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    Blood Abo Group System

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    shapan biswa
    The ABO blood group system is one of the most medically important blood group systems. [1] It was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. [2] There are four main blood groups - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells and the presence of antibodies - anti-A and anti-B - in the plasma. [3] People with type O blood are considered universal donors as they lack A and B antigens, while those with type AB blood are universal receivers as they lack both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

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    Blood Abo Group System

    Uploaded by

    shapan biswa
    30 views5 pages
    The ABO blood group system is one of the most medically important blood group systems. [1] It was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. [2] There are four main blood groups - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells and the presence of antibodies - anti-A and anti-B - in the plasma. [3] People with type O blood are considered universal donors as they lack A and B antigens, while those with type AB blood are universal receivers as they lack both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

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    The ABO blood group system is one of the most medically important blood group systems. [1] It was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. [2] There are four main blood groups - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells and the presence of antibodies - anti-A and anti-B - in the plasma. [3] People with type O blood are considered universal donors as they lack A and B antigens, while those with type AB blood are universal receivers as they lack both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    30 views5 pages

    Blood Abo Group System

    Uploaded by

    shapan biswa
    The ABO blood group system is one of the most medically important blood group systems. [1] It was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. [2] There are four main blood groups - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells and the presence of antibodies - anti-A and anti-B - in the plasma. [3] People with type O blood are considered universal donors as they lack A and B antigens, while those with type AB blood are universal receivers as they lack both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

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    ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM: ---

    A blood group is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence

    of antigen on the surface of the RBCs. A total of 29 human blood group

    systems are now recognized by the international society of blood transfusion

    (ISBT). But the most well known and medically important blood group is

    ABO BLOOD GROUP , discovered by Karl Land Steiner in 1900-1901at

    the university of Vienna . There are four different blood groups present in

    ABO blood group system. Two different antigen & two different antibodies

    are mostly responsible for the ABO types.

    Antigen or agglutinogen of the ABO system are antigen –A or agglutinogen

    –A & antigen or agglutinogen-B.

    Antibodies or agglutinin of the ABO system are alpha or anti-A antibody&

    beta or anti-B antibody.

    Antigen --- Physiologically --- substance contained in erythrocyte

    membrane.

    Microbiologically--- any foreign substance that can react with immune

    system to produce antibody.

    Antigen formation starts during 2nd months of embryonic development.

    1
    Antibody ----- Which are present in the blood plasma,, can agglutinate with

    erythrocytes. These naturally occurring antibodies are mainly IgM

    immunoglobulin. Alpha or anti-A antibody reacts with antigen –A & beta

    antibody or anti –B antibody reacts with antigen –B . Human blood contain

    one or both or none antibodies.

    Agglutination ----- The clumping of red blood cells in the presence of an

    antibody .The specific combination of two antigens & two antibodies

    determines an individual’s type in most of the cases. The below shows the

    possible antigen and antibody presence in the each of the following blood

    group.

    ABO ABO antigens ( A/B ABO antibodies


    types antigen)presence on the RBC ( Anti-A / anti-B
    surface antibody) present in
    the plasma
    A A-antigen Anti –B Antibody
    B B- antigen Anti –A antibody
    AB Both A& B antigen No antibodies
    O No antigens Both A & B
    antibodies
    Table 1 Possible antigens and antibodies.

    2
    Figure 1 Antibodies and Antigens.

    Human blood never ever contains antigen & antibody of the same type.
    For example ----- people with type A blood group will have the A antigen
    on the surface of their red cells. As a result, anti - A Antibodies will not be
    produced by them because they would cause the destruction of their own
    blood.
    If B type is injected in to their system, anti B antibody in the plasma of the
    A blood group will react with the antigen B and agglutinate the introduced
    red blood cells. These agglutinated RBCs block small vessels and
    capillaries. These could be occur during incompatible blood transfusion &
    the result are , a severe acute immunological reaction , hemolysis( RBC
    destruction ) , renal failure and shock are likely to occur and death is a
    possibility.
    Universal donor ----- A person with type O blood is said to be a universal
    donor for transfusion, because they don’t produce ABO antigen but they can
    receive only type O blood themselves.

    In ABO blood group antigen present on RBC and antibody present on in the
    plasma .

    3
    Universal donor is that, this applies to packed RBCs and not to whole blood
    products. Because type O carries anti –A antibodies & anti-B antibodies in
    the plasma. To transfuse a type A, B or AB with whole blood will produce
    hemolytic reaction due to the antibodies, found in the plasma of the whole
    blood.

    Universal receiver ------- A person with type AB blood is said to be a

    universal receiver for transfusion . because they do not make any ABO

    antibodies, but their blood will be agglutinated when given to people with

    every other type because they produce both kinds of antigens .

    Rhesus factor ----- Many people also have Rh factor on the RBC’s

    surface . This Rh factor is also an antigen & those who have it are called Rh

    positive. Those who haven’t are called Rh negative . This Rh antigens are

    one type of protein , they appear to be used for the transport of CO2 and./or

    ammonia across the plasma membrane . A person with Rh- blood does not

    have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma . But a person with Rh-

    blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives

    blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the

    production of Rh antibodies. A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood

    from a person with Rh- blood without any problems.

    Rhesus conflicts:

    4
    1) transfusion of Rh+ to Rh- person, for 1st time no reaction occurs

    but Rh- person will develop anti-Rh which can cause agglutination. if he

    receive another Rh+ blood transfusion, will lead to post-transfusional shock

    due to agglutination.

    2) Rh- mother with Rh+ fetus.During pregnancy,in normal condition blood o

    f mother n fetus wont mix because there is a placental barrier between

    mother n fetus. but this barrier may increase in permeability during certain

    conditions (stress, heavy work, running, etc). blood mix can also happen

    during delivery or miscarriage due to tearing of placenta. this mix wil cause

    the mother will produce anti-D Rh antibody but the baby will be in normal

    condition. on her 2nd pregnancy with Rh+ fetus, anti

    Rh antibody from mother may pass through placenta

    & agglutinate & hemolyse fetal blood. the baby will born with hemolytic

    disease of newborns (HDN) or erythroblastosis fetalis.

    Prevention: Inject anti-D serum(Rh immune globulin) at 28 to 32 weeks

    of pregnancy in which the mother is Rh- & father Rh+. this anti-D serum

    binds fetal erythrocyte antigen so they cant stimulate mother’s immune

    system

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