:4081 “Safety Code for Blasting and related Drilling Operations”, to the extent applicable, whenever blasting is resorted to. ‘There should be mo equipment inside the well nor shall there. be any labour in the close vicinity of the well at the time of exploding the charges. If rock blasting is to be done for seating of the well, the damage caused by flying debris should be minimised by covering blasting holes by rubber mats before blasting, 1207.5. Use of Divers Use of divers may be made both for sinking purpose like removal of obstructions, rock blasting and for inspection. All safety precautions shall be taken as per any acceptable safety code for sinking with divers for any statutory regulations in force. Only persons trained for the diving operation shali be employed and shall be centified to be fit for diving by an approved doctor. ‘They shall work under expert supervision. The diving and other 409‘Section 1200 Well Foundations equipments shall be of acceptable standard and certified to this effect, by an approved independent agency. It shall be well maintained-for safe use Arrangement for ample supply of low pressure clean cool air shall be ensured through an armoured flexible hose pipe. Standby compressor plant shall be provided in case of breakdown. Separate high pressure connection for use of pneumatic tools shall be made, Electric lights where provided shall be at 50 volis (maximum). The raising of the diver from the bottom of wells shall bbe controlled so that decompression rate conforms to the rate as kid down in appropriate regulations. 1207.6. Use of Pneumatic Sinking 1207.6.1. General ‘The Engineer shall familiarise himself with particular reference to caisson diseases and working of the medical air-lock. A doctor competent to deal with cases of “Caisson Diseases” or other compli- cations arising as a result of working under high pressure, shall be stationed at the construction site when pneumatic sinking is under progress ‘The contractor shall provide complete facilities including the issuing of orders to ensure. strict enforcement of the requirements outlined in these. specifications, Safety provisions as contained in IS:4138 and in these speci- fications shall be strictly followed. Pneumatic sinking shall be restricted to a depth of 30.0 m. 1207.6.2. Man-Locks and Shafts Locks, reducers, and shaft used in connection with caissons shall be of riveted construction throughout. The material used in their ‘manufacture shall be steel plate with thickness not less than 6 mm, Shafts shall be subjected to hydrostatic or air pressure test of at least 0.5 MPa, at which pressure they shall be tight. The pressure at which testing has been done shall be clearly and visibly displayed. Shafts shall be provided, with a safe, proper and suitable staircase for its entire length including landing platforms which are not more than 6 metres apart. Where this is impracticable due to space constraint, suitable ladders along with landing platforms shail be installed, These so‘Well Foundations Seetion 1200 shall be kept clear and in good condition at all times and shall be constructed, inspected and maintained to the entire satisfaction of the Engineer. A 1.0 m wide platform with 1.0 m high railing shall be provided all round the caisson air locks. Where 15 or more men are employed, caissons shall have two locks, cone of which shall be used as a man lock, Locks shall be located so that the lowest part of the bottom door shall not be less than 1 metre above high water level. ‘The supply of fresh air to the working chamber shall at all times be sufficient to permit work to be done without any danger or excessive discomfort. All air supply tines shall be supplied with check valves and carried as near to the face as practicable. ‘A. man-lock shall be used solely for the compression or de- compression of persons, and not for the passage of plant and ‘material and shall be maintained in a reasonably clean and sufficiently warm state. However, any hand toolor hand instruments used for the purpose of the work may be carried into the mar-lock. Where it is not reasonably practicable to provide a separate man- lock for use by persons only, the lock when it is in actual use for compression or decompression of a person or persons shall not be put, simultaneously, to any other use and shall be ina reasonably clean and sufficiently warm state, 1207.6.3. Vatves Exhaust valves shall be provided, having risers extending to the upper part of the chamber. These shall be operated, whenever necessary specially after a blast. Precautions shall be taken that_men are not allowed to resume work after a blast until the gas and smoke are cleared, 1207.6.4. Medical supervision and certification Every employee absent from work for 10 or more ccnsecutive days due to illness or any other disability shall be required to pass the regular physical examination by the doctor before being permitted to return to work. ‘After a person has been employed continuously in compressed air for a period of 2 months, he shall be re-examined by the doctor and stlSection 1200 ‘Well Foundations shall not be permitted to work until such re-examination has been made and the report is satisfactory, No person