Internet and World Wide Web:-

Internet:-
Internet is network of networks that connect computers all over the
world. The another definition of internet is all the computer that
pass packet to each other by using Internet Protocol(IP). Computers
connected to internet communicate by using IP.
It was originally called ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network). The internet has its roots in US Military which founded a
network in 1969 and called it ARPANET. Then, in 1983, which is
considered as official birthday of Internet they had a standard way to
communicate through TCP/IP.

Network:-
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order
to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or
allow electronic communications. The computers on a network
maybe linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites,
or infrared light beams.

Client, Server and Port:-

Client:- A client is a program that runs on the local machine
requesting service from the server. A client program is a finite
program means that the service started by the user and terminates
when the service is completed.
Server:- A server is a software or hardware device that accepts and
responds to requests made over a network. On the Internet, the
term "server" commonly refers to the computer system that receives
requests for a web files and sends those files to the client.
Port:- A port is a physical docking point using which an external
device can be connected to the computer. A port is a virtual point
where network connections start and end. Ports are software based
and managed by OS. Each port is associated with a specific process
or service.

Protocol:-
A set of rules or procedures for transmitting data between electronic
devices, such as computers. H T T P , F T P , T C P
HTTP:-
HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is a protocol used to
access the data on the World Wide Web (www).The HTTP protocol can
be used to transfer the data in the form of plain text, hypertext, audio,
video, and so on. This protocol is known as Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol because of its efficiency that allows us to use in a hypertext
environment where there are rapid jumps from one document to
another document. HTTP is similar to the FTP as it also transfers the
files from one host to another host. But, HTTP is simpler than FTP as
HTTP uses only one connection, i.e., no control connection to transfer
the files.

FTP:-

FTP stands for File transfer protocol. FTP is a standard internet

protocol provided by TCP/IP used for transmitting the files from one
host to another. It is mainly used for transferring the web page files
from their creator to the computer that acts as a server for other
computers on the internet.

Major difference between HTTP and FTP:-

FTP refers to the set of rules that basically allows the process of
uploading and downloading files from a computer to the internet.
HTTP refers to a set of rules that determines the process of transfer
of various web pages over various computers present on the
internet.
SMTP:-
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) used in sending and receiving
e-mail. However, since it is limited in its ability to queue messages at
the receiving end, it is usually used with one of two other
protocols, POP3 (Post Office Protocol) or IMAP (Internet Message
Access Protocol), that let the user save messages in a server mailbox
and download them periodically from the server. In other words,
users typically use a program that uses SMTP for sending e-mail and
either POP3 or IMAP for receiving e-mail.
IP:-

Here, IP stands for internet protocol. It is a protocol defined in the

TCP/IP model used for sending the packets from source to destination.
The main task of IP is to deliver the packets from source to the
destination based on the IP addresses available in the packet headers.
IP defines the packet structure that hides the data which is to be
delivered as well as the addressing method that labels the datagram
with a source and destination information. An IP protocol provides the
connectionless service, which is accompanied by two transport
protocols, i.e., TCP/IP and UDP/IP, so internet protocol is also known
as TCP/IP or UDP/IP.The first version of IP (Internet Protocol) was
IPv4. After IPv4, IPv6 came into the market, which has been
increasingly used on the public internet since 2006.

TCP:-

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol. It is a transport layer

protocol that facilitates the transmission of packets from source to
destination. It is a connection-oriented protocol that means it
establishes the connection prior to the communication that occurs
between the computing devices in a network. This protocol is used
with an IP protocol, so together, they are referred to as a TCP/IP. The
main functionality of the TCP is to take the data from the application
layer. Then it divides the data into a several packets, provides
numbering to these packets, and finally transmits these packets to the
destination. The TCP, on the other side, will reassemble the packets
and transmits them to the application layer. As we know that TCP is a
connection-oriented protocol, so the connection will remain
established until the communication is not completed between the
sender and the receiver.

