This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E488/E488M − 22

Standard Test Methods for

Strength of Anchors in Concrete Elements1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E488/E488M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the

1.1 These test methods address the tensile and shear Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
strengths of post-installed and cast-in-place anchors in test mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
members made of cracked or uncracked concrete. Loadings Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
include quasi-static, seismic, fatigue and shock. Environmental
exposures include freezing and thawing, moisture, decreased 2. Referenced Documents
and elevated temperatures and corrosion. These test methods 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
provide basic testing procedures for use with product-specific C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
evaluation and acceptance standards and are intended to be Specimens in the Field
performed in a testing laboratory. Product-specific evaluation C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
and acceptance standards may add specific details and appro- C39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-
priate parameters as needed to accomplish the testing. Only drical Concrete Specimens
those tests required by the specifying authority need to be C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled
performed. Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
1.2 These test methods are intended for use with post- C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
installed and cast-in-place anchors designed for installation C330/C330M Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for
perpendicular to a plane surface of a test member. Structural Concrete
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
1.3 This standard prescribes separate procedures for static, ing Machines
seismic, fatigue and shock testing. Nothing in this standard, E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
however, shall preclude combined tests incorporating two or terials
more of these types of loading (such as seismic, fatigue and E468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fa-
shock tests in series). tigue Test Results for Metallic Materials
1.4 Both inch-pound and SI units are provided in this E575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests of
standard. The testing may be performed in either system and Building Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-
reported in that system, and the results converted to the other. semblies
However, anchor diameters, threads, and related testing equip- E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
ment shall be in accordance with either inch-pound or SI E2265 Terminology for Anchors and Fasteners in Concrete
provisions. and Masonry
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the F606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Fasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- F1624 Test Method for Measurement of Hydrogen Em-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. brittlement Threshold in Steel by the Incremental Step
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- Loading Technique
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- G5 Reference Test Method for Making Potentiodynamic
Anodic Polarization Measurements
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.13
2
on Structural Performance of Connections in Building Construction. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2022. Published March 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E488/E488M–18. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E0488_E0488-22. the ASTM website.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 E488/E488M − 22
2.2 ANSI Standard:3 f’c,ref = specified compressive strength of reference
B212.15 American National Standard for Cutting Tools— concrete test member, psi [MPa].
Carbide-Tipped Masonry Drills and Blanks for Carbide- f’c,test = specified compressive strength of concrete test
Tipped Masonry Drills member, psi [MPa].
hef = effective embedment depth, measured from the
3. Terminology concrete surface to the deepest point at which
3.1 Definitions: the anchor tension load is transferred to the
3.1.1 For definitions of general terms related to building concrete, in. [mm].
construction used in this standard, refer to Terminology E631, hmin = minimum member thickness, in. [mm].
and for definitions of terms related to anchoring, refer to hnom = distance between embedded end of concrete
Terminology E2265. screw and concrete surface, in. [mm].
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: nct = number of test cycles.
3.2.1 load-controlled undercut anchor, n—a post-installed npt = number of permitted pretest crack cycles.
anchor that derives its tensile holding strength by the mechani- Np,cr = characteristic pullout resistance in cracked con-
cal interlock provided by installing the anchor by tensioning, crete for the minimum specified concrete
which causes the sleeve to expand into the predrilled undercut. strength of 2500 psi [17 MPa], as determined
from tests in cracked concrete, lb [N].
3.2.2 post-installed anchor, n—an anchor that is installed Nst,mean = mean ultimate steel capacity determined from
after the placement and hardening of concrete. tensile tests on full-sized anchor specimens, lb
3.2.3 run-out, n—a condition in which failure does not [N].
occur within the specified number of load cycles in a fatigue Nsust,l = sustained load, lb [N].
test. Nsust,con = sustained load used for confined reference tests,
3.2.4 standard temperature, n—73 °F [23 °C] 6 8 °F lb [N].
[6 °C]. Nsust,ft = specified constant tension load, lb [N].
Nu,con,mean = mean ultimate load determined from confined
3.2.5 test member, n—the base material in which the anchor reference tests, lb [N].
is installed and which resists forces from the anchor. Nu,mean = mean ultimate load determined from tests, lb
3.3 Symbols: [N].
Nw = tensile load in tests of anchors located in cracks
ca = distance from the center of an anchor shaft to whose opening width is cycled, lb [N].
the edge of test member, in. [mm]. smin = minimum anchor spacing, determined from
cmin = minimum distance from the center of an anchor test, in. [mm].
shaft to the edge of test member, determined tfix = effective thickness of shear sleeves (see d), in.
from tests, in. [mm]. [mm].
d = nominal diameter of anchor to be tested, in. tpl = thickness of confining plate for tension tests,
[mm]. ≥d, in. [mm].
dfix = diameter of hole in shear sleeve, ≥d, in. [mm]. Tinst = specified or maximum setting torque for expan-
dhole = diameter of drilled borehole in test specimen, sion or prestressing of an anchor, ft·lb [N·m].
in. [mm]. Tscrew = specified maximum setting torque to prevent
dm = diameter of carbide-tipped drill bit with diam- anchor failure during installation, ft-lb [N-m].
eter on low end of tolerance range for new bit, W1 = largest crack width during test, in. [mm].
representing moderately used bit, in. [mm]. W2 = smallest crack width during test, in. [mm].
dmax = diameter of carbide-tipped drill bit with diam- W3 = largest crack width at beginning of test, in.
eter on high end of tolerance range for new bit, [mm].
representing bit as large as would be expected ℓside = side length of test cube, in. [mm].
in use, in. [mm].
dmin = diameter of carbide-tipped drill bit with diam- 4. Significance and Use
eter below low end of tolerance range for new
bit representing a well-used bit, in. [mm]. 4.1 These test methods are intended to provide reproducible
do = outside diameter of post-installed anchor, in. data from which acceptance criteria, design data, and specifi-
[mm]. cations can be developed for anchors intended to be installed in
dopening = diameter of hole in confining plate for confined concrete.
tension tests, in. [mm].
Fcr = crack-inducing force, applied to reinforcing 5. Apparatus
bars, lb [N]. 5.1 Testing Equipment:
f’c = specified concrete compressive strength, psi
5.1.1 General—Use calibrated electronic load and displace-
[MPa].
ment measuring devices meeting the specified sampling rate.
Use load-measuring equipment with an accuracy of 61 % of
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., the anticipated ultimate load and calibrated in accordance with
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. Practices E4. Use displacement measuring devices with an

