Thermodynamic Formulae Booklet 2018

First law for closed cycle Ideal gas

∮ 𝜹𝑸 = ∮ 𝜹𝑾 𝑸𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 Characteristics equation
PV = mRT
Non-flow energy equation
q - w = (u2 - u1)
specific heat of an ideal gas
Enthalpy equation
𝑪𝒑 𝜸𝑹
h = u + Pv 𝜸 (𝒐𝒓 𝒌) = ; 𝑪𝒑 = ;
𝑪𝒗 𝜸−𝟏
Steady flow energy equation 𝑹
𝑪𝒗 =
q - w = (h2 - h1) + 1/2 (C22 - C12) + g (z2 - z1) 𝜸−𝟏
specific heat equation
q = cp (T2-T1) Polytrophic process ( PV n  constant)
Joule Law n n1 n n1
P2  V1  T2  P2  V 
du = cv dT       1 
P1  V2  T1  P1 
and

dh = cp dT  V2 
Dryness Fraction equations PV  PV mR(T  T )
W (kJ )  2
2 1 1
; (n  1)
2 1

v = vf + x (vf -vg) or v = x vg (P<20bar) 1 n 1 n

V V
h = hf + x hfg ; u = uf + x ufg W (kJ )  PV . ln  mRT . ln ; (n  1)
1 1
2 2

s = sf + x sfg
V 1
V 1

Q(kJ )  W (  n) ((PV
 1); (n constant)
 1)
Cycle efficiency
Adiabatic process
𝒘𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒒𝒉 − 𝒒𝒄 𝒒𝒄
𝜼= = =𝟏−
𝒒𝒉 𝒒𝒉 𝒒𝒉
𝒒𝒄 Specific entropy of an ideal gas
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 =
𝒘𝒏𝒆𝒕 s2-s1 = R ln(v2/v1) + cv ln(T2/T1)
𝒒𝒉 s2-s1 = cpln(v2/v1) + cv ln(P2/P1)
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 =
𝒘𝒏𝒆𝒕
s2-s1 = cpln(T2/T1) - R ln(P2/P1)

Entropy Specific exergy of a closed system

q = T (s2- s1); (Isothermal) x = (u-uo) +Po(v-vo)-To(s-so)

Gibbs Equation Specific exergy of an open system

Tds = Pdv + du x = (h-ho)-To(s-so) + K.E +P.E
Tds = dh – vdP
Specific exergy change of the process
𝑾𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 ∆x= x2-x1 = (h1-h2)-T0(s1-s2)+KE+PE
𝜼𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝑾𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄

Second Law Efficiency:

𝑾𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝑾𝒊𝒓𝒓  𝐖 𝐂𝐎𝐏𝒓𝒆𝒗
𝜼𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝜼𝑰𝑰 = = = =
𝑾𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑿 𝒓𝒆𝒗 𝐖𝒓𝒆𝒗 𝑪𝑶𝑷
Carnot Cycle Diesel Standard Air Cycle
Q12 = m R T1ln(v1/v2) = W 12 Q12 = Q34 = W41 =0
Q23 = m cv (T3 - T2) Qp = Q23 =mcp(T3 - T2)
Q34 = mRT3 ln (v4/v3) = W 34 Qs = Q41 = mcv(T1 - T4)
Q41 = m cv (T4 - T1) = Q23 Cycle efficiency,
|𝑄𝑐 | 𝑇𝑐
𝜂𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 1 − =1− | Qs | (T 4  T 1) 1   1
𝑄ℎ 𝑇ℎ D  1  1  1   1 ( )
Stirling Cycle Qp  (T 3  T 2) rv  (   1)
Qc = Q12 = mRT1 ln (v1/v2) = W12 rv = (v1/v2) = compression ratio
Q23 = m cv (T3 - T2) = (v3/v2)= volume ratio or cut-off ratio
Qh = Q34 = mRT3 ln (v4/v3) = W34
Q41 = mcv (T4 – T1)= Q23 Mixed Cycle (Dual combustion cycle)
|𝑄𝑐 | 𝑇1 Q12 = 0
𝜂𝑐 = 1 − =1−
𝑄ℎ 𝑇3 Q23 = mcv (T3-T2)
𝑊34 − 𝑊12 𝑇1 Q34 = mcp (T4-T3)
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = 1 − = 𝜂𝑐
𝑊34 𝑇3 Q51 = mcv (T1-T5)
rv = (v1/v2) = compression ratio
Ericsson Cycle rp = (P3/P2) = pressure ratio
Qc = Q12 = mRT1 ln (P2/P1) = W12 = (v4/v3) = volume ratio, cut-off ratio
Q23 = m cp (T3 - T2) Cycle efficiency,
Qh = Q34 = mRT3 ln (P3/P4) = W34 |𝑄𝑐 | |𝑄51 |
𝜂𝑚 = 1 − =1−
Q41 = mcp (T1 - T4) 𝑄ℎ (𝑄23 − 𝑄34 )
|𝑄𝑐 | 𝑇1
𝜂𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛 = 1 − =1−
𝑄ℎ 𝑇3

Closed Brayton/Joule Cycle Mean Effective Pressure – MEP (Pm)

W12 = m cp (T1 - T2) wnet = Pm (v1-v2)
Qh = Q23 = m cp (T3 - T2)
W34 = m cp (T3 - T4) Rankine Cycle (Simple & Superheated Cycle)
Qc = Q41 = m cp (T1 - T4) w12 = - (h2-h1)
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 (𝑇1 − 𝑇4 ) q23 = - (h3-h2)
𝜂𝑐 = = =1−
𝑄ℎ 𝑄ℎ (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) w34 = - (h4-h3) = -vf3 (P4-P3)
𝛾−1
q41 = h1 - h4
1 𝛾
𝜂 =1−( ) (Applicable for isentropic
𝑟𝑝
Efficiency,
processes only)
𝛾−1 𝑤12 − |𝑤34 |
𝑊34 − 𝑊12 𝑇1 𝜂=
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = 1 − (𝑟𝑝 ) 𝛾 𝑞41
𝑊34 𝑇3
𝑤12 − |𝑤34 |
Otto Air Standard Cycle 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
W12 = mcv (T1 - T2) 𝑤12
Qh = Q23 = m cv (T3 - T2)
W34 = m cv (T3 - T4) Rankine Reheat Cycle:
Qc = Q41 = m cv (T1 - T4) (𝑤12 + 𝑤78 ) − |𝑤34 |
𝜂=
|𝑇1 − 𝑇4 | 𝑞41 + 𝑞27
𝜂𝑐 = 1 −
(𝑇3 − 𝑇2 )
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝑐 Specific Steam Consumption = 1 /wnet (kg/kJ)
𝜂𝑜 = =1− or
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞ℎ
Specific steam consumption=3600/wnet (kg/kWh)
𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑣1 𝛾−1 𝛾−1
= =( ) = 𝑟𝑣 Vapour Compression Cycle
𝑇1 𝑇4 𝑣2
| q41 | h1  h4
pv = Tv-1 = constant
COP = 
| w | h2  h1
𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 + 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 Refrigerating effect:
𝑟𝑣 = q41 = (h1 - h4) (kJ/kg)
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑣1
=
𝑣2
1
Otto cycle efficiency,   1  1
rv