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Program Control Strcutures

The document discusses various programming control structures including sequences, selections, loops, and arrays. It provides examples of basic control flow structures like calculating interest with sequences, determining if a number is even or odd with selections, and finding the smallest number where a sum exceeds a limit using loops. It also explains different loop types like while, do-while, and for loops. Finally, it discusses using arrays to easily handle structured data like vectors and matrices, with examples of accessing and manipulating array elements.

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Umair Nazeer
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
28 views

Program Control Strcutures

The document discusses various programming control structures including sequences, selections, loops, and arrays. It provides examples of basic control flow structures like calculating interest with sequences, determining if a number is even or odd with selections, and finding the smallest number where a sum exceeds a limit using loops. It also explains different loop types like while, do-while, and for loops. Finally, it discusses using arrays to easily handle structured data like vectors and matrices, with examples of accessing and manipulating array elements.

Uploaded by

Umair Nazeer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming, control structures

Loriano Storchi

[email protected]

http:://www.storchi.org/
FLOWCHART AND
PSEUDOCODE
FLOWCHART AND
PSEUDOCODE
●
We will only go through some basic example: Calculate
the Interest of a Bank Deposit

Step 1: Read amount,


Step 2: Read years,
Step 3: Read rate,
Step 4: Calculate the interest with formula
"Interest=Amount*Years*Rate/100
Step 5: Print interest,
FLOWCHART AND
PSEUDOCODE
●
Determine and Output Whether Number N is Even or Odd

Step 1: Read number N,


Step 2: Set remainder as N modulo 2,
Step 3: If remainder is equal to 0 then
number N is even, else number
N is odd,
Step 4: Print output.
FLOWCHART AND
PSEUDOCODE
●
For a given value, Limit, what is the smallest positive
integer Number for which the sum Sum = 1 + 2 + ... +
Number is greater than Limit. What is the value for this
Sum?
1. Enter Limit
2. Set Number = 0.
3. Set Sum = 0.
4. Repeat the following:
a. If Sum > Limit, terminate the repitition,
otherwise.
b. Increment Number by one.
c. Add Number to Sum and set equal to
Sum.
5. Print Number and Sum.
CONTROL STRUCTURES
CONTROL STRUCTURES

There are three fundamental structures that are used for the algorithmic resolution
of problems: selection, iterations and sequence (sequence of instructions) (the
GOTO present in machine languages since the 70s has been progressively
discouraged / eliminated)
Examples: https://bitbucket.org/lstorchi/teaching
https://github.com/lstorchi/teaching
SEQUENCES
Sequences

●
Sequence control structure refers to the line-by-line
execution by which statements are executed sequentially,
in the same order in which they appear in the program.
They might, for example, carry out a series of read or write
operations, arithmetic operations, or assignments to
variables.

Step 1: Read amount,


Step 2: Read years,
Step 3: Read rate,
Step 4: Calculate the interest with formula
"Interest=Amount*Years*Rate/100
Step 5: Print interest,
SELECTION
Selections
●
The general structure of a selection instruction is as follows:
if (condition 1) There can be so many else if

statements 1 They do not necessarily have to


show all three elements, if, else
else if (condition 2) if and else, I can also have just a
single if
statements 2
...
else
statements N
endif
Selections
●
Nesting, I can nest the selection instructions of course:
if (condition 1)
statement 1
if (condituion 2)
statements 2
end if
else
statements 3
end if
Operators

●
In all programming languages, I can use relationship
operators to compare numbers and variables, for example:

Int a;

a = 4 // operatori di assegnazione

If (a == 5)
{
cout << “Hello” << std::endl;
}
else if (a > 5)
{
cout << a << “ > 5 “ << std::endl;
}
Logical Operators

●
I take for granted the logical operators AND, OR and NOT

Examples the following expression

5<a<7

In programming languages it is
broken into two elementary
expressions linked by the operator
AND:

(a > 5) AND (a < 7)


Bitwise operations
●
Do not confuse the previous with the bitwise operations
●
These are the operations that are used to manipulate bitwise
data, not to be confused with qunto seen in the previous slide
– & (AND)
– | (OR)
– ^ (XOR I.e. 1 XOR 1 is zero)
– ~ (ones' complement i.e. 0 to 1 and 1 to 0)
– >> (right shift 11100101 >> 1 is 01110010)
– << (left shift )
Bitwise operations

●
A simple test just to clarify
Case structure
●
Basically a series of if-then-else with some constraint. In practice, the choice
between the blocks of instruction is guided by the value of a certain variable:

switch variable: If (variable == val1)


{
case val1: Statements 1
statements 1 }
else if (variables == val2)
case val2: {
Statements 2
statements 2 }
… …
else
default: {
Default statements
default statements }
Example
int i;
i = 4;
switch (i)
{
case 1:
printf("vale uno \n");
break;
case 2:
printf("vale due \n");
break;
default:
printf("non uno non due\n");
break;
}
LOOPS
Loops

●
There are three different types: while..do , do..while e for
●
Not all languages necessarily have all three of these
structures
●
These structures allow to repeat a block of
instructions until a condition occurs
●
Also in this case it is possible to nest more loops one
inside the other
While..do e Do..while
●
The block of instructions can also never be executed, since the
condition is checked at the beginning, as long as the condition is
true, the block of instructions is executed
WHILE (condition)
statements
END DO
●
do..while instead executes the block of instructions until the
condition is false
DO
statements
WHILE (condition)
Example

●
A simple C example:
int i = 0, N = 10;
while (i != N)
{
printf("%d \n", i);
i++;
}
Example
Example

Int i = 0, N = 10;

do
{
printf (“%d \n”, i);
i++; // i = i + 1
} while (i >= N);
For loop
●
It executes a block of instructions a number of times known
from the beginning. Many programming languages force the
programmer to use a counter.
●
Generally there is a counter which is an integer variable whose
value is "changed" step by step
●
The end condition is generally determined by comparing the
counter variable with a value
for (counter = startingvalue A endvalue STEP = stepvalue )
statements
end for
Example

int i;
for (i=0; i<10; ++i)
{
printf (“%d \n”, i);
}
Example

for i in range(10):
print(i)
ARRAY
Array

●
How can I easily handle information that is structured by
nature? For example a complex number, or a vector or a
matrix?
●
Typical structured variables are arrays
– For example, a vector of floating-point numbers in C can
be declared as: float v [10];
– We can then access the i-th element of the vector: v [i-1] =
3.5;
●
Likewise I can define an array (two-dimensional array) as:
float m [10] [10];
Array
Example
●
Example loops to perform a scalar multiplication between vectors

float a[N], b[N];


for (i=0; i<N; ++i)
{
a[i] = (float)rand()/(float)(RAND_MAX/N);
b[i] = (float)rand()/(float)(RAND_MAX/N);
}
s = 0.0;
for (i=0; i<N; ++i)
{
s = s + a[i]*b[i];
}
Example

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