2
 E488/E488M − 22
accuracy of 60.001 in. [60.025 mm] and crack-width mea- of a shear test setup. For tests on anchor groups, the axis of the
suring devices with an accuracy of 60.0005 in. [60.013 mm]. displacement-measuring device shall coincide with the cen-
For recording load and displacement measurements, use a troid of the group. Table 1 gives the minimum required clear
data-acquisition system capable of recording at least 120 data distance from the test support to the anchor shear loading
points per instrument for each individual test, prior to reaching toward a free edge.
peak load. The testing equipment shall have sufficient capacity
5.2 Group Test Equipment—Measure the simultaneous dis-
to prevent yielding of its components under the anticipated
ultimate load, and shall have sufficient stiffness to ensure that placement of all anchors or groups of anchors tested. Only one
the applied tension loads remain parallel to the axes of the set of displacement-measuring devices is required for a group
anchors and that the applied shear loads remain parallel to the of anchors. Displacement measurements as described in 5.1.1
surface of the test member during testing. include components of deformation not directly associated
5.1.2 Tension Test Equipment—The support for the tension with displacement of the anchor relative to the test member,
test equipment shall be of sufficient size to prevent failure of such as elastic elongation of the loading rod, deformation of
the surrounding test member. The loading rod shall be of the loading plate, sleeves, shims, attachment hardware, and
sufficient diameter to develop the anticipated ultimate strength local test member material. Using supplementary measuring
of the anchorage hardware with an elastic elongation not devices or calibration test data for the installed test set-up with
exceeding 10 % of the anticipated elastic elongation of the a rigid anchor replacing the anchor to be tested, identify such
anchor, and shall be attached to the anchorage system by a deformation components and subtract them from the total
connector that will minimize the direct transfer of bending measured displacement. To evaluate the findings, use the
stress to the anchor. The displacement measuring device(s) average displacement indicated by the instruments in each
shall be positioned to measure the movement of the anchors group.
with respect to points on the test member so that the device is 5.3 Loading Plates:
not influenced during the test by deflection or failure of the 5.3.1 For tension loading the plate thickness tfix in the
anchor or test member. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for examples of immediate vicinity of the test anchor shall be equal to or
typical test setups. greater than the nominal anchor diameter to be tested.
NOTE 1—Other support geometries are acceptable. 5.3.2 For shear testing the plate thickness tfix in the imme-
Table 1 gives the minimum required clear distance from the diate vicinity of the test anchor shall be equal to the nominal
test support to the anchor for tension and shear loading. anchor diameter to be tested, –1⁄16 in. + 1⁄8 in. [–1.5 mm + 3.0
5.1.3 Shear Test Equipment—Position the displacement- mm]. The hole in the loading plate shall have a diameter of
measuring device(s) to measure displacement in the direction 0.06 in. 6 0.03 in. [3.0 mm 6 1.5 mm] greater than the speci-
of the applied load only. Place the device on the test member fied diameter of the test anchor unless another diameter is
so that the sensing element bears perpendicularly on the anchor specified. The shape of the hole in the loading plate shall
or on a contact plate located on the loading plate, or use correspond to that of the anchor cross section. When sleeve
another method that restricts deflections other than those in the inserts of the required diameter are used they shall be periodi-
direction of the applied load. See Fig. 4 for a typical example cally inspected and replaced to meet these requirements and

