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    Units 6 & 8 Grammar

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    Jelena Kojic
    Units 6 & 8 cover gerunds and infinitives. Gerunds are verb forms ending in "-ing" that function as nouns, such as "cooking" or "writing." Infinitives are basic verb forms either alone or preceded by "to", such as "to cook" or "write." The document provides examples of sentences using gerunds and infinitives and discusses their typical usages. Students are asked to identify whether examples refer to gerunds or infinitives and to create their own sentences using verbs that typically take gerunds or infinitives. The document then shifts to discussing articles and prepositions. It outlines the uses of the indefinite article "a/an", the definite

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    Units 6 & 8 Grammar

    Uploaded by

    Jelena Kojic
    14 views29 pages
    Units 6 & 8 cover gerunds and infinitives. Gerunds are verb forms ending in "-ing" that function as nouns, such as "cooking" or "writing." Infinitives are basic verb forms either alone or preceded by "to", such as "to cook" or "write." The document provides examples of sentences using gerunds and infinitives and discusses their typical usages. Students are asked to identify whether examples refer to gerunds or infinitives and to create their own sentences using verbs that typically take gerunds or infinitives. The document then shifts to discussing articles and prepositions. It outlines the uses of the indefinite article "a/an", the definite

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    Units 6 & 8 grammar (1)

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    Units 6 & 8 cover gerunds and infinitives. Gerunds are verb forms ending in "-ing" that function as nouns, such as "cooking" or "writing." Infinitives are basic verb forms either alone or preceded by "to", such as "to cook" or "write." The document provides examples of sentences using gerunds and infinitives and discusses their typical usages. Students are asked to identify whether examples refer to gerunds or infinitives and to create their own sentences using verbs that typically take gerunds or infinitives. The document then shifts to discussing articles and prepositions. It outlines the uses of the indefinite article "a/an", the definite

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views29 pages

    Units 6 & 8 Grammar

    Uploaded by

    Jelena Kojic
    Units 6 & 8 cover gerunds and infinitives. Gerunds are verb forms ending in "-ing" that function as nouns, such as "cooking" or "writing." Infinitives are basic verb forms either alone or preceded by "to", such as "to cook" or "write." The document provides examples of sentences using gerunds and infinitives and discusses their typical usages. Students are asked to identify whether examples refer to gerunds or infinitives and to create their own sentences using verbs that typically take gerunds or infinitives. The document then shifts to discussing articles and prepositions. It outlines the uses of the indefinite article "a/an", the definite

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    Units 6 & 8

    z
    Infinitive
    Gerund
    Articles
    Prepositions
    z
    GERUND
    VS.INFINITIVE
    z
    Say which sentence has gerund and
    which has infinitive.

    ▪ He told me to call him back.

    infinitive
    ▪ Consumerist societies spend most of their time buying things obsessively.
    gerund
    ▪ I most certainly won’t help you clean your room!

    infinitive
    Decide whether the following statements refer to infinitive or gerund.
    verb + -ing basic verb form Mind the spelling!!!
    (walking, sleeping) (love, write) get + - ing = getting
    with or without to glagolska imenica decide + -ing =
    (write/to write) (hodanje, spavanje) deciding
    try + -ing = trying

    infinitive gerund
    Gerund and infinitive
    z

    USAGE
    z
    USE GERUND: USE INFINITIVE:
    ▪ as subject – Programming is ▪ to express a reason or purpose –
    difficult. She studies hard to pass the test
    with an A.
    ▪ as object – I find writing programs
    exhausting. ▪ after adjectives – This code is easy
    to break.
    ▪ after prepositions – John can’t deal
    with writing programs. ▪ Negative form: NOT + TO
    INFINITIVE – I chose not to attend
    ▪ Negative form: NOT + ING – Not
    the lectures.
    knowing the correct answer isn’t
    the worst thing in the world.
    Use the verbs always followed by gerund or infinitive to make your own
    sentences.
    z

    Verbs followed by gerund: Verbs followed by to infinitive:


    ▪ can’t help ▪ can afford
    ▪ agree
    ▪ consider
    ▪ arrange
    ▪ enjoy ▪ choose
    ▪ feel like ▪ decide
    ▪ finish ▪ expect
    ▪ hope
    ▪ involve
    ▪ learn
    ▪ imagine ▪ manage
    ▪ keep ▪ need
    ▪ look forward to ▪ offer
    ▪ promise
    ▪ mind
    ▪ refuse
    ▪ spend (time) ▪ seem
    ▪ When will you finish installing a ▪ tend
    new version of Word on my laptop? ▪ want
    ▪ would like
    ▪ My boss refused to give me pay rise.
    Part I
    z
    INFINITIVE OR GERUND?
    z
    Complete the sentences with the correct
    form of the verb to cook.

    cooking for my family.


    ▪ I like _________

    to cook when we have friends over for dinner.


    ▪ I don’t like _________

    ***Little or no difference in meaning!

    level of enjoyment habit or preference


    Part II
    z
    INFINITIVE OR GERUND?
    z
    make (x2) search email bring
    go not help inform
    making
    ▪ My mother stopped _________ to make
    ▪ My mother stopped _______
    lunch because the phone rang. lunch because we were hungry.

