Communication Systems (Taught by Mohammad Hadi) Student Name

Assignment 1 (Due on DDD., mmm. dd, yyyy) Student Number

MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS

Question 1
Use the integral definitions of the singular functions to prove the following identities.

(a) tu1 (t) = −u0 (t) .

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(b) f (t)δ 0 (t) = −f 0 (0)δ(t) + f (0)δ 0 (t).

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(c) δ (n) (−t) = (−1)n δ (n) (t).

Question 2 H
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Prove that

1
R +∞
(a) δ(t) = π 0 cos(αt)dα.
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P∞ P∞ jπnt
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1 n
(b) n=−∞ x(t + 2nl) = 2l n=−∞ e
l X( 2l ), where X(f ) = F{x(t)}.

Question 3
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Assume that X(f ) = F{x(t)} and Y (f ) = F{y(t)}. Show that

R∞ ∗ (t)dt
R∞ ∗ (f )df .
(a) −∞ x(t)y = −∞ X(f )Y
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R∞ R∞
(b) −∞ x(τ )y(t − τ )dτ = −∞ X(f )Y (f )ej2πf t df .

Question 4 continued on next page. . . Page 1 of 4

Communication Systems (Taught by Mohammad Hadi) Student Name
Assignment 1 (Due on DDD., mmm. dd, yyyy) Student Number

Question 4
The analytic signal xa (t) of the real signal x(t) is a signal with the spectrum 2X(f )u(f ), where
X(f ) is the Fourier transform of x(t).

(a) Show that the real and imaginary parts of xa (t) relates to x(t) and its Hilbert transform x̂(t).

(b) Find the analytic signal of x(t) = A cos(2πf0 t + θ).

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(c) How does the analytic signal generalize the concept of phasors?

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(d) Surf the help page of MATLAB and describe how its Hilbert command works?

Question 5 H
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Let {φi (t)}N
i=1 be an orthogonal set of N signals, i.e.,
Z ∞
φi (t)φ∗j (t)dt = 0, 1 ≤ i, j ≤ N, i 6= j
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−∞

and Z ∞
|φi (t)|2 = 1, 1≤i≤N
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−∞
PN
. Let x̂(t) = i=1 αi φi (t) be the linear approximation of an arbitrary signal x(t) in terms of
{φi (t)}N
i=1 , where αi ’s are chosen such that
Z ∞
2
 = |x(t) − x̂(t)|2 dt
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−∞

is minimized.

(a) Show that the minimizing αi ’s satisfy

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Z ∞
αi = x(t)φ∗i (t)dt
−∞

Question 5 continued on next page. . . Page 2 of 4

Communication Systems (Taught by Mohammad Hadi) Student Name
Assignment 1 (Due on DDD., mmm. dd, yyyy) Student Number

(b) Show that

Z ∞ N
X
2min = |x(t)|2 dt − |αi |2
−∞ i=1

(c) How does this general linear approximation relate to the Fourier series expansion?

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Question 6

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The generalized Fourier transform of the singular function y(t) is defined as the function Y (f )
satisfying the integral equation
Z ∞ Z ∞
Y (α)x(α)dα = y(β)X(β)dβ

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−∞ −∞

, where x(t) is any test function such that the existence of its Fourier transform X(f ) is guar-
anteed under Dirichlet sufficient conditions.
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Hint: It can be shown that the properties of the normal Fourier transform remain valid for the
generalized Fourier transform.

(a) Discuss the reasons behind the definition.

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(b) Use the definition to find the Fourier transform of u(t).

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(c) Use the definition to find the Fourier transform of sgn(t).

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SOFTWARE QUESTIONS

Question 7
Write a MATLAB/Python code to calculate and plot the magnitude response, phase response,
1
and impulse response of Butterworth filters with the frequency responses Hn (f ) = Bn (j2πf ),
where Bn (s) is given in Tab. 1. Note that you should create three plots for the magnitude,

Question 7 continued on next page. . . Page 3 of 4

Communication Systems (Taught by Mohammad Hadi) Student Name
Assignment 1 (Due on DDD., mmm. dd, yyyy) Student Number

Order n Butterworth Polynomial Bn (s)

1 s√+1
2 s2+ 2s + 1
3 (s + 1)(s 2 + s + 1)
p √ p √
4 (s2 + 2 − 2s + 1)(s2 + 2 + √ 2s + 1)
5 (s + 1)(s2 + 1+2√5 s + 1)(s2 + 1+2 5 s + 1)

Table 1: Butterworth polynomials of order n = 1, 2, · · · , 5.

phase, and impulse responses. In each plot, you should have 5 curves, each corresponding to
a different value of the filter order n = 1, 2, · · · , 5. Describe what happens when the filter order
increases.

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BONUS QUESTIONS
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Question 8
1
Verify that the amplitude response |Hn (f )| = √ for each row of Tab. 1.
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1+(2πf )2n
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Question 9
Return your answers by filling the LATEXtemplate of the assignment.
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