FIG. 1 Example of Unconfined Tension Test Setup – Displacement Measurement with Dual LVDTs

3
 E488/E488M − 22

FIG. 2 Example of Unconfined Tension Test Setup – Displacement Measurement from top of Anchor

TABLE 1 Minimum Clearance Requirements for Test Equipment 5.5 Cracked Concrete Testing:
Supports 5.5.1 Equipment for Controlling Cracks—The test apparatus
All Anchors shall be capable of controlling the crack width. A typical
Spacing Between Distance from Anchor tension test setup for cracked concrete is shown in Fig. 6.
Test Supports to Edge of Test Support
Tension Loads NOTE 2—Fig. 6 shows testing of multiple anchors. Smaller test
4.0 hef 2.0 hef members can be used for testing single anchors.
Shear Loads
4.0 ca 2.0 ca 6. Test Specimens
6.1 Anchorage System—The anchors or anchorage system
shall be representative of the type and lot to be used in field
prevent eccentric loading of sleeve. See Fig. 5 for a represen- construction, and shall include the attachment hardware nor-
tative shear plate with sleeves. The contact area between the mally required for use.
loading plate through which the anchor is installed and the test 6.2 Test Member—The requirements of the test member in
member shall be as given in Table 2, unless otherwise which the anchor is to be embedded and tested shall be
specified. Chamfer or smooth the edges of the loading plate so specified. The location and orientation of any reinforcement
that it does not dig into the concrete. Place a sheet of embedded in concrete members shall meet the requirements of
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or other friction-limiting ma- 6.3 and 6.4.
terials with a minimum thickness of 0.020 in. [0.5 mm] be- 6.2.1 Concrete Test Members:
tween the loading plate and base material surface. The friction- 6.2.1.1 Casting and Curing of Concrete Test Members—
limiting material shall prevent contact of the loading plate with Concrete used in testing shall meet the requirements of
the base material. Sections 6.2.1.2 through 6.2.1.4 (3) (b) unless otherwise speci-
5.4 Unconfined and Confined Test Equipment: fied.
5.4.1 Unconfined Tests—Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show a typical 6.2.1.2 Cast test members either horizontally or vertically. If
unconfined tension test setup with supports spaced as required the member is cast vertically, the maximum height of a
to permit the unrestricted development of a conical concrete concrete lift shall be 5 ft [1.5 m]. In general, the thickness of
fracture surface. The values given in Table 1 for required the test member depends on the testing requirements. The test
clearances between the anchor and the test support shall be member shall be at least 1.5 hef thick, unless the specific test
considered to satisfy this requirement. application requires a specific thickness.
5.4.2 Confined Tests—Fig. 3 shows a typical confined ten- 6.2.1.3 Surface Finish—The surface of the test member
sion test setup for anchors, in which the reaction force is shall be a formed or steel-troweled finish unless otherwise
transferred into the concrete close to the anchor. The confining specified.
plate shall have a hole with diameter between 1.5 dhole and 6.2.1.4 Concrete for Test Members—Concrete for test mem-
2.0 dhole, and a thickness tfix ≥ d. Place a sheet of polytetrafluo- bers shall meet the requirements of 6.2.1.4 (1) through
roethylene (PTFE) or other friction-limiting materials with a 6.2.1.4 (3) (b).
minimum thickness of 0.020 in. [0.5 mm] between the loading (1) Aggregates—For normalweight concrete, use aggre-
plate and base material surface. The friction-limiting material gates conforming to Specification C33/C33M, with a maxi-
shall prevent contact of the confining plate with the base mum size of 1 in. [25 mm] or Specification C330/C330M for
material. lightweight concrete.