known to be addicted to the excessive use of intoxicants shall be permitted to work in compressed air. ‘The doctor shall, at all times, keep a complete and full record of examinations made by him, which shall contain dates of examinations. a clear and full description of the person examined, his age and physical condition at the time of examination and a statement as to the period such a person has been engaged in such employment. Records shall be kept at the place where the work is in progress and shall be subject 10 inspection by authorised officers. Every man lock shall always have a doctor or a responsible person in attendance. In case the person in charge is not a doctor he must have positive means of promptly communicating with and securing the services of a competent doctor in case of emergency. Such arrangements shall invariably be subject 10 the approval of the Engineer. If the air pressure exceeds 0.2 MPa gauge or if 50 or more men are employed, it is obligatory for the person in charge of medical lock to be a doctor experienced in this type of work. Alll cases of compressed-air illness shall be reported and copies of all such reports shall be kept on file at the place of wotk. 1207.6.5. Lighting All lighting in compressed air chambers shall be operated only by electricity. Two independent electric lighting systems with independ- ent sources of supply shall be used. These shall be so arranged that the emergency source shall become automatically operative in case of failure of the regularly used source. ‘The minimum intensity of light on any walkway ladder, stairway, or lower working level shall be one-quarter (1/4) candlepower. In ll work places, the lighting shall always be such as to enable workmen to see their way about clearly. All extemal parts of lighting fixtures and electrical equipment lying within 2.5 metres above the floor shall be constructed of non-combustible, non-absorbing insulating materials. If metal is used it must be effectively earthed. Portable lamp shall have non-combustible, non-absorbing insulating sockets, approved handles, basket guards and approved cables. The use of wom or defective Portable and pendant conductors, shall be prohibited. 412Well Foundations Section 1200 1207.6.6, Safety against fire hazard No oil, gasoline, or other combustible material shall be stored within 30 metres “of any shaft, caisson, or tunnel opening. However, oil ‘may be stored in suitable tanks in isolated fireproof buildings, provided such buildings are not less than 15 metres from any shaft, caisson, oF tunnel opening or any building directly connected thereto, Positive means shall be taken to prevent leaking flammable liquids from flowing into areas specifically mentioned in the preceding paragraph, Where feasible, a fire hose connected to a suitable source of water shall be provided at the top of every caisson, Where fire mains are not accessible, a supply of water shall be stored in tanks near the top of every caisson, provided fire pails or suitable pumps are kept available, Approved fire extinguishers shall also be provided 1207.6.7. Sani Properly heated, lighted and ventilated dressing cooms shall be provided for all employees engaged in compressed ai work. Such rooms shall contain lockers and benches and be open and accessible to men during intermission between shifts. Adequate toilet accomodation of one for every twenty five employees shall be provided, Care shalt be taken to keep all parts of the caissons and other ‘working compartments, including locker rooms, dry rooms, rest rooms, and other equipment in a good sanitary condition and free from refuse, decaying, or other objectionable: mater. No nuisance shall be tolerated in the air chamber. Smoking shall ‘be strictly prohibited and all matches and smoking materials shall be left out of the locker rooms. |A. separate dry-room shall be provided where working clothes may be dried within reasonable time. 1207.6.8. Protection against gases In all cases where gas is expected including alluvium impregnated with decayed vegetable matter the use of Davy Safety Lamp shall be ‘compulsory, 1207.69. Additional safety provisions 1) ‘Tae weight of the pneumatic plafrm and that of sting and enbedge, i ny, shall be sufficient to resis the up from air side, skin freon being exieted in this case, any section the total Weight acting downward i 43Section 1200 Well Foundations » 8 % 1207. » » ° a » Jess than the uplift pressure of sir imide, editions kentledge shall be placed on the well If itis not possible tomke the well envy enovgh dong excavation, "blowing down" may be uted. The men should be withdrawe and ir pressure reduced. ‘The wel should then begin o move with small eduction in si pressure. “Blowing own” should only be used when the ground is such tat it will not heave ip inside the chamber when the pressure is reduced. When ihe well doesnot rote. with the rection in air pressure, kenledge should be added. “Blowing ‘down’ should te in shor stager and the dep should not exceed, 05 metre at fy sage. To contol sinking during blowing down, use of packings ate recommended. “The pneumatic sinking plan and eter allied machinery shall not only be of proper design and make, but also shall be