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EENG226 Lab1 PDF

This document provides an introduction to MATLAB, covering [1] the MATLAB environment including command window, editor window, and figure window; [2] basic arithmetic operations; [3] complex numbers; [4] array indexing; [5] allocating memory; [6] special characters and functions; [7] plotting; and [8] an assignment to plot two functions on the same figure.

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Saif Hassan
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118 views5 pages

EENG226 Lab1 PDF

This document provides an introduction to MATLAB, covering [1] the MATLAB environment including command window, editor window, and figure window; [2] basic arithmetic operations; [3] complex numbers; [4] array indexing; [5] allocating memory; [6] special characters and functions; [7] plotting; and [8] an assignment to plot two functions on the same figure.

Uploaded by

Saif Hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EENG/INFE 226 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

LAB EXPERIMENT 1
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

1. Objective

To become familiar with the Matlab environment and syntaxes


2. Preliminary Work

No preliminary work is required for this experiment.


3. General View

MATLAB is a high-level programming language that has been used extensively to


solve complex engineering problems.
MATLAB works with three types of windows on your computer screen. These are the
Command window, the Figure window and the Editor window. The Figure window only
pops up whenever you plot something. The Editor window is used for writing and editing
MATLAB programs (called M-files) and can be invoked in Windows from the pull-down menu
after selecting File | New | M-file.
The command window is the main window in which you communicate with the
MATLAB interpreter. The MATLAB interpreter displays a command >> indicating that it is
ready to accept commands from you.
You can use the command window as a calculator, or you can use it to call other
MATLAB programs (M-files). Say you want to evaluate the expression c where a=1.2, b=2.3,
c=4.5 and d=4. Then in the command window, type:
>> a = 1.2;
>> b=2.3;
>> c=4.5;
>> d=4;
>> a^3+sqrt(b*d)-4*c

ans = -13.2388

Note the semicolon after each variable assignment. If you omit the semicolon, then
MATLAB echoes back on the screen the variable value.

4. Arithmetic Operations

There are four different arithmetic operators:


+ Addition
− Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division (for matrices it also means inversion)
There are also three other operators that operate on an element by element basis:
.* Multiplication of two vectors, element by element
./ Division of two vectors, element-wise
.^ Raise all the elements of a vector to a power.

>> X=[1,3,4]
>> Y=[4,5,6]
>> X+Y
ans= 5 8 10
1
For the vectors X and Y the operator + adds the elements of the vectors, one by
one, assuming that the two vectors have the same dimension. In the above example, both
vectors had the dimension 1 × 3, i.e., one row with three columns. An error will occur if
you try to add a 1 × 3 vector to a 3 × 1 vector. The same applies for matrices.
To compute the dot product of two vectors, you can use the multiplication
operator *. For the above example, it is:

>> X*Y’

ans = 43

Note the single quote after Y. The single quote denotes the transpose of a matrix
or a vector. To compute an element by element multiplication of two vectors (or two
arrays), you can use the .* operator:

>> X.*Y

ans = 4 15 24

That is, X.*Y means [1×4, 3×5, 4×6] = [4 15 24]. The ‘.*’ operator is used very
often (and is highly recommended) because it is executed much faster compared to the
code that uses for loops.

5. Complex Numbers

MATLAB also supports complex numbers. The imaginary number is denoted


with the symbol i or j, assuming that you did not use these symbols anywhere in your
program (that is very important!). Try the following:

>> z=3 + 4i
>> conj(z) % computes the conjugate of z
>> angle(z) % computes the phase of z
>> real(z) % computes the real part of z
>> imag(z) % computes the imaginary part of z
>> abs(z) % computes the magnitude of z

You can also define the imaginary number with any other variables you like. Try
the following:

>> img=sqrt(-1)
>> z=3+4*img
>> exp(pi*img)

