Naval Architecture

Dr. Eng. /Hussien M. Hassan

Lecturer And Marine Hydrodynamic Researcher

[email protected]

Lecture 1.0
1ST Stage-2nd Semester
Introduction to Naval Architecture
2022-2023
 Hello…
Naval Architecture

What
Where
When
Who
 Naval Architecture
Naval architecture is the name given to the science and engineering of designing and manufacturing of sea-

going vessels such as ships, yachts, powerboats, steamers, tugs, fishing boats, barges, warships, cruise ships,

icebreakers and even submarines.

In addition to these, the study of naval architecture also deals with the design and manufacturing of

offshore structures of all kinds whether commercial or military.

 Definition and terminology

Length over all (LOA)

• Length between two extreme ends (stem to stern)
Length between perpendiculars (Lpp)
• Distance between after and fore perpendiculars
• After perpendicular (AP), often through the rudder shaft
• Fore perpendicular (FP), often through the intersection of the design
waterline and the fore side of stem
Beam (B)
• The maximum breadth of the midship section
Depth to main deck (Dm)
• The height from base line to deck at side
Draught (T)
• Depth of water from the keel to the waterline
Freeboard:
• Distance from the waterline to the weather deck
• Provides reserve of buoyancy in case of flooding the vessel
 Definition and terminology

Design Waterline

Length between perpendiculars

(Lpp)

Depth to main deck

(Dm)
Base line
 Definition and Terminology

Center of Buoyancy

Buoyancy
• It is a force pushing upwards
• It is equal to the displacement
Center of Buoyancy (B)
• The point to which the force of
buoyancy is considered to act vertically
upwards
• It is located at the volumetric center of
the underwater hull
 Definition and Terminology

Center of Buoyancy
The Center of Buoyancy (B)
• Changes for the various combinations of displacement (or draft), trim and heel
• Oscillates when a vessel rolls
• Moves away from the centerline when a vessel’s inclination progresses to a side
 Definition and Terminology

Metacenter Point
Metacenter (M)
Vertical lines drawn from the center of buoyancy at consecutive angles
of heel will intersect at a point called the metacenter
 Definition and Terminology

Metacenter Height
Metacentric Height or GM: The distance between G and M
 Definition and Terminology

Center of Gravity

Gravity
• Response to the earth’s gravitational pull
• “What goes up must go down”
Center of Gravity (G)
• The point at which the whole weight of a body can be said
to act vertically downward
• It can be approximately estimated at the design stage
• It can be accurately determined by the inclining test, once
the vessel is launched
• The position of G is measured from the keel (K).
This distance is called KG.
 Definition and Terminology

Trim
• The inclination of the vessel in longitudinal direction
• Measured as the draught difference between forward (TFP) and aft perpendiculars (TAP)

TAP TFP TAP = TFP Even keel

TAP < TFP Trim by bow (-)
TAP > TFP Trim by stern (+)

Lpp
 Definition and Terminology

Centre of Floatation (LCF)

• Centre of Flotation (LCF):
Geometric center of the ship's waterline plane. The ship trims about this
point. May be forward or aft of the midships depending on the ship's hull shape at the
waterline.
 Definition and Terminology

• Trimming Moment (TM): Moment about the LCF produced by weight

additions, removals, or shifts (wd), where w is the amount of weight added,
removed, or shifted.
• Moment to change Trim One cm (MCTC): The moment necessary to
produce a change in trim (CT) of one cm. Found using the hydrostatic curves.
• Tons Per cm Immersion (TPC): The number of tons added or removed
necessary to produce a change in mean draft (parallel sinkage) of one cm.
Parallel sinkage is when the ship changes it’s forward and after drafts by the
same amount so that no change in trim occurs.
Displacement
Displacement

Ship Plimsoll Line Mark

 Displacement
Dispalcement :The displacement or displacement tonnage of a ship is its weight, expressed
in tons of water its hull displaces. It is measured indirectly using Archimedes' principle by first
calculating the volume of water displaced by the ship then converting that value into tons.

Load Diplacement :Is the weight of the ship including cargo, passengers, fuel, water,
stores, dunnage and such other items necessary for use on a voyage. These bring the ship
down to its "load draft", colloquially known as the "waterline".