worked by competent and well tained enomel, Every par of the machinery and is faaues shall be minutely examined before installation and use. Availabilty of appropriate spares, standbys, ‘afety of personal a6 recommended is IS:4138 for working in compressed sir rust be ennred at site Coles for safety and for woking in compressed sir and other labour laws and_ practices prevalent in the county, at specified to provide safe efficient and expeditions sinking shll be folowes. Inflammable materials shall not be taken ino air locks and smoking shall be probibited. Wherever gave are surpected 10. be ituing out of dredge hole, te Saune shall be analysed by tained personnel and necessary precautions adopted to avoid hazard) to life and equipment. Where blasting is resorted to, it shall be caefllyeontlled and all precautions repinding. blaring shall be cbsered, Workers shall be allowed inside afer basting only when a competent and qualified person has examined the chamber td ssining’ throughly and found the same to be safe Precautions During Sinking When the wells have 19 be sunk close so each otter and clear distance between them is not grester than the diameter of wells, sinking shall be ken up on ll walls and they shall be sunk altematly so’ dat sinkiag of wells procoads ‘mifomly. Simultaneous and even dredging shall be cared out in the ell in such a manor thatthe diference in the levels of the sump and. ting edge inthe adjacent wells does aot exced half the clear gap between them. Plogging ofall the wells shall be done tga During sinking of dumbbell or double D-shaped. wells, the excavation in beth the dodge holes should be cared out simultanously and equally ore chant shall be refered to consamly during. sinking for taking adequite cae while piercing diferent types of stata. The ype of soil a obi ring the Well sinking shold’ be compared with bore chant 0.35 to lake "prompt decisions Before seasonsi floods all wells on which sinking. it in progress shall be sunk to sufficient depths below” the designed scour level, Funher, they shall te temporarily filled and plugged so that they do ast suffer any tilt or shift Shrng the Hoods AL necessary precautions shall be taken agains any posible damage to te 414Well Foundations Section 1200 foundations of existing #rucures in the vicinity of the wells, rid to commence mmant of dredging from inside the wel, 1) The dredged material shallot be allowed to accumulate ove the well It shall tbe dumped and spread, at far aay 8 possible, and then comtinvously and simulaneously removed, ar diecied by the Engineer. In case the river steam flows along one clge of the wellbeing sunk, the dredged matrial shall nt be dumped on the. Gry side of the bank bat onthe side‘on which the ever coment ow 2) Very deep sump shall not be made below the well eur, as it snails risk of juging (Sudden sinking) ofthe well. The depth of sump shall ke gencally limited tw one-sinh of the ober diameteest lateral dimension of the wel in plan Norsaly, be dep of sump shall not exceed 3.0 mates below the level ofthe tating edge unless cterwise specifically permitted by the Engineer. A) Incase a well sinks saddenly with a jk, the steining of the well shall be ramined to the satisfaction of the Engineer 10 see thal no damage has occursed ') tm preumatic sinking, the well shall not at any ime, be copped to a dep seater than S00 mm by the method of “blowing dows" 1) Dewatering sall be avoided if sand blows are expected, Any equipment and men working inside the well shall be brought out of the well xs soon as there fare ay indieaions of a sand-bow. 1k) Sand blowing in wells can often te minimised by keeping. he level of water inside the wal higher tan the water table and also by aig heavy henledge 1) In soft tana prone o setlementerep, the constriction of the abutment sells shall be taken up only after the approach embankment fora sufficient éistan eat the abutment has Been completed 1207.8. Tilts and Shifts ‘The inclination of the well from the vertical is known as tilt and the horizontal displacement of the centre of the well at the founding level from its theoretical position is known as shift Unless otherwise specified, the tilt of any well shall not exceed 1 (horizontal) in 80 (vertical), and the shift at the well base shall not be more than 150 mm in any resultant direction, ‘Tikts and shifts shall be carefully checked and recorded in. the format vide Appendix 120011 regularly during sinking operations. For the purpose of measuring the tits along the two axes of the bridge, reduced level of the marks painted on the surface of the steining of the well shall be taken. For determination of shift, locations of the ends of the two diameters shall be precisely measured along the two axes, with reference to fixed reference points. Whenever any tilt is noticed, adequate preventive measures Tike placing eccentric kentledge, pulling, strutting, anchoring or dredxing ns‘Section 1200 Well Foundaticns unevenly and depositing dredge material unequally, putting obstacles below cutting edge. Water jetting etc., shall be adopted before any further sinking. Alier correction, the dredged material shall be spread cut uniformly. A pair of wells close to each other have a tendency to come closer while sinking, Timber struts may be inoduced in between the sleining of these wells to prevent tiltin Tilts occurring in a well during sinking i dipping rocky. strata can be safeguarded by suitably supporung the curd Inthe event of a well developing ti: or shift beyond the speeitied permissible values, the Cor shall have to carry out, at his own cost, suitabie remedial measures 10 the satisfaction of the Fngineer. 