4
 E488/E488M − 22

FIG. 3 Example of Confined Tension Test Setup – Adhesive Anchor Shown

FIG. 4 Example of a Shear Test Setup

(2) Cement—Use only portland cement conforming to (3) Concrete Strength—Compressive strength specimens
Specification C150/C150M for normalweight concrete or light- shall be prepared and tested in accordance with Practice
weight concrete, unless otherwise specified. If any other C31/C31M and Test Method C39/C39M.
cementitious materials (for example, slag, fly ash, silica fume, (a) Cure concrete cylinders in accordance with Practice
or limestone powder) or chemical admixtures (for example, C31/C31M or Test Method C39/C39M under the same envi-
air-entraining agents, water reducers, high-range water ronmental conditions as the test members. Remove molds from
reducers, shrinkage-compensating admixtures, corrosion the cylinders at the same time that the forms are removed from
inhibitors, set retarders, and set accelerators) are used in the the test members. Unless otherwise specified, at the time of
concrete test members, report them. anchor testing, the concrete shall be at least 21 days old.

5
 E488/E488M − 22

FIG. 5 Example of Shear Plate with Sleeves

TABLE 2 Shear Loading Plate Bearing Area as a Function of anchor, whose base is perpendicular to the direction of load,
Anchor Diameter and whose internal vertex angle is 120 degrees.
Anchor Diameter, do Shear Loading Plate Contact Area,A,B
in. [mm] in.2 [cm2] 6.4 Cracked Concrete Test Members—Test members shall
minimum maximum be permitted to contain reinforcement to allow handling, the
<3⁄8 [<10] 8 [50] 12 [80] distribution of loads transmitted by test equipment, or both.
3⁄8 # d < 5⁄8 [16] 12 [80] 18 [115]
o
5⁄8 # d < 7⁄8 [22]
Place the reinforcement so that the capacity of the tested
o 18 [115] 25 [160]
7⁄8 # d < 2 [50]
o 25 [160] 40 [260] anchor is not affected. See Fig. 7 for a representative concrete
do# 2 [50] 40 [260] 60 [385] test member for cracked concrete.
A
Shear loading plate contact area with PTFE or other friction-limiting material. 6.4.1 The crack width shall be approximately uniform
B
Calculated uniform bearing stress on contact area due to self-weight of loading throughout the member thickness. The thickness of the test
plate and associated loading apparatus shall not exceed 5 psi [0.03 MPa].
member shall be not less than the greater of 1.5 hef and 4 in.
[100 mm]. To control the location of cracks and to help ensure
that the anchors are installed to the full depth in the crack,
crack inducers shall be permitted to be installed in the member,
Establish the compressive strength of the concrete test member provided that they are not situated so as to influence the test
at the time of anchor testing by interpolation between the results. For test members that use internal reinforcement to
strengths of control samples at the start and at the end of control the crack width, place the reinforcement so that it does
testing, or at closer intervals as specified. Alternately, test not influence the performance of the anchors. Use a cross-
enough control samples to plot a strength-versus-age graph, sectional reinforcement ratio of about 1 %. Reinforcement
and use interpolation to estimate the concrete strength at the shall be permitted in the failure cone of concrete. The center-
day of test. to-center distance between the reinforcement and the anchor
(b) When evaluating the test results, if there is a question shall be greater than 0.4 hef, and the center-to-center distance
whether the strength of the concrete cylinders represents the between adjacent top and bottom crack-control reinforcement
concrete strength of the test member, verify the compressive shall not be less than 10 in. [250 mm].
strength of at least three cores with diameters from 3 in. to 6 in.
[75 mm to 150 mm], taken from the test member outside of the 7. General Testing Procedures
zones where the concrete has been damaged by the anchor test.
Prepare the core samples, test them in the dry condition, and 7.1 Anchor Installation—The installation equipment and
evaluate the results in accordance with the provisions of Test procedures shall be as described by the manufacturer, and
Method C42/C42M. reported according to 15.1.7. Anchors shall be installed in
accordance with the Manufacturer’s Printed Installation In-
6.3 Uncracked Concrete Test Members—Use test members structions (MPII). Any deviations from the Manufacturer’s
that are unreinforced, except as permitted by 6.3.1. Printed Installation Instructions (MPII) observed when testing
6.3.1 The test member shall be permitted to contain rein- shall be described in the report.
forcement to allow handling, the distribution of loads transmit-
ted by the test equipment, or both. Place such reinforcement so 7.2 Anchor Placement—Install anchors in a formed face of
that the capacity of the tested anchor is not affected. This the concrete or in concrete with a steel-troweled finish.
requirement shall be considered to be met if the reinforcement 7.3 Drill Bit Requirements—Drill holes with a hammer
is located outside a cone of concrete whose vertex is at the (rotary-percussive) drill using carbide-tipped, hammer-drill