    ▪ I tried _________
    searching the web and ▪ I tried _______
    to email Simon but it
    finally found an address for bounced back.
    him.
    ▪ I’ll never forget _____
    going to that
    to bring my notes.
    ▪ I forgot _______ party.
    not helping him in
    ▪ I regret ___________ to inform you that
    ▪ We regret ________
    the exam. your application was denied.
    z
    VERB + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE
    z Finish the following sentences:
    ▪ Mom advised me to _________________.

    ▪ Peter will ask Anna to _________________.

    ▪ I am not going to invite George to _________________.

    ▪ Doctors are warning people to _________________.

    ▪ Teachers need to encourage students to _________________.


    z
    Bare infinitive (infinitive without to)
    z

    ▪ let and make + infinitive without to


    ▪ Let me know if you need my help.

    ▪ Don’t make her say that again!

    ▪ but: She was made to wash the dishes.

    ▪ modal verbs + infinitive without to


    ▪ You must come with me.

    ▪ May you live to be 100!


    pp. 84-85
    z

    EXERCISES
    z
    Page 84 - key
    ▪ Ex. 1 ▪ Ex. 2
    ▪ to lose 1. C 6. G
    ▪ to be
    2. A 7. E
    ▪ losing
    ▪ to protect 3. D 8. J
    ▪ to back up 4. F
    9. H
    ▪ deciding 5. B
    ▪ to recreate 10. I
    ▪ backing up
    ▪ depending
    z
    Page 85 - key
    ▪ Ex. 3 ▪ Ex. 4

    ▪ 1) to open, to change, damaging 2) not to notice

    ▪ 2) to backup 3) to buy

    ▪ 3) to have 4) not to sell

    ▪ 4) to donate 5) switching

    ▪ 5) writing, to execute 6) waiting

    7) to finish

    8) deleting

    9) to help

    10) finishing
    z
    ARTICLES AND
    PREPOSITIONS
    z
    z
    A/AN, THE and Zero article Ø
    ▪ 1) Indefinite (neodređeni član) – a/an = meaning ONE

    ▪ A phone

    ▪ 2) Definite (određeni član) – the

    ▪ The Faculty of Organizational Sciences

    ▪ 3) Zero article Ø (NO ARTICLE)

    ▪ History sometimes repeats itself.


    z A or AN

    ▪ apple ▪ an apple

    ▪ post ▪ a post

    ▪ honest woman ▪ an honest woman

    ▪ union ▪ a union

    ▪ one-day conference ▪ a one-day conference

    ▪ FBI agent ▪ an FBI agent

    ▪ hour ▪ an hour
    ▪ A or AN
    RULE: Use a in front of consonants and an in front of
    vowels*

    *spoken form is used to determine


    whether a word starts with a
    consonant or vowel sound
    z

    Articles: Usage
    z

    ▪ Zero article Ø is used before:

    ▪ Uncountable nouns – Education is free.

    ▪ Plural nouns – Students tend to be indifferent to their studies.

    ▪ Companies, cities, roads, lakes – I work for Merrill Lynch in


    New York.

    ▪ Meals – I usually have butter and jam for breakfast.


    A/AN: THE:
    z ▪ 1) nouns mentioned before

    ▪ 1) sg. countable nouns ▪ Steve bought a Mac and a PC. The Mac cost
    $2500.
    ▪ Can I have a glass of water?
    ▪ 2) defined nouns
    ▪ 2) job titels
    ▪ Have you read the report I gave you last week?
    ▪ He is an HR manager and his wife is a
    programmer. ▪ 3) when ther’s only one sth
    ▪ 3) frequency (per) ▪ The President will see you now.
    ▪ We have to submit annual reports once a ▪ 4) adjectives that refer to a group
    year.
    ▪ The rich don’t care about the poor.

    ▪ 5) rivers, mountain ranges, seas, some


    ▪ A few/a little countries
    ▪ Few/little ▪ The Danube, the Alps, the Adriatic Sea, the UK,
    the USA, the Hague

    ▪ 6) before adjectives in superlatives e.g. the


    best, the happiest, the most fascinating etc.
    Put a / an, the or zero article (Ø) on the blanks.
    a marketing adviser.
    • I’m working as ____
    Ø happiness really count more than money?
    • Does ____
    • It’s the
    ____ best ice-cream I’ve ever tasted.
    Ø C/computers are an important research tool.
    • _____
    an hour.
    • Don’t wait for me. I’ll be there in half ____
    a pen on the floor. Is it yours?
    • There’s ____
    • The Johnsons are going to ______ Ø London for holidays.
    • The the Netherlands.
    ____ Hague is in _____
    Ø dinner be ready?
    • When will ____
    an Italian actor!
    • Last night Tina met ______
    • I desperately need ____a new coat. I might even buy the
    ____ coat we
    saw yesterday on Instagram.
    • Have you ever thought of working for ____ Ø Apple?
    z
    Page 107 – prepositions - key
    ▪ Ex. I ▪ Ex. II

    1. after, for 1. interested in


    2. talk to
    2. since
    3. focus on
    3. at, in, in, on 4. different from

    4. at 5. depends on
    6. works for
    5. between, at / in
    7. responsible for
    8. consists of
    9. think about
    10. concerned with

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