IP ADDRESS:-

All the computers of the world on the Internet network communicate

with each other with underground or underwater cables or
wirelessly. If I want to download a file from the internet or load a web
page or literally do anything related to the internet, my computer
must have an address so that other computers can find and locate
mine in order to deliver that particular file or webpage that I am
requesting. In technical terms, that address is called IP Address or
Internet Protocol Address. An IP address is a unique address that is
used to identify computers or nodes on the internet. This address is
just a string of numbers written in a certain format. It is generally
expressed in a set of numbers for example 192.155.12.1. Here each
number in the set is from 0 to 255 range. Or we can say that a full IP
address ranges from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. And these IP
addresses are assigned by IANA(known as Internet Corporation For
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).
Types of IP Address:-

1. IPv4:- Internet Protocol version 4. It consists of 4 numbers

separated by the dots. Each number can be from 0-255 in
decimal numbers. But computers do not understand decimal
numbers, they instead change them to binary numbers which
are only 0 and 1. Therefore, in binary, this (0-255) range can be
written as (00000000 – 11111111). Since each number N can be
represented by a group of 8-digit binary digits. So, a whole IPv4
binary address can be represented by 32-bits of binary digits. In
 IPv4, a unique sequence of bits is assigned to a computer, so a
total of (2^32) devices can be assigned with IPv4. Example:-
189.123.123.80.
2. IPv6:- But, there is a problem with the IPv4 address. With IPv4,
we can connect only the above number of 4 billion devices
uniquely, and apparently, there are much more devices in the
world to be connected to the internet. So, gradually we are
making our way to IPv6 Address which is a 128-bit IP address.
In human-friendly form, IPv6 is written as a group of 8
hexadecimal numbers separated with colons(:). But in the
computer-friendly form, it can be written as 128 bits of 0s and
1s. Since, a unique sequence of binary digits is given to
computers, smartphones, and other devices to be connected to
the internet. So, via IPv6 a total of (2^128) devices can be
assigned with unique addresses which are actually more than
enough for upcoming future generations. Example:-
2011:0bd9:75c5:0000:0000:6b3e:0170:8345

World Wide Web:-

World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of
websites or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local
computers through the internet. These websites contain text pages,
digital images, audios, videos, etc. Users can access the content of
these sites from any part of the world over the internet using their
devices such as computers, laptops, cell phones, etc. The WWW,
along with internet, enables the retrieval and display of text and
media to your device.
Origin of WWW:-
Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the World Wide Web
(WWW) in 1989, while working at CERN(European Organization for
Nuclear Research). The Web was originally conceived and developed
to meet the demand for automated information-sharing between
scientists in universities and institutes around the world.
Web Page:-
Web page is a document available on world wide web. Web Pages are
stored on web server and can be viewed using a web browser.
A web page can contain huge information including text, graphics,
audio, video and hyper links. These hyper links are the link to other
web pages.
Types of Web Pages:-
1. Static Web page:
Static web pages are also known as flat or stationary web page.
They are loaded on the client’s browser as exactly they are
stored on the web server. Such web pages contain only static
information. User can only read the information but can’t do
any modification or interact with the information. Static web
pages are created using only HTML. Static web pages are only
used when the information is no more required to be modified.
2. Dynamic Web Page:
Dynamic web page shows different information at different
point of time. It is possible to change a portation of a web page
without loading the entire web page. It has been made possible
using Ajax technology.

Website:-
A website is a collection of many web pages, and web pages are
digital files that are written using HTML(Hyper Text Markup
Language). To make your website available to every person in the
world, it must be stored or hosted on a computer connected to the
Internet round a clock. Such computers are known as a Web Server.
Some uses of websites are:-
1. Providing information: Multiple websites exist to provide
information. For example, government and business websites
inform visitors of updates in their respective offices or
 companies, while news websites update users on the latest
happenings around the world.
2. Entertaining: Websites such as YouTube and Netflix allow you
to watch movies and shows, listen to music or play games.
3. Interacting with other users: Social networking sites and forums
allow users to connect, communicate and share ideas.
4. Buying and selling items: E-commerce websites like Amazon
and eBay allow users to sell and purchase items online.
5. Showcasing work: Personal and portfolio websites are sites
created to demonstrate a person’s ability by collecting and
showing past projects they’ve worked on for future clients.