6
 E488/E488M − 22

FIG. 6 Example of Test Setup for Cracked Concrete

FIG. 7 Example of Test Member for Testing in Cracked Concrete

bits conforming to Table 3 or Table 4, unless otherwise by the specified crack width while the anchor is not loaded.
specified. Table 3 is based on the requirements of Measure the crack opening using measurement devices ori-
ANSI B212.15. For core bits or other bits not covered by Table ented perpendicular to the crack.
3 or Table 4, use a tolerance range analogous to that of Table 7.5.2 Subject the anchor to the specified loading sequence
3 or Table 4 unless otherwise specified. while monitoring the crack width.
7.4 Number of Anchor Test Specimens—The minimum num- 7.5.3 During the test, maintain a continuous record of the
ber of replicate anchor test specimens shall be specified as part load applied to the anchor and displacement of the anchor, and
of the testing program. for the crack cycling test, the crack width.
7.5 Cracked Concrete Testing—Use the procedure specified
7.6 Load Application:
in 7.5.1 – 7.5.3 for testing anchors in cracked concrete.
7.5.1 Perform tests in concrete specimens meeting the 7.6.1 Initial Load—Apply an initial load up to 5 % of the
requirements of 6.4, with the crack width w as specified for the estimated maximum load capacity of the anchorage system to
given test. Initiate the crack and install the anchor in a closed be tested, in order to bring all members into full bearing.
crack according to 7.1 so that the axis of the anchor lies 7.6.2 Rate of Loading—Increase the load or displacement so
approximately in the plane of the crack. Install the measure- that peak load occurs after 1 min to 3 min from the start of
ment devices for measuring crack widths, and widen the crack testing.

