Transportation

Engineering. – I
SEM V
Chapter Name of the COs No. of Names of the topics
No. Chapter Covered lectures
Required

1. Highway CO1 03 History of road developments in India;

Planning /
Classification of roads
Highway
Alignment
Highway alignment

Highway Location Survey.

2. Geometric CO2 06 Highway cross section elements along with

Design of
(IRC Standards).
Highway

Sight distance.

Horizontal Alignment

Vertical Alignment, Geometric Design

software
3. Traffic CO3 05 Different Traffic Studies
Engineering Relationship between Speed, density and
volume; Capacity: types and factors
Passenger Car Units (PCU) and Level of
Service (LoS).
Control Devices: Traffic signs, signals (no
design), road marking.
Different types of intersections: At grade
and grade separated; grade separated
interchanges; rotary intersections.

Highway Materials CO4 04 Materials

Soil Stabilization: use of Geosynthetics in
highways and allied structures.
5. Highway CO5 08 Types of pavements
Pavement
Flexible pavement design (IRC: 37- 1970,
Design
1984, 2001 and 2012,2018););

Introduction to the design of low volume

flexible pavement (IRC: SP 72- 2007/2015
and IRC: 77-2008).

Rigid Pavements: Analysis of the stresses

,critical combination of the loading (IRC:
58-1974, 58-1988; 58-2002 and 58-2015)
Highway CO6 08 Construction of different types of roads (as
Construction/ per IRC/ MORTH specifications
Drainage/
Rehabilitation
Pavement failure: Classification of distresses
and maintenance
in pavements (functional and structural);
different types, remedial measures; various
types of maintenance pavements; evaluation
of pavements:

Strengthening of existing pavement

(IRC: 81-1981 (IRC: 81-1997) Introduction to

the design of other types of overlays.

Highway drainage
 Text Books
1. Highway Engineering: Khanna, S.K. and Justo, C. E.
G.;Nem Chand and Bros., Roorkee,

2. Principles and Practice of Highway Engineering:

Kadiyali, L. R.; Khanna Publsihers, Delhi

3. Principles of Transportation and Highway Engineering,

Rao, G.V.;Tata McGraw Hill Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
 Reference Books
• Principles, Practice and Design of Highway Engineering (Including
Airport Engineering)” Sharma, S.K.; S. Chand and Company Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi
• Transportation Engineering and Planning: C.S. Papacostas and P.D.
Prevedouros; Prentice Hall India Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
• Principles of Transportation Engineering: Chakrabory, Partha and
Das, Animesh; Prentice Hall India Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
• Transportation Engineering: Khisty, C.J. and Lall, Kent, B.; Prentice
Hall India Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
• Traffic Engineering and Transport Planning: Kadiyali, L.R., Khanna
Publishers, Delhi
• Relevant specifications of Bureau of Indian Standards.
• Relevant specifications of Indian Roads Congress, MORTH
 WHAT IS
“TRANSPORTATION” ?
WHY WE
TRANSPORT?

IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
MODULE-1. Highway Planning /
Highway Alignment
Contents:
• History of road developments in India
• Classification of roads
Highway alignment/Location Survey
1.. Importance of transportation.
2. Different modes of transportation.
3. Characteristics of road transport.
4. Jayakar committee recommendations and
implementation.
5. Salient features of 1st,2nd, 3rd and 4th 20 year road development
6. Present scenario of road development nationally and
state level.
7. Classification of roads.
8. Road patterns.
9. Planning surveys, master plan.
10. Saturation system of road planning.
Advantages of transportation is summarized below:
• For speedy advancement of the community.
• For infrastructural development, essential for the
economic
• prosperity and thus over all development of the nation.
• Transportation is essential for emergency for defense of
the nation and maintain law and order.
• It is very much required within the town and out side in
case of medical emergencies.
• Thus the GDP of the country mainly depends up on the
transportation facilities provided.
Characteristics of road Transport:
1. Used by all road vehicles, two/three/four wheeled
–animal drawn vehicles. But Rly requires wagons, water
way- Ships and boats &Air ways-Air crafts and
helicopters.
2. Small investments- To construct and maintain.
3. Flexible in change in direction, speed and time.
4. Saves time for short distances.
5. High degree of accidents-Lane distribution reduces this.
Common in Air ways and also Railways – disaster is
maximum.
6. This is the only transport that offers itself to the whole
of community alike.
History of road developments in
India
• Ancient Period (3500 BC)

• Mughul Period (15th Century)

• British Period (17th & 18th Century)

• Free India (1950 onwards)