10 bring the zt and shill within permissible values, as far UC the *ultamt tit ond for shift of any well exceeds the specifizd permissible valees, generally it should not exceed 1 in 50 and 300 mm respectively The well so sunk shall Ae regarded as not conforming to ficauons and a sub-standard work The Engineer in his sc discretion, may consider accepting such a well, provide (0) Galeinions for foundation pressures snl sting sual tltand. shit fumidhed by ihe Cents Any remedial measuces requied to bring i {each a inerease in the dimension of th ll cpp fon the ell cap ic, shall be catned ov hye Contest Wiha 5, acoumiing. for the ‘how tha the well sae i pens (i) Tee Contractor shall agree to reduction in mics in 12156) Jn case the Engineer, in bis discretion, rejects the well, the Contractor shall dismantle the rejectext weil tothe extent dizecies) by the Engincor and remove the debris. Further, the Contractor shall, at his own risk ‘and expense complete the bridge with modified span arrangement acceptable to the Engineer 1207.9. Seating of Wells The well shall be uniformly seated at the founding stra shall be ensured by test borings thatthe properties ofthe soil encou at the founding strata and upto a depth of one and a half umes the ‘well diameter is identical 10 that wojied in the design, ‘The procedure for test borings shall sauisiy the provisions of these specifications In case the soil encountered is inferior 10 that adopted in design, h ale‘Well Foundations Section 1200 the well shall be redesigned by the Engineer adepting the soil properties actually encountered and the founding level intimated to the Contractor, who shall carry out the work Incase of seating of wells in hard rocky strata, where the rock profile is steeply sloping, pneumatic methods of sinking may be adopted to seat the well evenly as directed by the Engineer. The decision of adopting pneumatic sinking shall be taken by the Engineer. The cutting edge may also be embedded for a suitable depth in the rocky strata, as decided by the Engineer keeping in view the quality of rock. As ‘an additional measure of safety, the well shall be anchored to the rocky strata by anchor bars provided in the steining of the well, as shown fon the drawing irrespective of the fact that tension develops or not at the base of the well under design loads. After the well has been evenly seated on good hard rock, arrangements shall be made to facilitate proper inspection in dry and visible conditions before the bottom plug is laid. 1208, BOTTOM PLUG For bottom plug, the concrete mix shall be designed (in dry condition) to attain the concrete strength as mentioned on the drawing and shall contain 10 per cent more cement than that required for the same mix placed dry, 10 cater for underwater concreting. However, the total cement content shall not be less than 363 kg/cun. of concrete with a slump in the range of 150 mm to 200 mm, Admixtures may bbe added to the concrete to impart the required characteristics indicated herein Conerete for the bottom plug shall be laid by tremie pipe method Tremie conerete when started shall be continued without interruption for full concreting in the bottom plug. The concrete production equipment and placement equipment should be sufficient 1o enable under water concreting within stipulated time, Necessary standby equipment should be available for emergency situation Before commencing plugging, all loose material from the bottom of the well shall be removed. Conereting shall be done in one continuous operauion till the dredge hole is filled upto the required height and thereafter sounding shall >be taken upto ensure that the concrete has been laid to the required eightSection 1200 ‘Well Foundat ons Least disturbance shall be caused 9 the water inside the well while laying concrete in the bottom plug Concrete shall not be disturbed in any way for at least 14 days, In order 10 check any rise in the level of the botiom plug soundings should be taken at the close of concreting and once every day for the subsequent 3 days. ‘The soundness of the bottom plug may be tested by dewatering the well by 5 meires below the surrounding water level and checking the rise of water. The rate of rise shall preferably be less than 10 ems per hour, In case the rate is higher, suitable remedial measures as directed by the Engineer, shall be taken by the Contractor at his own cost, 1209. SAND FILLING Sand filling shall commence after a. period of 3 days of laying of bottom plug. Also, the height of the bottom plug shall be veri fied before starting sand filling Sand shall be clean and free from earth, clay clods, root, boulders, shingles, etc. and shall be compacted as directed. Sand filling shall be carried out upto the level shown on the drawing, or as directed by the Engineer. 