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Course Plan:
Lect. No Topics to be covered (TB)/RB/ Class Notes
(CN)/PPT
1 Introduction and Power Scenario of India --
* Tentative- subject to changes as decided by IC OR due to Institute policy. Online or Offline mode of examination and
duration of examination will be informed via Quanta Moodle / Emails.
Email: [email protected]
Make-up Policy:
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examination must reach the Instructor-in-charge before commencement of the scheduled
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to Instructor-in-charge for the make-up. In case if instruction division / Medical centre /
relevant authority of BITS does not support your case and tells that Instructor in charge
of the course has to take a decision, in such cases make-up will NOT be granted.
Instructor-in-charge
ME F420
1
• When planning a power plant, two basic
parameters to be decided as:
2
Load Curve
3
4
5
Load factor
Reserve factor
Capacity factor
Plant use factor,
kWhgen
kWinst operating hours
Peak (maximum) load (demand)
Demand factor
Total Connected load
Diversity factor,
Sum of individualy connected maximum demand
Actual peak load of the power plant system
6
(Q.1) A 30 MW plant capacity has peak demand
of 25 MW. It supplies individual loads
having maximum demands of 10 MW, 8.5
MW, 5 MW and 4.5 MW. The load factor is
0.45. Estimate the average load, energy
(load-hr) supplied during the year, diversity
factor and demand factor.
A v e ra g e L o a d
L o a d fa c to r
P eak Load
A v e ra g e L o a d
0 .4 5
P e a k L o a d (= 2 5 )
A v e ra g e lo a d 1 1 .2 5 M W
7
Energy supplied per year
avearge load 8760 hrs
11.25 8760 MWh
98550 MWh per year
Diversity factor
Sum of individualy connected maximum demand
Peak load
10+8.5+5+4.5
1.12
25
Maximum demand
Demand factor
Total connected load
25
0.89
10+8.5+5+4.5 8
(Q.2) A thermal power plant consists of two 60 MW
units, each running for 8000 hours, and one 30
MW unit running for 2000 hours per year. The
energy produced by the plant is 876×106 kWh per
year. Determine the plant capacity factor and plant
use factor.
9
Plant capacity = 60 2 30 150 MW
Energy produced per year
Average load =
8760
6
876 10 5
= 10 kW = 100 MW
8760
100
Capacity Factor = 0.67
150
10
Actual energy produced
Plant use factor =
Max. possible energy that can be produced
Max. possible energy that can be produced
= 60 2 8000 30 1 2000 MWh
1020 106 kWh
876 106
Plant use factor = 6
0.86
1020 10
11
(Q.3) A power station has to supply load as
follows:
Time (hrs) 0-6 6 – 12 12 - 14 14 - 18 18 - 24
12
13
14
Total Load-Hour or Energy generated =30 6+ 90 6+60 2 100 4 50 6
=1540 MWh = 1540103 KWh per day
1540103
Average load = 64.17 MW
24
Maximum demand = 100103 kW
64.17
Load Factor = 0.64
100
A verag e L o ad
C ap acity facto r =
P lan t C ap acity
6 4 .1 7
= 0 .5 3 4
120
15
• (Q.4) A power plant of 420 MW capacity had a
load factor of 0.6, capacity factor of 0.27.
Calculate its reserve capacity and energy
produced per year.
ANSWERS:
(i) Average Load= 113.4 MW
(ii) Peak Load = 189 MW
(iii) Reserve Capacity = 231 MW
(iv) Energy produced per year = 993384 MWh
16
(Q.5) A power station supplies the following loads
to the consumers:
Time in hrs 0 - 6 6 - 10 10 - 12 12 - 16 16 - 20 20 - 22 22 - 24
Load in MW 30 70 90 60 100 80 60
21
(Q.6) A power plant has the following annual factors:
Load factor 0.7, Capacity factor 0.5, Plant use
factor 0.6, and maximum demand = 20 MW.
Estimate (a) annual energy production, (b)
reserve capacity over and above the peak load,
and (c) hours in a year during which the plant
was not in operation.
