Republic of the Philippines
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CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
English in an international language. Most people or even nation's use this language in
international communication. Many fields of human life, such as in politics, economic,
education, cannot be separated from it. Based on the fact above, it becomes one foreign
language, which has to be mastered by all people in the world. That is why English has to be
taught in all levels of education (Lorena Parts, 2020).Teaching English, especially teaching
reading is not easy, because it requires creativity and motivation in to the students in order to
create a good situation and condition when teaching and learning process and to make the
students interested in reading, so that the goal of teaching and learning process can be achieved.
According to David Pearson (2019), reading is the process of looking at written symbols
and letters and understanding the meaning of them. It's one of the four main language skills
along side listening, speaking, and writing. Reading is usually the third language skills that you
learn in your native language, it comes after listening and speaking. While Comprehension is the
understanding and interpretation of what is read,to be able to accurately understand written
material.
Reading is not easy skill to master according to Nunan (2021), reading needs identification and
also interpretation processes which require the reader's knowledge about the language structure
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used in the text and his knowledge abouta given topic. It is the complexity that makes some
students less interested in this kind of activity.
Reading Comprehension has an important place in lifelong learning. It is an interactive
process between the reader and the text. Students need reading comprehension skill at all
educational levels and for all school subjects. Reading Comprehension indeed is a gateway to
academic progress and success (Buslon & Alieto,2019). Hence, research on reading
comprehension has been conducted extensively. Reading Comprehension exercises are used
more effectively as a teaching device than as a testing device. They can used to teach students a
variety of skills, such as the ability to discover specific facts, to see the writer's point of view,
and to visualize what is described in words.
Determining the level of students Reading Comprehension skills is the subject of testing
evaluation. Tests used to measure students success are expected to provide accurate and reliable
information. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable reading
comprehension test. The participants in the study were the Junior High School students from
Cortes Academy Inc., Junior High levels in the Central District of Cortes.
Republic of the Philippines
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CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Theoretical Framework
Reading is for many people, an enjoyable, intense and private activity, from which much
pleasure can be derived, and in which one can become totally absorbed.
Reading is private. It is a mental, or cognitive, process which involves a reader in trying to
follow and respond to a message from a writer who is distant in space and time. Because of this
privacy, the process of reading, the first think that we must know is reading habits.
This ability is very important for being good reader.
Reading in this case not only reads some table, diagram, chart and another picture but it
is read everything that has the data can be read. The important thing is you can read and
delivered it data correctly and disappear ambiguity.
Reading is usually the third language skill that we learn, reading is the way of looking at order
the sign of written and become meaningful from them. Reading is a communication process
requiring a series of skills, such us reading is a thinking process rather than an exercise in eye
movements.
Based on the definition above, that reader’s knowledge of the world depends on lived
experience.
H. Douglas Brown said that reading is likewise a skill that teachers simply expect
learners to acquire. Reading arguably the most essential skill for success in all educational
contexts, remains a skill of paramount importance as we create assessments of general language
ability.
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According to J. Charles reading is both process and product, the process of reading involves the
interaction between the reader and the text-how the reader is deciphering the writing on the page,
what he or she is thinking about while reading and reader is monitoring his or her reading.
A reader reads a text to understand its meaning, as well as to put that understanding to
use. A person reads a text to learn, to find out information, to be entertained, to reflect or as
religious practice. The purpose of reading is closely connected to person’s motivation to read. It
will also affect the way a book is read. We read a dictionary in a different way from the way we
read a novel. In the classroom, teachers need to be aware of their students’ learning needs.
Conceptual Framework
Demographic Profile
of the respondents:
Process
1) Age Intervention program
2) Gender based on the findings
of the study
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Figure 1. Schematic Diagram
The schematic diagram of the study shows the sequential step of the study. The first box of
schematic diagram, reflect the demographic profile of the respondent in terms of their
names, age, gender and year level. The second box of diagram present the process, where
the survey, questionnaire and checklist are included. Where it can find how the
respondents respond to the following question. The third box of the diagram depicts the
intervention program of the study for the cause
Statement of the problem
The main purpose of the study is to know the Reading Comprehension level of the Junior
High School students of Cortes Academy, Inc.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. How to improve the reading comprehension level of Junior High students of Cortes Academy,
Inc.?
2. How many students that cannot do comprehension on reading?
3. Is self- concept related to reading comprehension ability?
Scope and limitations
This study was restricted to the Junior High School students of Cortes Academy, Inc. for
the academic year 2022-2023. The grade levels studied were seventh to tenth grade and this
study use the descriptive research design.
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Significance of the study
The result of this study will serve as a significant purpose perceived to have a great
importance to the following people in the academic community.
Researchers. The result of this study will give the researchers answers to their questions and
will absolutely satisfy their curiosity about the Reading Comprehension level of the Junior High
students.
Future Researchers. The findings of this study would serve as an accurate data useful for
further studies. This study will be helpful to the future Researchers in a sense that they can
perceived supplemental information and can create new concepts out from this paper.