Oldest road
 Jayakar Committee,1927
•In 1927,Indian road development committee was appointed
by the government with M.R. Jaykaras chairman.
•Road development in the country should be made as a
national interest since local govt.(National Highway
Act1956).
•An extra tax should be levied on petrol from road users to
create the road development fund.(CFR –Central Road
Fund1929)
•To establish a semi-official ,technical institution to pool
technical knowledge, sharing of ideas and to act as an
advisory body.(IRC1934)
•To create a national level institution to carry research ,
development works and consultation.(CRRI)
Highway Development in India
•JayakarCommittee (1927)
•Central Road Fund (1929)
•Indian Roads Congress (IRC), 1934
•Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), 1950
•National Highway Authority of India (NHAI),1995
•First twenty year road plan ( 1943-61 )
•Second twenty year road plan ( 1961-81 )
•Highway Research board ( 1973 )
•National Transport Policy committee ( 1978 )
•Third twenty year road plan ( 1981-2001 )
• Vision 2021
 Salient features of First 20-years road
plan/Nagpur(1943-61)

•Road network was classified into five categories.

•Target Road length aimed at 16km per 100sq.km area would

be available in the country by the year1963
Second 20-years road plan/Bombay(1961-81)

•The target road length was almost double that of Nagpur

road plan i.e. 10,57,330 km ie.about 32 km per 100 sq.
km. area
•Every town with population above 2000 in plans and
above 1000 in semi hill area and above 500 in hilly area
should be connected by metalled road
 Third twenty years road plan (1981-2001)

•The future road development should be based on the revised

classification of road ssystem i.e.primary ,secondary and
tertiary
•Population over 500 should be connected by all weather roads.
• Target Road length aimed 82km per100sq.km
• Express way should be constructed along major traffic
corridors
•All towns and villages with population over 1500 should be
connected by MDR and villages withpopulation 1000-1500by
ODR.
 Salient features of Vision 2021
Total road length be end of 2021= 5,75,766 Km.
• Half of length of NH’s should have 4 to 6 lanes,while rest of
half should have 2 lane carriageway with hard shoulder.
• 10,000 Km of SH should have 4 lane ,and 10,000 Km of SH
should have 2 lanes.
• 40% M.D.R should have 2 lane carriageway.
• Village roads should also have 2 lanes.
• Additional sources of funding like toll financing,creation of a
dedicated road fund through additional levies on fuel.
• Upgradation of construction technology.
• Master plans should be made for rural roads which shows core
connectivity of villages.
• All habitations with population above 100 will be connected by
A.W.R.
Rural Road Development plan:
Vision 2025
• Ministry of Rural Development (MORD)

• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

Classification of Highways
Depending on weather
• All weather roads
• Fair weather roads
Depending the type of Carriage way
• Paved roads(WBM)
• Unpaved roads(earth road or gravel road)
Depending upon the pavement surface
• Surfaced roads(bituminous or cement concrete road)
• Un surfaced roads
Based on the Traffic Volume
• Heavy(above 600vehicle/day)
• Medium
• Light

Based on importance
Class 1 or Class 2 etc

Based on location and function ( Nagpur road plan )

• National highway (NH)
• State highway (SH)
• Major district road (MDR)
• Other district road (ODR)
• Village road (VR)
Status of the Road network in India
 Urban Road Classification
• ARTERIAL ROADS

• SUB ARTERIAL

• COLLECTOR

• LOCAL STREET
 Golden Quadrilateral project
The Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highway roads in India
connecting four prime metropolitan cities
– Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. The road network under the
project forms a quadrilateral, and hence the name- Golden
Quadrilateral. It is the fifth-longest highway in the world. The project
was launched in 2001, as phase I of National Highways Development
Project (NHDP).
The total length of the road network under the GQ project sums up
to 5,846 km. India has a large network of highways which is
maintained by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).
Though all the stretches under the project together account to merely
two percent of the country’s total road infrastructure, they carry about
40 percent of the total national traffic.
The Golden Quadrilateral provides transportation links to several cities
including New Delhi, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore,
Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Bhubaneswar, Kolkata and Kanpur. The
projectRoute
includes fourLength
sections as shown
(in km) in the
National table below. States
Highways
Delhi, Haryana,
Delhi to Kolkata – Uttar Pradesh,
1453 NH-2
Section I Bihar, Jharkhand
and West Bengal
West Bengal,
Kolkata to Chennai Orissa, Andhra
1684 NH-6, NH-60, NH-5
– Section II Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu
Maharashtra,
Chennai to Mumbai Karnataka, Andhra
1290 NH-4, NH-7, NH-46
– Section III Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu
Maharashtra,
Mumbai to Delhi – NH-8, NH-79A, Gujarat, Rajasthan,
1419
Section IV NH-79, NH-76 Haryana and New
Delhi
Highway alignment and Location Survey
• Definition

• Significance

• Requirements

• Factors

• Engineering Survey
 Highway alignment
• The position or lay out of centre line of the highway
on the ground is called the alignment.
• Due to improper alignment , the disadvantages
are,
Increase in construction
Increase in maintenance cost
Increase in vehicle operation cost
Increase in accident cost