22
Average Load
Load factor 0.7
Peak Load
Average load 0.7 20 14 MW
Annual energy production = 14 8760
= 122.64 10 6 kWh
23
Average Load
Capacity factor 0.50
Plant capacity
Plant Capacity 14/ 0.50 28 MW
Reserve capacity over above the peak load
= 28 20 8 MW
Energy generated per year
Plant Use factor 0.60
Plant capacity hours in operation
6
122.6410 kWh
Hours in operation 3
7300 h
2810 kW 0.6
Hours not in operation = 8760 -7300 = 1460 h
24
(Q.7) A 300 MW thermal power station is to supply
power to a system having maximum and
minimum demand of 240 MW and 180 MW
respectively in a year. Assuming the load
duration curve to be a straight line, estimate the
(a) load factor, (b) capacity factor
25
Energy supplied per year
1
= 180 MW 8760 h 240 180 MW 8760 h
2
7
210 8760 MWh = 183.96 10 kWh
183.96 107 kWh 3
Average load 210 10 kW
8760
average load 210 M W
Load Factor
maximum demand 240 M W
0.875
210
Capacity Factor 0.70
300
26
(Q.8) The maximum load on a thermal power plant of
60 MW capacity is 50 MW at load factor of 60%.
The Coal consumption is 1 kg per kWh of energy
generated and the cost of coal is Rs 600 per ton of
coal. Find the annual revenue earned if the energy
is sold at Rs 2 per kWh.
32
33
Formulae and Notes
• Overall cost per kWh = Fixed Cost (FC) + Operation & Maintenance cost
(OM) + Fuel Cost (Fuel) + Transmission & Distribution Cost (Tr &Dr) = Total
Annual Cost + Transmission & Distribution Cost (Tr &Dr)
• Overall cost per net kWh sold to consumer = Overall cost per kWh + Profit
per kWh = Revenue per net kWh = Rupees per net KWh at which it is sold
• Total Revenue = Net KWh sold i.e [(Avg. Load * hours)-Aux. Power
Consumption]* Rupees per net KWh at which it is sold
• Production Cost per kWh= FC + OM + Fuel cost = Total Annual Cost
• Running Cost per kWh= OM + Fuel cost+ Tr & Dr
• Fixed Cost = (I%+ D% + T% ) × Capital Invested for as Construction Cost (Cc)
• Note : If installed capacity of the power plant is not given or it is not possible to
obtain it by anyway,
take installed plant capacity = 1.20 × (Peak Load).
Note: Profit will take care to nil the bank loan taken, and money required for
expansion of plant, bonus to employee. %D will take care to replace old
equipment by newer one.
34
Q.9
• Find the Fixed cost, Running Cost, Production
cost and overall cost per kWh if power plant
supply a load with maximum demand of 500
MW and load factor 70%.
If capital cost per MW installed is Rs. 3 crore,
Interest 6%, Depreciation 6%, Operating and
Maintenance cost including Fuel cost is Rs.
0.30 per kWh, Transmission and Distribution
cost per kWh is Rs. 0.02. Assume capacity
installed is equal to peak demand.
35
Solution to Q.9
• Capital cost = 500 MW × Rs. 3 Crore per MW
= Rs. 1500 Crore
Fixed Cost = (Interest + Depreciation) × Capital
Cost = (0.06 + 0.06) × 1500 = Rs. 180 Crore
37
Depreciation
40
Depreciation – Straight Line Method
• Therefore in general , in this (straight line) method
DJ = CE OR DE + EJ = CD + DE
Therefore EJ = CD
Where EJ = Salvage value (resale value)
41
Depreciation – Straight Line Method
44
Year Amount Total fund generated Total fund generated in Extra fund
deposited at the end of year a year by Sinking Fund generated in
at the because of 10% Method a year
end of interest (subtraction
year by of 4th and
Straight 2nd column)
line
method
1 100 100 + 10% . (0) = 100* = 100* 0
51
52
• Let a load of 4 MW is to be supplied by units A
and B. Hence Lc = LA + LB = 4 MW. Where Lc is
the combined output.
56
dL dL
A 1 B ............................(4)
dL dL
A A
from(4) & (3)
dI dI
B B
dL dL
A B
dI dI
A B
dL dL
A B
Therefore, to achieve best economy in load sharing, the slopes
of the input-output curves for each unit must be equal, so that
COMBINED i.e TOTAL INPUT TO PLANT WILL BE MINIMUM for a
expected output (4 MW or 8 MW etc refer fig. (b)} for a plant.
57
Q. 13
• The incremental fuel costs for two generating units A and B of
a power plant are given by the following
dF
A 0 .0 6 P 1 1 .4
dP A
A
dF
B 0 .0 7 P 1 0
dP B
B
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