Teachers. The result of this study will help the teachers to be aware of the reading
comprehension level of their students. This will also give them idea on how to encourage the
students to know the importance of comprehension on reading.
Students. This study will let the students know their reading comprehension level. They will
also know the insights of their fellow students towards reading comprehension.
Definition of terms
The following terminologies were defined conceptually or operationally to achieve
clarity, further understanding and guidance.
Foreign Language. Any language that is not native to a particular region or person, it varies
from region and by the individuals within a particular region.
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Creativity. Having or showing an ability to make new things or think of new ideas.
Written Symbols. A thing that stands for or represents something else.
Language Structure. Sentence-level comprehension of text, including how the arrangement of
words within sentences impacts the meaning.
Complexity. The state of having many parts and being difficult to understand or find an answer
to
Interactive Process. The process of interacting directly with a program and/or data for
immediately modifying, retrieving and/or displaying information.
Gateway. Converts information, data or other communications from one protocol or format to
another.
Academic Progress. Refers to students increasing their learning relative to grade-level
standards.
Extensively. In a way that covers a large area or has a great range
Visualize. The formation of mental visual images or the act or process of interpreting visual
terms or of putting them into visible form.
Accurate Information. Their quality of being true or correct, even in small details.
Reliable Information. One that is well reasoned and based on strong evidence.
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Self- Concept. The individual's belief about himself or herself, including the person's attributes
and who and what the self is.
Restricted. Limited or not accessible to the public.
Perceived. To notice or become aware of something.
Supplemental Information. Any additional materials, documents, or deliverables that provide
extra facts to the resume.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies both local and foreign that
provides relevant information for enriching and giving light to the study entitled reading
comprehension level among junior high school students of Cortes Academy Inc.
Related Literatures
Local
According to Oliviera Velarde (2022), students who struggled in reading lacked the necessary
skills and attention. This Action Research determined the efficacy of Fluency-Oriented Reading
Instruction (FORI) in strengthening reading comprehension skills of students in English. It
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involved the Grade V students who were considered as struggling readers. It lasted for two
weeks where learners were got involved in an hour reading activity every day after their classes.
Likewise, thematic analysis was done in identifying the themes. Findings revealed that the
intervention increased the reading comprehension skills of the students and even made them as
independent readers. They suggested that teachers from all grade levels should have to adopt
FORI and books would be available at home.
Foreign
Numerous studies have found that students’ reading strategy and their reading self-efficacy play
important roles in enhancing English reading comprehension in the context of English as a
second/foreign language( McCormick Gambrell). The study attempts to investigate whether a
relationship exists between the reading strategy and perceived self-efficacy of Thai EFL students
and their comprehension. The participants consist of 31 Thai engineering students attending a
TOEIC course at a public university in Thailand. A reading strategy questionnaire, a reading
self-efficacy questionnaire and TOEIC reading comprehension test were used for data collection.
According to the descriptive statistics, the reading comprehension ability of the participants is
below average. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test showed the existence of a significant
relationship between their reading ability and their overall reading strategy and a significant
relationship was also revealed between their reading comprehension ability and the top-down
strategies. However, no significant relationship exists between reading ability and bottom-up
strategies. Furthermore, the descriptive results reveal that the participants’ perceived reading
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self-efficacy is at a moderate level. In addition, Pearson’s correlation coefficient test showed a
significant relationship between reading comprehension ability and self-efficacy in reading.
RELATED STUDIES
Local
According to William Aranas (2021), reading comprehension is the ability to define word by
word and create a profound idea from the talks were given or read. It plays a significant role in
the total functioning of a community. It is also one of the pillars of reading. This paper aims to
assess the Reading Comprehension level of the Senior High School in their Core Science
Subjects and determine different factors that affect one’s reading comprehension skills. A
descriptive survey attempts to establish the range and distribution of some social characteristics,
such as education or training, occupation, and location, and to discover how these characteristics
may be related to certain behavior patterns or attitudes. The instruments used to assess Reading
Comprehension has three difficulty level; Upper beginner-level story, Intermediate-level story,
and Upper Intermediate level story. Students with a 75% and above correct answer are
categorized as" mastery level." Students with 50%-74% correct answers are categorized under"
near mastery level." While the category" low mastery level" is for students with a score of 49%
and below. The students were categorized based on the reader category of Imam (2014). In terms
of reading comprehension skill result, it shows that only 7% of the total respondents are
classified as Mastery Level readers. The result is trifling compared to the 49% near mastery level
and 44% poor mastery level.
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Foreign
Previous studies have effectively demonstrated that teaching techniques for reading
comprehension are crucial to the learning process and may have an impact on students' reading
comprehension (Chen Wang ,2021). To further investigate teachers' strategies in teaching
reading comprehension and how their students reacted to such strategies at Hau Giang
Community College. The current study adopted a qualitative study design with observation and
interviews. The study's participants were taken from five English teachers who teach in HGCC
with different experiences and degrees of background knowledge and 31 students in Pharmacy
A. According to this study, teachers have been using techniques including questioning,
predicting, retelling, and picturing to promote reading comprehension. Additionally, it showed
that the majority of the students gave enough feedback on the tactics used by their teachers.