1210, TOP PLUG Alter filling sand upto the required level a plug. of concrete shall be provided over it as shown on the drawing, or as directed by the Engincer. 1211. WELL CAP A. reinforced cement concrete well cap will be provided ver the top of the steining in accordance with the drawing. Formwork will be prepared conforming to the shape of well cap. Concreting shall be carried out in dry condition. A properly designed false steining may be provided where possible to ensure that the well cap is laid in dry conditions. The bottom of the well cap shall be laid preferably as low as possible,taking account the water level prevalent at the time of casting Bond rods of steining shall be anchored into the well cap, 418‘Well Foundations Seetion 1200 1212, TOLERANCES ‘The permissible tilt and shift shall not exceed 1 (horizontal) in 80 (vertical) and the shift at the well base shall not be more than 150 mm in any resultant direction. For the well steining and well cap the permissible tolerances shall be as follows : ®)Variton in dimension 450 am 10 om >) Misplacement fiom specified position in plan 15 am. ©) Surface iveglaries measured with 3m sualght edge: Sma 4) Vatiation of levels at tbe top 25 om 1213. TESTS AND STANDARDS OF ACCEPTANCE ‘The materials shall be tested in accordance with these Specifica- tions and shall meet the prescribed criteria, ‘The work shall conform to these Specifications and shall meet the prescribed standards of acceptance. 1214, MEASUREMENTS FOR PAYMENT AAll quantities shall be measured from the drawing, or as ordered by the Engineer, excepting those required to be provided by the Contractor at his cost. 2) The cating edge shal be measured in tomes bated on the ot weight of metal sed init as per Secon 1900 ) The concrete in curb, well sini and well cap shall be meted in cabic snares meach of he Heme afer Seaion 1900. The retfozenents shall be menue in tones segrntly in each ofthe ims, as per Seaton 1600 ©) The measurement for well sinking shall be mde in runing, mete for sifere dep and in diferent tpes of suas (or example, predominantly sane they sol sof rock, hardrock, @e) as specified inthe Conc. The dep Gf sinking salle measured from the level specified in the Cott, m0 level as been specified inthe Contact sinking shall be measured from the low water evel o from he level at which the citi edge as lid, whichever higher 4) The quaity.of concrete in boom ad op plug shall be nerared in caie scres ws per Seton 1700 ©) The quantity. of sand filing shall be measured in cabic mete. 1) Phcumatic sinking, where required shall be psid as a sparte em and Shall be measur in cubie metres of material to be excavated, 1215, RATE 1) The Contract unit ates of citing edge shall cover all cots of nbour, materia tools, pnt and equipment, including placing in positon, sampling and testing 419Section 1200 ‘Well Foundations nd, supervision, all at per respective Seaton of Strvcral Stel Work tnd’ a desorbed ip this secon. 1b) The Contract unit rates for cones in eur, stening, bottom plug, top plog and well cap, shall cover all costs of labour, material, tools, plant and fauipment, formwork and staging inclading placing in position, sampling and testing, and, supervision, all as per rexpecive Section of Stractral Consete find af scribed inthis seen 2) Tye Contact unit rater for seinforcement in carb, sting, and well cap, shall ‘overall cons of labour, materia, tools, plant and equipment, inclading bending to shape, placing in positon, campliag, tesing and supervision, all as per respective Soction of Steel Reinforcement and at described in this secion. 48) The Contract unit tes for tan filing shal cover all coss of labour, materia tools plant and equipment, including placing, in posiion, sampling, testing and supervision, all at desenbed in this secuon ©) The Concrete unit et for sinking shall cover the costs of tabour, tots, and quipmest hd plant and forall operaoas and other incidental for sinking of tvell including seating excepting provisions of pneumatic sinking as described in this Seton. ‘The unt rates shal specify he stata such as types of sol, -ock, te, The rate shall cover all testing and supervision required forthe work 1) The Contract unit exe of matrsl 10 be excavated by preumati.sicking shall cover all cot of labour, material ios, plan and other equipment und other inedentls and. safery provisions and supervision required for pneumatic inking st per his Seeion Reduction in contact unit rates fr sinking #8 penalty, in pursuance of cause 2078 If any well with tilt and/or shift exceeding beyond permissible values is accepted by the Engineer, the Contractor shall give a reduction in the rates as follows Noo Amoont of Wi andlor shin Per cent deduction fon the rate for sinking of whote wel 1. Tilt exceeding the specified perminible value ba 5 per cent esl 16 of win Tia 60 2 Tilt exceeding 1 in 60 10 per cane ‘ot equal 10 0¢ within 1 in 50 Ti exceeding 1 in 50 20 per cent 4. Shift exceeding the specified pemissible 2 per cant ‘lve bat equal 10 of within 200 mn 5. Shift execaing 200 mm but qual 5 per cont 'o of within 300 mm 6 Shift exceeding 300 ram 10 per cant Penalties for excessive tlt and shift shall be deducted separately, 420