7
 E488/E488M − 22
TABLE 3 Required Diameters of Carbide Hammer-Drill Bits, a sampling rate of once per second shall be acceptable for
US Customary Units satisfying this requirement.
Nominal Tolerance Ranges
Diameter, 8. Monotonic Load Tests
in. dmin, in. dm, in. dmax, in.
8.1 Tension Load Tests in Uncracked Concrete:
14 ⁄ 0.252 to 0.256 0.260 to 0.263 0.266 to 0.268
⁄
5 16 0.319 to 0.323 0.327 to 0.331 0.333 to 0.335 8.1.1 Tension Tests for Single Anchors Without Edge and
38 ⁄ 0.381 to 0.385 0.390 to 0.393 0.396 to 0.398 Spacing Effects:
⁄
7 16 0.448 to 0.452 0.458 to 0.462 0.465 to 0.468 8.1.1.1 Center the loading system over the anchor or an-
12 ⁄ 0.510 to 0.514 0.520 to 0.524 0.527 to 0.530
⁄
9 16 0.573 to 0.577 0.582 to 0.586 0.589 to 0.592 chors to be tested so that test system supports meet the
⁄
58 0.639 to 0.643 0.650 to 0.654 0.657 to 0.660 placement requirements of Table 1 (see Figs. 1-3). Provide
⁄
11 16 0.702 to 0.706 0.713 to 0.717 0.720 to 0.723
3⁄ 4 0.764 to 0.768 0.775 to 0.779 0.784 to 0.787
uniform contact between the surface of the test member and the
13⁄16 0.827 to 0.831 0.837 to 0.841 0.846 to 0.849 support system. In the final alignment of the support system,
27⁄32 0.858 to 0.862 0.869 to 0.873 0.878 to 0.881 ensure that the forces to be applied through the loading rod are
7⁄ 8 0.892 to 0.896 0.905 to 0.909 0.914 to 0.917
15⁄16 0.955 to 0.959 0.968 to 0.972 0.977 to 0.980
perpendicular to the surface of the test member section. The
1 1.017 to 1.021 1.030 to 1.034 1.039 to 1.042 amount of torque or pretension applied to the anchor by the
1 1⁄ 8 1.145 to 1.149 1.160 to 1.164 1.172 to 1.175 attaching nut or locking device and the procedure used shall be
13⁄16 1.208 to 1.212 1.223 to 1.227 1.235 to 1.238
1 1⁄ 4 1.270 to 1.274 1.285 to 1.289 1.297 to 1.300
specified for each series of tests.
15⁄16 1.333 to 1.337 1.352 to 1.356 1.364 to 1.367 8.1.1.2 Unless otherwise specified, position and attach the
1 3⁄ 8 1.395 to 1.399 1.410 to 1.414 1.422 to 1.425 loading rod so that the load shall be applied concentrically with
17⁄16 1.458 to 1.462 1.472 to 1.476 1.484 to 1.487
1 1⁄ 2 1.520 to 1.524 1.535 to 1.539 1.547 to 1.550
the anchor axis. Where groups of anchors are to be loaded
19⁄16 1.570 to 1.574 1.588 to 1.592 1.605 to 1.608 simultaneously through a common loading fixture, specify the
1 5⁄ 8 1.637 to 1.641 1.655 to 1.659 1.673 to 1.675 details of the fixture’s stiffness, rotational restraint, and point
1 3⁄ 4 1.754 to 1.758 1.772 to 1.776 1.789 to 1.792
2 1.990 to 1.994 2.008 to 2.012 2.025 to 2.028
and angle of load application.
8.1.2 Verification of Full Concrete Capacity in Corner with
Two Edges—This test requires that the loading apparatus be
TABLE 4 Required Diameters of Carbide Hammer-Drill Bits, designed so as to permit an unrestricted concrete cone breakout
SI Units failure at the corner (see Fig. 8). Where necessary to meet this
Nominal Tolerance Ranges requirement, the loading apparatus shall be supported outside
Diameter, the test member.
mm dmin, mm dm, mm dmax, mm
8.1.3 Minimum Spacing and Edge Distance to Preclude
6 6.05 to 6.15 6.20 to 6.30 6.35 to 6.40
7 7.05 to 7.20 7.25 to 7.35 7.40 to 7.45
Splitting—Test anchors in uncracked concrete. Install two
8 8.05 to 8.20 8.25 to 8.35 8.40 to 8.45 anchors at the minimum spacing smin and the minimum edge
10 10.10 to 10.20 10.25 to 10.35 10.40 to 10.45 distance cmin in test members with the minimum thickness hmin
11 11.10 to 11.20 11.25 to 11.35 11.45 to 11.50
12 12.10 to 12.20 12.25 to 12.35 12.45 to 12.50
to be reported for the anchor. Place the two anchors in a line
13 13.10 to 13.20 13.25 to 13.35 13.45 to 13.50 parallel to the edge of a concrete test element at a distance of
14 14.10 to 14.20 14.25 to 14.35 14.45 to 14.50 at least 3hmin from other groups. Select smin, cmin, and hmin,