• Once the road is aligned and constructed, it is not

easy to change the alignment due to increase in
cost of adjoining land and construction of costly
structure.
Requirements of highway alignment
Short
Easy
Safe
Economical

• Short- desirable to have a short alignment between two

terminal stations.
• Easy- easy to construct and maintain the road with minimum
problem also easy for operation of vehicle.
• Safe- safe enough for construction and maintenance from
the view point of stability of natural hill slope, embankment
and cut slope also safe for traffic operation.
• Economical- total cost including initial cost, maintenance
cost and vehicle operation cost should be minimum.
 Factors controlling alignment

Obligatorypoints
Traffic
Geometric design
Economics
Other considerations

Additional care in hill roads

Stability
Drainage
Geometric standards of hill roads
Resisting length
Factors controlling alignment cont...

Obligatory points
▪ Obligatory points through which alignment is to pass
Examples:-bridge site, intermediate town , Mountain pass etc…
▪ Obligatory points through which alignment should not
pass.
Examples:-religious places, costly structure, unsuitable land etc…

Traffic
• New road to be aligned should keep in view the desired lines,
traffic flow patterns and future trends.
Geometric design
• Design factors such as gradient ,radius of curve and sight
distance also govern the final alignment of the highway.
• Gradient should be flat and less than the ruling gradient or
design gradient.
• Avoid sudden changes in sight distance, especially near
crossings
• Avoid sharp horizontal curves
• Avoid road intersections near bend
Economy
• Alignment finalised based on total cost including initial cost,
maintenance cost and vehicle operation cost.
Other consideration
• Drainage consideration, political consideration
• Surface water level, high flood level
• Environmental consideration
Topographical control points
• The alignment, where possible should avoid passing
through
▪ Marshy and low lying land with poor drainage
▪ Flood prone areas
▪ Unstable hilly features

Materials and constructional features

▪ Deep cutting should be avoided
▪ Earth work is to be balanced; quantities for filling and
excavation
▪ Alignment should preferably be through better soil area
to minimize pavement thickness
▪ Location may be near sources of embankment and
pavement materials
stability
• A common problem in hilly roads is land sliding
• The cutting and filling of the earth to construct the roads on hilly
sides causes steepening of existing slope and affect its stability.
Drainage
Geometric standard of hilly road
Engineering Surveys for Highway locations

Map study (Provisional alignment Identification)

Reconnaissance survey

Preliminary survey

Final location and detailed surveys

 MAP STUDY
• In this we study map of area with details .
Considering all visible obstructions on map , we
draw all possible alignments on map.
• Map study gives a rough guidance of the routes to
be further surveyed in the field
C
2
A
1 B
4

3
D
 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
• To confirm features indicated on map.

• To examine the general character of the area in field for

deciding the most feasible routes for detailed studies.

• Details to be collected from alternative routes during this

survey are,
Valleys,ponds, lakes, marshy land, hill,
permanent structure and other obstruction.
Value of gradient, length of gradient and radius of curve.
RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
cont..
Number and type of cross drainage structures.
High Flood Level (HFL)
Soil Characteristics.
Geological features.
source of construction materials- stone quarries, water
sources.
• Prepare a report on merits and demerits of different
alternative routs.
• As a result a few alternate alignments may be chosen for
further study based on practical considerations observed
at the site.
 Preliminary survey
Objective of preliminary survey are:
• To survey the various alternative alignments proposed after
the reconnaissance and to collect all the necessary physical
information and detail of topography, drainage and soil.

• compare the different proposals

• Estimation and costing of the alternate proposals.

Methods of preliminary survey:

a) Conventional approach-survey party carries out surveys
using the required field equipment, taking measurement,
collecting topographical and other data and carrying out soil
survey.
 Preliminary surveycont…
• Longitudinal and cross sectional profile.
Plain Terrain` : 100 –
Rolling Terrain 200m
Hilly Terrain : 50m
• Other studies : 30m
Drainage, Hydrological survey, soil survey, Traffic and
Material survey.
b) Modern rapid approach-
By Aerial survey taking the required aerial photographs for
obtaining the necessary topographic and other maps
including details of soil and geology.

