First order first degree differential equations

2.4 Section-B
First order first degree homogeneous differential equations

2.B.1 First order first degree homogeneous differential equation: A

dy f ( x, y )
differential equation of the form = is said to be
dx  ( x, y )
homogeneous, where f(x, y) and  ( x, y) are homogeneous functions of
the same degree in x and y.

Example (2.B.1): The differential equation (x2 + y2)dx = 2xy dy is a

homogeneous differential equation because it can be expressed as
dy x2  y2
= where both x2 + y2 and 2xy are second degree
dx 2 xy
homogeneous functions.

2.B.2 Method of solution: To solve first order first degree homogeneous

differential equation, we have to take y = vx. Then differentiating this,
dy dv dy
we get =v+x . Substitution of the values of and y converts
dx dx dx
the given differential equation into an equation of v and x in which the
variable shall be separable. The method is discussed with some done
examples.

Example (2.B.2): Solve the differential equation (x2 – y2)dx +2xydy = 0

Solution: Given that (x2 – y2)dx + 2xy dy = 0
dy x 2  y 2
Or, = (Homogeneous) ...... (1)
dx  2 xy
dy dv
Let y = vx ;  =v+x .
dx dx
dy
Putting the values of and y in (1), we have
dx

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 First order first degree differential equations

dv x2  v2 x2 dv 1  v 2
v+x = ; Or, x = –v;
dx  2 x.vx dx  2v
dv 1  v 2 dx 2v
Or, x = ; Or, + dv = 0 ;
dx  2v x 1 v2
Or, ln x + ln (1 + v2) = ln c [Integrating]
Or, ln x(1 + v2) = ln c : Or, x(1 + v2) = c ;
y2
Or, x( 1  )=c [Putting value of v]
x2
So, x2 + y2 = cx [Answer]

Example (2.B.3): Solve the differential equation (x2 + y2)dx = 2xydy

dy x 2  y 2
Solution: Given that = ...... (1)
dx 2 xy
dy dv
Let y = vx ;  =v+x .
dx dx
dy
Putting the values of and y in (1), we have
dx
dv x 2  v 2 x 2 dv 1  v 2
v+x = ; Or, x = ;
dx 2 x.vx dx 2v
dx  2v
Or, + dv = 0 ; Or, ln x + ln (1 – v2) = ln c [Integrating]
x 1 v2
y2
Or, x(1 – v2) = c ; Or, x( 1  2 ) = c [Putting value of v]
x
So, x2 – y2 = cx [Answer]

Example (2.B.4): Solve x2y dx – (x3 + y3)dy = 0

dy x2 y
Solution: Given that = 3 ...... (1)
dx x  y 3
dy dv
Let y = vx ;  =v+x .
dx dx

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 First order first degree differential equations

dy
Putting the values of and y in (1), we have
dx
dv x 2 .vx dv  v4
v+x = 3 ; Or, x = ;
dx x  v 3 x 3 dx 1  v 3
dx 1  v 3 dx 1 1
Or, + 4
dv = 0 ; Or, + ( 4  ) dv = 0 ;
x v x v v
1
Or, ln x – + ln v + ln c = 0 [Integrating]
3v 3
1 x3
Or, ln(cvx) = ; Or, ln(cy) = [Putting value of v]
3v 3 3y 3
x3
3 y3
Or, cy = e [Answer]

y y
Example (2.B.5): Solve (x + y cos ) dx – x cos dy = 0
x x
y
x  y cos
dy x
Solution: Given that = ...... (1)
dx y
x cos
x
dy dv
Let y = vx ;  =v+x .
dx dx
dv 1  v cos v dv 1
From (1) we have, v + x = ; Or, x = ;
dx cos v dx cos v
dx
Or, cos v dv = ; Or, sin v = ln x + c [Integrating]
x
y
Or, sin = ln x + c [Answer]
x
y y x y y
Example (2.B.6): Solve cos dx – ( sin + cos )dy = 0
x x y x x