Types of website:-
1. Static Website:
In Static Websites, Web pages are returned by the server which
are prebuilt source code files built using simple languages such as
HTML, CSS, or JavaScript. There is no processing of content on
the server (according to the user) in Static Websites. Web pages
are returned by the server with no change therefore, static
Websites are fast. There is no interaction with databases. Also,
they are less costly as the hlost does not need to support server-
side processing with different languages.

2. Dynamic Website:
In Dynamic Websites, Web pages are returned by the server
which is processed during runtime means they are not prebuilt
web pages, but they are built during runtime according to the
user’s demand with the help of server-side scripting languages
such as PHP, Node.js, ASP.NET and many more supported by the
server. So, they are slower than static websites but updates and
interaction with databases are possible. Dynamic Websites are
used over Static Websites as updates can be done very easily as
compared to static websites (Where altering in every page is
 required) but in Dynamic Websites, it is possible to do a common
change once, and it will reflect in all the web pages.

Web Browser:-

Web Browser is an application software that allows us to view and

explore information on the web. User can request for any web page
by just entering a URL into address bar.
Web browser can show text, audio, video, animation and more. It is
the responsibility of a web browser to interpret text and commands
contained in the web page.
Earlier the web browsers were text-based while now a days graphical-
based or voice-based web browsers are also available.
Examples:- Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari,
etc.

Web Server:-
A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) and other protocols to respond to client requests
made over the World Wide Web. The main job of a web server is to
display website content through storing, processing and delivering
webpages to users. Besides HTTP, web servers also
support SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer
Protocol), used for email, file transfer and storage.

Web server hardware is connected to the internet and allows data to

be exchanged with other connected devices, while web server
software controls how a user accesses hosted files. The web server
process is an example of the client/server model. All computers that
host websites must have web server software.
Search Engine:-
A search engine is a tool that allows users to search for information
on the internet. When you use a search engine, you enter a query,
which is a word or phrase that describes what you are looking for.
The search engine then searches its index of web pages to find pages
that are relevant to your query. It uses algorithms to rank the pages
according to how relevant they are to your query, and it displays a
list of results for you to browse through. Some popular search
engines include Google, Bing, and Yahoo.
Search engine results page (SERP) is the page that a search engine
returns with the results of a query. When you enter a search query
into a search engine, the SERP is the page that you see with the list
of results that the search engine has determined to be most relevant
to your query. The SERP typically includes the search engine's name
and logo, the search bar, and the list of results, which can include
links to websites, images, videos, and other types of information. The
appearance and content of the SERP can vary depending on the
search engine and the query.
Difference between Web Browser and Search Engine:-
A web browser is a software application that allows users to access,
view, and interact with content on the internet. Some of the most
popular web browsers include Google Chrome, Mizcrosoft Edge, and
Mozilla Firefox. In contrast, a search engine is a tool that allows users
to search for information on the internet. While a web browser
enables users to access and view websites, a search engine helps
users find the specific information or websites they are looking for.
Some common Search Engines:-
1. Google: It was founded in 1998 by Sergey Brin and Larry Page.
2. Yahoo: It was founded in 1994 by Jerry Yang and David filo.
3. Bing: It was invented in 2009 by Microsoft.
 4. Alta-vista: It was founded in 1995 by Paul Flaherty.
5. HotBot: It was launched in 1996 by Wired Magazine.
6. Web Crawler: It was founded in 1994 by Brian Pinkerton.

E-Mail:-
Email stands for Electronic mail. Email provide a wonderful means of
communication. Email is probably the most widely used TCP/IP
application on the Internet. Email is formal communication method.
Email messages are passed through the internet by a protocol called
SMTP. SMTP is understood by all email application that package your
internet email messages.