Light Displacement : (LDT) is defined as the weight of the ship excluding cargo, fuel, water,
ballast, stores, passengers, crew, but with water in boilers to steaming level
Dead weight : is the difference between Load displacement and light displacement .
 Displacement
• Density is mass per unit volume and =Mass/ Volume
• Mass = Volume X density
• Weight = Mass X acceleration (9.81 )
• Relative density or Specific gravity is : the ratio of the weight of
substance to the weight of an equal weight of Fresh Water and is
• = Density of substance /density of Fresh water ( 1000 tons/cu.mtr)
• FW RD = 1.000
• SW Rd = 1.025
• Displacement = Volume of displacement X Water density
• W= V X D
• Volume of displacement = length X Breadth X Draft
• V = L XB X d
• Displacement = L X B Xd X D
 Displacement

1 2 3
Draught : is the distance Freeboard : Is the
from Keel to the Water distance between the Hull depth = Draught
line as measured at the Water line and the Top of + Freeboard .
forward and after ends of uppermost continuous
the Vessel and is Deck and is expressed in
expressed in Meters. MMS and is measured
amidships .
 Displacement

Reserve
Buoyancy
:
Is the Volume of all enclosed
spaces above water Line
 Floatation Law

• Archimedes Principle :
• When a body is wholly or partially
immersed in fluid it appears to suffer
a loss in Mass equal to the Mass of
water it displaces
Ship Form Coefficients
 Ship Form Coefficients
Coefficients of Form
-Coefficients of form are dimensionless numbers that describe hull finenessandoverallshapecharacteristics.
-The coefficients are ratios of areas or volumes for the actual hull form compared to prisms or rectangles defined by the ship’s length, breadth, and
draft.
-Sincelengthandbreadthonthewaterlineaswellasdraftvarywith displacement,coefficientsofformalsovarywithdisplacement.
-Tabulated coefficients are usually based on the molded breadth and draft at designed displacement. Length between perpendiculars (Lbp) is most
often used, although some designers prefer length on the waterline.
- Coefficientsofformcanbe usedtosimplifyareaandvolume calculationsforstabilityorstrengthanalyses.
-Ashullformapproachesthatofa rectangularbarge,thecoefficients approachtheir maximum value of 1.0.
 Ship Form Coefficients

BLOCK COEFFICIENT (Cb)

block coefficient (Cb) is the ratio of the immersed hul volume () at a particular draft to that
of a rectangular prism of the same length, breadth, and draft as the ship:

CB= ∇/LBd
where:
∇ = immersed volume, [length3]
B = beam, [length]
d = draft, [length]
L = length between perpendiculars,
[length]

B
Block Coefficient (cB)
 Midship Section Coefficient (cm)

The midship section coefficient (Cm) is the ratio of the area of the immersed midship section
(Am) at a particular draft to that of a rectangle of the same draft and breadth as the ship:
Cm= Am / B x d
Where,

Am = areaof theimmersed portionof themidshipssection,[m2]

B = beam, usually taken at the waterline, [m]
d = draft, [m]
 Waterplane Area Coefficient (Cw)

The waterplane area coefficient (Cw) is the waterplane area divided by the length x the breadth.
So,
Cw= Aw/L x B
Where,
Cw= Waterplane Area (m2)
L= Length (m)
B= Breadth (m)
 Prismatic Coefficient (cp)

The prismatic coefficient (Cp) is the underwater area, dividedby the areaof a midshipsection,times the length of
theship.Itisanindicationofhullfineness,andmay be brokendownintofore&aftcomponents.

This formula can be written as

Cp = ∇/Am x L
where,
= immersedvolume,[m^3]
Am = areaof theimmersed portionof the midshipssection,[m^2 ]
L = lengthbetween perpendiculars,[m]
 Prismatic Coefficient (cp)

We Know,
= Cb x L x B x d and
Am= Cm x B x d

Now,
Cp = ∇/Am.L

So,
Cp= Cb. L.B.d/Cm.B.d.L

Cp= Cb/Cm
 Typical values of Form Coefficients

Some typical values are presented in the table below:

Block coefficient Prismatic coefficient Midship area coefficient

Type of vessel
Crude oil carrier 0.82–0.86 0.82–0.90 0.98–0.99

Product carrier 0.78–0.83 0.80–0.85 0.96–0.98

Dry bulk carrier 0.75–0.84 0.76–0.85 0.97–0.98
Cargo ship 0.60–0.75 0.61–0.76 0.97–0.98
Passenger ship 0.58–0.62 0.60–0.67 0.90–0.95
Container ship 0.60–0.64 0.60–0.68 0.97–0.98
Ferries 0.55–0.60 0.62–0.68 0.90–0.95
Frigate 0.45–0.48 0.60–0.64 0.75–0.78
Tug 0.54–0.58 0.62–0.64 0.90–0.92
Yacht 0.15–0.20 0.50–0.54 0.30–0.35
Ship Classification and Types

1
Ship Classification and Types
• Transport
– Cargo, container ship, passenger ships, etc
• Non Transport
– Fishing vessels, service craft (tugs, supply vessels,
warships)
 Ship Classification and Types

A. By usage B. By Support Type

• Merchant Ship • Aerostatic Support
• Naval & Coast Guard Vessel • Hydrodynamic Support
• Recreational Vessel • Hydrostatic Support
• Utility Tugs • Submarine
• Research & Environmental Ship
• Ferries

33
 Ship Classification and Types

Merchant Ships
These ships are intended to earn a profit in the distribution of goods. General Cargo,
Tanker, LPG/LNG Carrier, Bulk Carrier, Container Vessel, etc.

