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Computer Networks Chapter 6 Multimedia Networking Notes

This document discusses various techniques for streaming multimedia content over the internet including: 1. Streaming stored multimedia involves transmitting content from a source to a client using protocols like UDP and employing client-side buffering and multiple encodings. 2. Streaming live multimedia requires playback to begin before all data arrives and can result in lag of tens of seconds between transmission and playback. 3. Content distribution networks improve streaming of large files by replicating content on servers close to users.

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152 views3 pages

Computer Networks Chapter 6 Multimedia Networking Notes

This document discusses various techniques for streaming multimedia content over the internet including: 1. Streaming stored multimedia involves transmitting content from a source to a client using protocols like UDP and employing client-side buffering and multiple encodings. 2. Streaming live multimedia requires playback to begin before all data arrives and can result in lag of tens of seconds between transmission and playback. 3. Content distribution networks improve streaming of large files by replicating content on servers close to users.

Uploaded by

derguenhart
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Streaming Stored Multimedia

media stored at source


transmitted to client
client-side buffering
use of UDP vs TCP
multiple encodings of multimedia
streaming: client playout begins before all data has arrived
timing constraint for still to be transmitted data in time for playout

Streaming Live Multimedia


playback buffer
playback can lag tens of seconds after transmission
still have timing constraint
fast forward impossible
rewind, pause possible

Real-Time Interactive Multimedia


end-end delay requirements
session intitialization

Internet multimedia: simplest approach


audio video stored in file
files transferred as HTTP object
received in entirety at client
no pipelining: lond delays until playout

Delay Jitter
Adaptive Playout Delay
Goal: minimize playout delay, keeping late loss rate low
Approach: adaptive playout delay adjustment
estimate network delay, adjunst playout delay at beginning of each talk spurt
silent periods compressed and elongated
chunks still played out every 20 msec during talk spurt

Content distribution networks


Content replication

challenging to stream large files from single origin server in real time
solution: replicate content at hundreds of servers throughout Internet
conten downloaded to CDN servers ahead of time
placing content close to user avoids impairments loss, delay of sending content
over long paths
CDS server typically in edge/access network

Real-Time Protocol (RTP)


specifies packet structure for packets carrying audio, video data
packet provides
payload tye identification
packet sequence numbering
time stamping
runs in end systems
packets encapsulated in UDP segments
interoperability: if two Internet phone applications run RTP, then theu may be able to
work together
does not provide any mechanism to ensure timely data delivery or other QoS
quarantees
encapsulation is only seen at end systems not by intermedioate routers
routers providing best-effort service, making no special effort to ensure that
RTP packets arrive at dest. in timely matter

Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP)


works in conjunction with RTP
each participant in RTP session periodically trasmits RCTP control packet to all other
participants
each packet contains sender and/or receiver reports
feedback can be used to control performance
sender may modify its transmissions based on feedback
can synchronize different media streams within a RTP session
cosider videoconferencing app for which each sender generates one RTP stream for
video, one for audio sampling clocks
not tied to wall clock time
each sender-report packet contains
timestamp of RTP packet
wall clock time for when it was created
receivers uses association to synchronzie playout of audio, video

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)


all telephone calls, video conference calls take place over Internet
people are identifed by names or e-mail addresses, rather than by phone numbers
you can reach calle, no matter where calle roams, no matter what IP device calle is
currently using

Setting up a call, SIP provides mechanisms


for caller to let calle know she wants to establish a call
so caller, calle can agree on media type, oncoding
to end call
determine current IP address of callee
maps mnemonc identifer to current IP address
call management
add new media streams during call
change encoding during call
invite others
transfer, hold calls
caller wants to call callee, but only has callee's name or e-mail address
need to get IP address of callee's current host
user moves around
DHCP protocol
user has different IP devices
result can be based on
time of day (work, home)
caller (don't want boss to call you at home)
status of callee (cals sent to veicemailwhen callee is already talking to someone)

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