Active-X Control:-
ActiveX is a framework for defining reusable software components
(also known as ActiveX controls) in a programming-language
independent way. Because ActiveX encapsulates specific
functionality as ActiveX controls, it can be seamlessly incorporated
into many software applications. The Internet Explorer Web browser
allows for ActiveX controls to be embedded into Web pages. ActiveX
controls officially run only in the Internet Explorer browser running
on a Windows operating system. Microsoft introduced ActiveX in
1996. ActiveX are written in C/C++ language. ActiveX are still useful
and are included with Windows OS.

Plug-ins:-
A plugin is a software add-on that is installed on a program,
enhancing its capabilities. For example, if you wanted to watch a
video on a website, you may need a plugin to do so. If the plugin is
not installed, your browser will not understand how to play the
video. Every web browser has an official website where you can
download and install plugins (also called "add-ons" or "extensions").
The web browser publisher (e.g., Google, Mozilla, Apple, etc.) verifies
the plugins are not harmful before making them available to
download. Uninstalling plugins and ActiveX controls is not always
easy. Sometimes, it is not possible. Some plugins come with uninstall
able programs but most do not if you use.

Subscriptions And Channels:-

Subscriptions can be accessed from the Subscription Center. Click the
drop-down menu next to your user name in the top right-hand
corner of the screen to access it. "Subscriptions" also appears as an
option alongside "All activity" and "Recommendations" on the main
YouTube front page at youtube.com. From within the Subscriptions
Center, it's possible to review new content from your subscribed
channels, set which content appears from each user and change the
associated email alert settings. The users that you have subscribed to
will appear as a list down the left-hand side.

As long as you are logged in to your YouTube account, you will see a
"Subscribe" button on any YouTube video page, as well as on channel
pages. Click on that button to subscribe to that channel: once you've
done so, the button changes to display a check mark and read
"Subscribed." Some users may also add a subscription link you can
click as an annotation to some of their videos.
Firewall:-

A firewall is a device installed between the internet network of an

organization and the rest of Internet. When a computer is connected
to Internet, it can create many problems for corporate companies.
Most companies put a large amount of confidential information
online. Such information should not be disclosed to the unauthorized
persons. Second problem is that the virus, worms and other digital
pests can breach the security and can destroy the valuable data.

The main purpose of a firewall is to separate a secure area from a

less secure area and to control communications between the two.
Firewall also controlling inbound and outbound communications on
anything from a single machine to an entire network.

On the Other Hand Software firewalls, also sometimes called

personal firewalls, are designed to run on a single computer. These
are most commonly used on home or small office computers that
have broadband access, which tend to be left on all the time.

A software firewall prevents unwanted access to the computer over

a network connection by identifying and preventing
communication over risky ports. Computers communicate over many
different recognized port, and the firewall will tend to part these
without prompting or alerting the user.

A firewall can serve the following functions:

1. Limit Internet access to e-mail only, so that no other types of

information can pass between the intranet and the Internet.

2.Control who can telnet into your intranet (a method of logging in

remotely).

3. Limit what other kinds of traffic can pass between your intranet
and the internet.

A firewall can be simple or complex, depending on how specifically

you want to control your Internet traffic. A simple firewall might
require only that you configure the software in the router that
connects your intranet to your ISP. A more complex firewall might be
a computer running UNIX and specialized software

Firewall systems fall into two categories

1. Network-level

2. Application-level
Network-Level Firewalls:

It can be used as packet filter. These firewalls examine only the

headers of each packet of information passing to or from the
Internet. The firewall accepts or rejects packets based on the
packet's sender, receiver, and port. For example, the firewall might
allow e-mail and Web packets to and from any computer on the
intranet, but allow telnet (remote login) packets to and from only
selected computers.

Packet filter firewall maintains a filtering table that decides which

packets are to be forwarded or discarded. A packet filter firewall
filters at the network or transport layer.

Application-Level Firewalls:

These firewalls handle packets for cache In service separately,

usually by running a program called a proxy server, which accepts e-
mail, W chat, newsgroup, and other packets from computer the
intranet, strips off the information that identifies the source of the
packet, and passes along to the Internet

When they reply, the proxy server passes the replies back to the
computer that sent the origin message. A proxy server can also log all
the packets that pass by, so that you have a record of who ho access
to your intranet from the Internet, and vice versa.