1. GENERAL CARGO VESSEL

• A lot of Cargo Hold (ruang muat)

• Hatch (palka); akses ke ruang
muat
• Cargo handling equipment :
derrick, winches, cranes
• Double Bottom : ballast tank, FW
tank, fuel tank, etc
• Engine room & accommodation
room backside
• 2000 : 15000 ton displacement 34
• 12 : 18 knots Velocity of service
 Ship Classification and Types

Merchant Ships

2. TANKER VESSEL
• Liquid carrier (mostly oil) oil
tanker
• Cargo tank, equipped with longitudinal
& transversal bulkhead
• Piping system (network pipe) for cargo
operation
• Pump room
• Fore peak & After peak Tank mostly used
for water ballast
• 12 : 16 knots Vs
• Varies tons of displacement
 Ship Classification and Types

Merchant Ships
2. TANKER VESSEL

Tanker General
Arrangement

LNG tank
arrangement

36
 Ship Classification and Types

Merchant Ships

3. BULK CARRIER

• Single deck type of vessel

• To carry the commodity
things; sugar, grain, ore, dll
• A lot of Cargo hold
• Have 2 longitudinal bulkhead; divide into several
cargo space and tank (wing tank)
• Cargo hold: Centre hold and 2 wing tank
• Up to 150.000 ton of displacement capacity
• 12 to 16 knots Vs
 Ship Classification and Types

Merchant Ships

4. CONTAINER SHIP

• Carry out containers (2435 mm x 2435 mm; 3

types of length: 6055 mm, 9125 mm, 12190 mm)
• Wide hatch
• Designed double bottom: ballast and improve the
longitudinal strength of ship
• Wing tank: ballast and heeling management
(especially in loading unloading process)
• Accommodation and ER in
backside
• Up to 30 knots of Vs
 Ship Classification and Types

Merchant Ships
5. PASSENGER SHIP
• Human transportation
• Big accommodation room
• Leisure facilities
• Equipped with stabilizer; to reduce the rolling
motion
• Bow thruster; for maneuvering
• Up to 12000 tones of displacement, and 20
knots of Vs

39
 Ship Classification and Types

Naval & Coast Guard Vessel

• Classified as combatants or auxiliaries.
• These ships tend to be extremely expensive because their missions require many performance capabilities such as speed,
endurance, weapons payload, ability to operate and survive in hostile environments and reliability under combat conditions.
 Ship Classification and Types

By Usage
• Recreational Vessel
Personal pleasure craft and cruise liners are a specialized class of ships that are run to
earn a profit by providing recreation services to the general public. Comfort and
safety are of utmost importance.

• Utility Tugs
Designed for long operation and easy maintenance with a no frills approach.

• Research & Environmental Ship

Highly specialized equipment must be kept and often deployed into and out of the
water.

• Ferries
People and Vehicles must be able to be loaded and unloaded with efficiency and 41
safety in accordance with a strict time schedule in all weather conditions.
 Ship Classification and Types

• Recreational Vessel • Utility Tugs

• Ferries
Ship Classification and Types

By Support
 Ship Classification and Types

By Support
Aerostatic Support
• ACV (Air Cushion Vehicles)
• SES (Captured Air Bubble)
Hydrodynamic Support
• Hydrofoil
• HYSWAS (Hydrodynamic Small Water plane Area Ship)
• Planning Hull
Hydrostatic Support
• Conventional Ship
• Catamaran
• SWATH (Small Water plane Area Twin Hull)
• Deep Displacement
Submarine
• Submarine
• AUV/ROV 44
Ship Classification and Types

ACV (Air Cushion Vehicles)

Ship Classification and Types

Captured Air Bubble

Ship Classification and Types

Hydrofoil
Ship Classification and Types

Small Water plane Area Ship

Ship Classification and Types

Submarine
Ship Classification and Types

AUV/ROV
 Naval Architecture

Transverse stability
Dynamic Stability

Damage Stability

Contents Rudder Design

Steering Devices

Anti-rolling Devices

Ship Launching
 Introduction to Naval
Architecture
Dr. Eng. /Hussien M. Hassan
Lecture One