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 First order first degree differential equations

y y
cos
dy x x
Solution: Given that = ...... (1)
dx x y y
sin  cos
y x x
dy dv
Let y = vx ;  =v+x .
dx dx
dv v cos v dv  v sin v
From eqn. (1), v + x = ; Or, x =
dx 1 dx sin v  v cos v
sin v  cos v
v
sin v  v cos v dx 1 dx
Or, ( )dv + = 0 ; Or, (  cot v )dv + =0
v sin v x v x
Or, ln v + ln (sin v) + ln x = ln c [Integrating]
y
Or, ln (x v sin v) = ln c ; Or, y sin =c [Answer]
x

dy y y
Example (2.B.7): Solve = + tan
dx x x
dy y y
Solution: Given that = + tan ...... (1)
dx x x
dy dv
Let y = vx ;  =v+x .
dx dx
dv vx vx dv
From (1) we have, v + x = + tan ; Or, x = tan v
dx x x dx
dx
Or, cot v dv = ; Or, ln sin v = ln x + ln c [Integrating]
x
y
Or, sin v = cx ; Or, sin = cx [Answer]
x

y y y y dy
Example (2.B.8): Solve [x cos +y sin ]y–[y sin – x cos )x =0
x x x x dx

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 First order first degree differential equations

y y
[ x cos  y sin ] y
dy x x
Solution: Given that = ...... (1)
dx y y
[ y sin  x cos ]x
x x
dy dv
Let y = vx ;  =v+x .
dx dx
vx vx
[ x cos  vx sin ]vx
dv x x
From (1) we have, v + x = ;
dx vx vx
[vx sin  x cos ]x
x x
dv v cos v  v sin v2
dv 2v cos v
Or, x = – v ; Or, x =
dx v sin v  cos v dx v sin v  cos v
v sin v  cos v dx 1 1 dx
Or, ( )dv = ; Or, ( tan v  )dv =
2v cos v x 2 2v x
1 1
Or, ln(sec v) – ln v = ln x + ln c [Integrating]
2 2
sec v x y
Or, ln ( ) = 2 ln (cx) ; Or, sec = c2x2
v y x
y
Or, xy cos = c [c is arbitrary constant] [Answer]
x

dy dy
Example (2.B.9): Solve m(x – y ) + n(y – x )=0
dx dx
dy dy
Solution: Given that m(x – y ) + n(y – x )=0
dx dx
dy mx  ny
Or, = ...... (1)
dx my  nx
dy dv
Let y = vx ;  =v+x .
dx dx

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 First order first degree differential equations

dv mx  nvx
From (1) we have, v + x = ;
dx mvx  nx
dv m  nv dv m  mv 2
Or, x = – v ; Or, x =
dx mv  n dx mv  n
mv  n dx v n dv dx
Or, ( )dv = ; Or, dv + =
m(1  v )
2
x 1 v 2
m 1 v 2
x
1 n 1 1 v
Or, – ln(1 – v2) – . ln = ln x + ln c [Integrating]
2 m 2 1 v
1 x2  y2 n 1 x y
Or, – ln( )– . ln = ln x + ln c
2 x 2
m 2 x y
1 1 n n
Or, – ln(x + y) – ln(x – y) + ln x + ln(x + y) – ln(x – y)
2 2 2m 2m
= ln x + ln c
nm mn
Or, ln(x + y) – ln(x – y) = ln c
2m 2m
Or, (n – m) ln(x + y) = (m + n) ln(x – y) + 2m.ln c
Or, ln( x  y) nm = ln{( x  y) m n .c 2m } [c = c2m is an arbitrary constant]
Or, (x + y)n – m = c (x – y)m + n [Answer]

Example (2.B.10): Solve (x2y – 2xy2)dx – (x3 – 3x2y)dy = 0

dy x 2 y  2 xy 2
Solution: Given that = 3 ...... (1)
dx x  3x 2 y
dy dv
Let y = vx ;  =v+x .
dx dx
dv x 2 .vx  2 xv 2 x 2 v  2v 2
From (1) we have, v + x = = ;
dx x 3  3x 2 .vx 1  3v
dv v2 1  3v dx 1 3 dx
Or, x = ; Or, dv = ; Or, ( 2  )dv =
dx 1  3v v 2
x v v x
1
Or, – – 3 ln v = ln x + ln c [Integrating]
v
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 First order first degree differential equations