• Finalise best alignment from all considerations

comparative analysis
the by of alternative routes.
 Final location and detailed survey cont..
Detailed survey:
• Temporary bench marks are fixed at intervals of about 250m
and at all drainage and under pass structure.
• Earthwork calculations and drainage details are to be workout
from the level books.
• Cross sectional levels are taken at intervals of 50-100m in
Plane terrain, 50-75m in Rolling terrain, 50m in built-up area,
20m in Hill terrain.
• Detail soil survey is to be carried out.
• CBR value of the soils along the alignment may be determined
for design of pavement.
• The data during detailed survey should be elaborate and
complete for preparing detailed plans, design and estimates of
project.
 Drawing and Report

▪ Locality map
▪ Site map or Index map
▪ Preliminary survey plans
▪ Detailed plan and longitudinal section
▪ Detailed cross section
▪ Land acquisition plans
▪ Drawings of cross drainage and other retaining
structures
▪ Drawings of road intersections
 New highway project
• Map study
• Reconnaissance survey
• Preliminary survey
• Location of final alignment
• Detailed survey
• Material survey
• Geometric and structural design
• Earth work
• Pavement construction
• Construction controls
 saturation system or maximum utility system.
• Saturation system/Max utility system: Optimum
road length
for area, based on the concept of obtaining max. utility per unit
length of the road.
Factors in saturation system:
a) Population served by the road network.
b) Productivity served by the road network.
i) Agricultural production
ii) Industrial production.
Steps involved:
Step-1: Population units: As the population varies from villages
and towns in the area considered, it is required to group
these into some convenient population ranges and to assign
some reasonable values of utility units to each range of
population served.
Productivity Unit
1000 tonnes 1.0
Work out the utility per unit length for each of the systems and
indicate which of the plans yield the max. utility based on
saturation system.

Proposa Total Rd No. of villages and towns with population Agri/

l Length Indust.
In km. Products
In
thousand
tonnes
1001- 2001- 5001- >10000
2000 5000 10000

P 300 160 80 30 6 200

Q 400 200 90 60 8 270
R 500 240 110 70 10 315
S 550 248 112 73 12 335
Solution:
For system P : Road length is 300 km
Population utility unit 1001-2000 – 160 x 0.0.5 = 80.00
2001-5000 – 80 x1 = 80.00
5001-10000– 30 x 1.5 = 45.00
> 10000 --6 x 2.50 = 15.00
Total--------------------220.00
Productivity utility unit –(Total agricultural and Industrial
products)
in thousand tonnes -----200 x 1.00 = 200(1.00 / 1000 tonnes)
Total utility units for both population and productivity
= 220 + 200 = 420.
So Utility unit / unit length = Total utility units / total length
of the road = 420 / 300 = 1.4
Prop Total Rd Utility units Total Utility Priority
osal Length units units/km
In km.

Population. Product.

P 300 220 200 420 1.4 1

Q 400 175 270 1.112 2

R 500 210 315 1.05 3

S 550 221 335 1.01 4

Road patterns:
a) Rectangular or block– Adopted in Chandigarh - not
convenient from traffic operation.
b) Radial or star and block – Connaught place new Delhi.
c) Radial or star and circular.
d) Radial or star and grid – Nagpur road plan
e) Hexagonal

Star and Grid pattern provides inter communication facilities to

each of the villages, towns, district headquarters, state capitals
etc.,
Star and Circular Pattern
In this pattern, the entire area is divided into a
network of roads radiating from the business
outwardly.
• In between radiating main roads, the built-up area
may be planned with rectangular block.
Advantage:
• Reduces level of congestion at the primary
bottleneck location.
• Prevents traffic from accessing local flow routes in
the direction of the event venue that operate in
favor of egress traffic flow.
• Vehicles face each other less than block pattern.
 NOW YOU KNOW
What is the history of the road development? Explain in brief.
What is the importance of transportation?
What are the types of transport?
What is Jayakar committee and its recommendations?
What is the effect of transportation on socio economic
development of the country? .
What are the modes of transport?
What are the characteristics of different modes
of transport?
. What is the importance of roads in India.
. What are the requirements of Rural roads in
India?
. Give comparison of road statistics in India.
1. Define the types of roads based on their serviceability.
2. What are the types of roads?
3. What are the types of roads on their carriage way condition?
4. What are types of roads based on Nagpur Plan ?
5. Define the roads sequentially based on their location and
functions?
6. Classify the roads on modified classification.
7. Define the classification of Urban roads. How many phases are there
in preparation of master
plan ?
8. What is master plan?
9.What is prioritization of road? And on which factor it
is dependent.
10. Solve the example for prioritization of road net work
for given alternatives.
1. What are the classifications of road pattern in road
development plan?
2. Which pattern is the best and why?
3. What is HRB and what are its objectives?
4. Which are the three sub committees constituted under HRB?
5. Define the classification of roads as per Nagpur road plan
depending up on their location and functions?
6. Which are the formulae for computing the 1st category road
length and 2nd category road length? And explain.
7.Which road plan is known as Lucknow Road Plan : Published
in 1984.
8. What is the modified classification of roads and name the
category of roads under each classification.
9. What are the Policies and objectives of 3dr 20 year plan?
10. Define the density of road for a district.
Reference:
1) I.R.C Codes.
2) Text book Highway Engineering by
S.K Khanna & C.E.G Justo