6. Array Indexing

In MATLAB, all arrays (vectors) are indexed starting with 1, i.e., y(1) is the first
element of the array y. Note that the arrays are indexed using parenthesis (.) and not
square brackets [.] as in C/C++. To create an array having as elements the integers 1
through 6, just enter:

2
>> x=[1,2,3,4,5,6]

Alternatively, you can use the : notation,

>> x=1:6

The : notation above creates a vector starting from 1 to 6, in steps of 1. If you


want to create a vector from 1 to 6 in steps of say 2, then type:

>> x=1:2:6

Ans = 1 3 5

Extracting or inserting numbers in a vector can be done very easily. To


concatenate an array, you can use the [] operator, as shown in the example below:

>> x=[1:3 4 6 100:110]

To access a subset of the array, try the following:

>> x(3:7)
>> length(x) % gives the size of the array or vector
>> x(2:2:length(x))

7. Allocating Memory

You can allocate memory for one-dimensional arrays (vectors) using the zeros
command. The following command allocates memory for a 100-dimensional array:

>> Y=zeros(100,1);
>> Y(30)

ans = 0

Similarly, you can allocate memory for two-dimensional arrays (matrices). The
command

>> Y=zeros(4,5)

defines a 4 X 5 matrix. Similar to the zeros command, you can use the command ones to
define a vector containing all ones,

>> Y=ones(1,5)

ans= 1 1 1 1 1

3
8. Special Characters and Functions

Some common special characters used in MATLAB are given below:

Symbol Meaning
pi π(3.14...)
sqrt indicates square root e.g., sqrt(4)=2
ˆ indicates power(e.g., 3ˆ2=9)
abs Absolute value | .| e.g., abs(-3)=3
NaN Not-a-number, obtained when comparing mathematically undefined operations,
such as 0/0
Inf Represents +∞
; Indicates the end of a row in a matrix. It is also used to suppress
printing on the screen (echo off)
% Denotes a comment. Anything to the right of % is ignored by the
MATLAB interpreter and is considered as comments
’ Denotes transpose of a vector or matrix. It’s also used to define strings,
e.g.,str1=’DSP’;

Some special functions are given below:

length(x) - gives the dimension of the array x


find - Finds indices of nonzero elements.

>> x=1:10;
>> length(x)

ans = 10

The function find returns the indices of the vector X that are non-zero. For example,
I= find(X>100), finds all the indices of X when X is greater than 100. So for the
above

>> find(x> 4)

ans = 5 6 7 8 9 10

9. Plotting
You can plot arrays using MATLAB’s function plot. The function plot(.) is
used to generate line plots. The function stem(.) is used to generate “picket-fence” type
of plots.

>> x=1:20;

4
>> plot(x)
>> stem(x)

More generally, plot(X,Y) plots vector Y versus vector X. Various line types,
plot symbols and colors may be obtained using plot(X,Y,S) where S is a character
string indicating the color of the line, and the type of line (e.g., dashed, solid, dotted,
etc.). Examples for the string S include:

r Red + Plus -- Dashed


g Green * Star
b Blue S Square

You can insert x-labels, y-labels and title to the plots, using the functions
xlabel(.), ylabel(.) and title(.) respectively. To plot two or more graphs on the
same figure, use the command subplot. For instance, to show the above two plots in the
same figure, type:

>> subplot(2,1,1), plot(x)


>> subplot(2,1,2), stem(x)

The (m,n,p) argument in the subplot command indicates that the figure will be
split in m rows and n columns. The ‘p’ argument takes the values 1, 2 . . . m×n. In the
example above, m = 2, n = 1,and, p = 1 for the top figure and p = 2 for the bottom figure.

**** To get more help on plotting, type: help plot or help subplot.

Assignment:

Try to plot y1 and y2 in one figure over 0 to 20 seconds in an increment of 0.02second.


𝑦1 = cos(2𝜋𝑡)
𝑦2 = 3sin(3𝜋2 𝑡)

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