1 y3
Or, ln (c x v3) = – ; Or, c 2 = e  x / y [Putting value of v]
v x
Or, y3 = c x2 e  x / y [Answer]

dy
Example (2.B.11): Solve x –y= (x 2  y 2 )
dx
(x 2  y 2 )  y
dy
Solution: Given that = ...... (1)
dx x
dy dv
Let y = vx ;  =v+x .
dx dx
dv ( x 2  v 2 x 2 )  vx
From (1) we have, v + x = = (1  v 2 ) + v ;
dx x
1 dx
Or, dv = ; Or, ln {v + (1  v 2 ) }= ln x + ln k [Integrating]
1 v 2 x
Or, v + (1  v 2 ) = k x ; Or, y + ( x 2  y 2 ) = k x2 [Putting value of v]
1 1
Or, x2 = {y + ( x 2  y 2 ) } [Take c = an arbitrary constant ]
k k
Or, x2 = c{y + ( x 2  y 2 ) } [Answer]

Example (2.B.12): Solve y2(y dx + 2x dy) – x2 (2y dx + x dy) = 0

Solution: Given that y2(y dx + 2x dy) – x2 (2y dx + x dy) = 0
Or, (2xy2 – x3)dy – (2x2y – y3)dx = 0
dy 2 x 2 y  y 3
Or, = ...... (1)
dx 2 xy 2  x 3
dy dv
Let y = vx ;  =v+x .
dx dx
dv 2 x 2 .vx  v 3 x 3 2v  v 3
From (1) we have, v + x = = ;
dx 2 x.v 2 x 2  x 3 2v 2  1

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 First order first degree differential equations

dv 3v  3v 3 2v 2  1 dx
Or, x = ; Or, dv = ;
dx 2v 2  1 3v(1  v )
2
x
(1  v 2 )  v 2 dx 1 v dx
Or,  dv = ; Or,  dv + dv =
3v(1  v )2
x 3v 3(1  v )
2
x
1 1
Or, – ln v – ln (1 – v2) = ln x + ln k [Integrating]
3 6
Or, x v (1  v 2 )1 / 6 = k – 1 ;
1/ 3

y 1 / 3 ( x 2  y 2 )1 / 6
Or, x . 1 / 3 . 1/ 3
= k –1 ; [Putting value of v]
x x
Or, (xy ) . ( x  y 2 )1 / 6 = k – 1 ;
1/ 3 2

Or, xy. ( x 2  y 2 )1 / 2 = k – 3
Or, xy ( x 2  y 2 ) = c [Take k – 3 = c ] [Answer]

Example (2.B.13): Show that the solution of the general homogeneous

dy  y
equation of the first order and first degree = f   is
dx x
dv y
ln x =  f (v )  v + c ; where v =
x
.

Proof: We know that the general homogeneous equation of the first

order and first degree is
dy  y
= f   .......... (1)
dx x
y dy dv
Let y = vx ,  v = and =v+x .
x dx dx
dv  vx 
So, (1) implies that, v + x = f 
dx  x
= f v  – v
dv
Or, x
dx

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 First order first degree differential equations

dx dv
Or, =
x f (v )  v
dx dv
Or,  x =  f (v)  v + c [Taking integration on both sides]
dv y
So, ln x =  + c ; where v = [Proved]
f (v )  v x

2.B.3 Exercise:
1. Define first order first degree homogeneous differential equation
with examples.
2. Solve the following homogeneous differential equations:
(i) (x + y)dy + (x – y)dx = 0
 y 1
[Ans: tan 1    ln( x  y )  c ]
2 2

 x 2
dy 2 2
(ii) (x2 + y2) = xy [Ans: e x / 2 y = cy]
dx
(iii) (3xy – x2)dx + x2dy = 0 [Ans: x4 – 4x3y = c]
(iv) (x3 + y2 x 2  y 2 )dx – xy x 2  y 2 dy = 0
[Ans: (x2 + y2)3/2 = x3 ln(cx3)]
dy
(v) y(y2 – 2x2) + x(2y2 – x2) = 0 [Ans: xy ( x 2  y 2 ) = c]
dx
(vi) (1 + ex/y)dx + (1 – x/y)ex/y dy = 0 [Ans: x + y ex/y = c]
[Hits: let x = vy]
y y
(vii) x cos (y dx + x dy) = y sin (x dy – y dx)
x x
y
[Ans: xy cos = c]
x
(viii) (x2 – xy + y2)dx – xy dy = 0 [Ans: y + x ln(y – x) = cx]
(ix) (y + x 2  y 2 )dx – x dy = 0 when y(1) = 0
[Ans: y = (x2 – 1)/2]

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