According to these findings, teachers should inform students of the instructions before they read
the text and utilize tactics for teaching reading comprehension in line with each student's level of
ability and personality to encourage greater engagement.
Insight gained
Comprehension refers to the ability to understand written words. It is different from the
ability to recognize words( Andrew Cohen, 2019). Recognizing words on a page but not
knowing what they mean does not fulfill the purpose or goal of reading, which is comprehension.
Imagine, for example, that a teacher gives a child a passage to read. The child can read the entire
passage, but he or she knows nothing when asked to explain what was read. Comprehension adds
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meaning to what is read. Reading comprehension occurs when words on a page are not just mere
words but thoughts and ideas. Comprehension makes reading enjoyable, fun, and informative. It
is needed to succeed in school, work, and life in general.
The purpose of reading is comprehension — getting meaning from written text. Find out
what else research tells us about the active process of constructing meaning, and how good
readers consciously employing comprehension strategies.
Without comprehension, reading is a frustrating, pointless exercise in word calling. It is no
exaggeration to say that how well students develop the ability to comprehend what they read has
a profound effect on their entire lives. A major goal of reading comprehension instruction,
therefore, is to help students develop the knowledge, skills, and experiences they must have if
they are to become competent and enthusiastic readers.
Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods that will be use in this study which includes the research
design, research setting, research respondents, and research instruments. It also discusses the
procedures of data gathering and sampling, and statistical treatment of the data. The main
purpose of this study is to find out the level of reading comprehension of the Junior High
students.
Research Design
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This research study used the descriptive research method. According to Margaret
McCann (2013), descriptive research is a research design that is used to investigate different
phenomenon and situations. It always targets to answer questions like how the situation happen,
when in terms of the time or date, where in terms of the place it happened, and what the issue or
phenomenon is. The research design majorly focuses on explaining more of the population;
therefore, it integrates different research methods for its success. It is a unique kind of design
because there is no manipulation of the variable; rather, the researcher uses observation to
measure the findings.
With the use of this method the researchers was able to define the problem and why it exists
hence the use of varied designs that are added to help the research process. The descriptive
design is used in different organizations and institutions to solve the root of the problem.
Research setting
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Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
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Location of Cortes Academy, Inc.
This study was conducted in Cortes Academy, Inc. at Poblacion Cortes Surigao del Sur.
This institution is composed of 1 building and composed of 6 classrooms. This institution is not
only a school but a second home of students. This school offers a high quality of education, and
this is free for all poor because this school is intendeed for those students who want to finish
their studies but they can't sustain their high school needs. In this research environment, it can
help the researcher to conduct a survey and gather the necessary information for the study since
it has been the school of the researchers as well.
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Research respondents
In this study Junior High Schools are involved in Cortes Academy, Inc. S.Y. 2022-2033.
Those students where target population, since the topic is about reading comprehension.
There are 15 students of Grade 7, 12 students of Grade 8, 14 students of Grade 9 and 20 students
of Grade 10 a total of 61 Junior Highschool students where they are respondents of the
research.The respondents were surveyed to determine the proficiency Level of Reading
Comprehension.
Research instruments
This study used Quantitative research instrument for improving reading comprehension.
The researchers use a questionnaire as it's main instrument in conducting the study . The
instruments serve the researchers data to find out the Level of Reading Comprehension of Junior
High School students of Cortes Academy, Inc. A questionnaire is a list of questions which is
intended to elicit answer to the problems of the study. The researchers use structured questions
which leaves only one way or few alternative way of answering it. The questions are simple,
clear.
Data gathering procedure
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The Junior High School students are the identified population needed for the researchers.
Simple survey questionnaire is used to identify the Reading Comprehension Level of the
students. The researchers send a letter to the school principal for the consent to survey.
Reading Comprehension Research Instrument The researchers adopted an instrument namely
quantitative research for improving Reading Comprehension of the Junior High School students
of Cortes Academy, Inc. ,through percentage level.
The chosen respondents of the study, the researcher utilized the survey questionnaire. To
begin the data analysis from the respondents result was then retrieved. Finally, the researchers
summarized, evaluated, calculate analyzed and interpreted the outcome of the study.
Statistical treatment
As soon as the researchers gathered the data, they were compiled, sorted, organized and
tabulated. They were subject to statistical treatment in order to answer the questions proposed in
the study. The statistical tools employed were the frequency distribution, percentage, ordinal
scale and weighted mean.
1. Frequency distribution is an arrangement of the data which shows the frequency of different
values or groups of variables.
2. Percentage is to be used to determine the proportion of each given data by using the formula.
%=(F/N) X 100
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Where:
% = Percentage
F = No. of respondents
N = total number of cases
Percentage and frequency distribution were used to show the distribution of Junior High students
Cortes Academy, Inc. in a particular range.
References
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Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
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Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
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