15 15.10 to 15.20 15.25 to 15.35 15.45 to 15.50
16 16.10 to 16.20 16.25 to 16.35 16.45 to 16.50 depending on the anchor characteristics.
18 18.10 to 18.20 18.25 to 18.35 18.45 to 18.50 Separate bearing plates shall be permitted to be used for each
19 19.10 to 19.20 19.30 to 19.40 19.50 to 19.55 anchor to simplify the detection of concrete cracking. The
20 20.10 to 20.20 20.30 to 20.40 20.50 to 20.55
22 22.10 to 22.20 22.30 to 22.40 22.50 to 22.55 distance to the edge of the bearing plate from the centerline of
24 24.10 to 24.20 24.30 to 24.40 24.50 to 24.55 the corresponding anchor shall be at least three times the
25 25.10 to 25.20 25.30 to 25.40 25.50 to 25.55 anchor diameter.
28 28.10 to 28.20 28.30 to 28.40 28.50 to 28.55
30 30.10 to 30.20 30.30 to 30.40 30.50 to 30.55 8.1.3.1 For torque-controlled anchors, apply load to the
32 32.15 to 32.25 32.35 to 32.50 32.60 to 32.70 anchors by torquing alternately in increments of 0.2Tinst. After
34 34.15 to 34.25 34.35 to 34.50 34.60 to 34.70 each increment, inspect the concrete surface for cracks. Stop
35 35.15 to 35.25 35.35 to 35.50 35.60 to 35.70
37 37.15 to 37.25 37.35 to 37.50 37.60 to 37.70 the test when concrete splitting or anchor material failure
40 40.15 to 40.25 40.40 to 40.60 40.70 to 40.80 prevents the torque from being increased further. For each test,
44 44.15 to 44.25 44.40 to 44.60 44.70 to 44.80 record the maximum torque. Record the torque at the formation
48 48.15 to 48.25 48.40 to 48.60 48.70 to 48.80
52 52.15 to 52.25 52.40 to 52.60 52.80 to 52.95 of the first hairline crack at one or both anchors and the
maximum torque that can be applied to the anchors.
8.1.3.2 For load-controlled undercut anchors, screw
anchors, and adhesive anchors, install the anchors according to
7.6.3 Control of Loading or the Displacement—Conduct the the manufacturer’s installation instructions and load the group
test under load or displacement control. If the descending of two anchors in tension to failure.
branch of the load-displacement curve is desired, use 8.1.3.3 For displacement-controlled anchors and undercut
displacement-control. anchors that are intended to perform properly without an
7.7 Data Recording—Record load and displacement at a installation torque, install the anchors according to the manu-
sampling rate sufficient to approximate continuous load and facturer’s installation instructions and load the group of two
displacement curves and capture peak values. For static testing, anchors in tension to failure.

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 E488/E488M − 22

FIG. 8 Example of Test Setup for Corner Splitting Test

8.2 Tension Load Tests in Cracked Concrete: Due to the design of the anchor being tested, the crack width w2
8.2.1 Tests in a Static Crack—Perform the test according to is permitted to increase without external control during the test
8.1.1, except that for anchors evaluated for use in cracked from its initial value of w3 (see Fig. 9). The difference between
concrete, tension tests shall be permitted to be performed in the greatest and smallest crack widths during each cycle
cracked concrete with a crack width w. (opening and closing cycles) shall be at least w1 – w2. If at any
8.2.2 Tests in Cracked Concrete Where Crack-Width is time during the test the value of w1 – w2 falls below a minimum
Cycled—Table 5 gives the parameters to be used for the specified value, increase the upper-bound value of the crack
crack-width cycling test unless otherwise specified. Before inducing load until the minimum value of w1 – w2 is restored.
installing the anchor, crack opening and closing cycles npt shall 8.2.2.1 Measure the load-displacement relationship up to
be permitted to be applied to stabilize crack formation. Install load Nw. Afterward, under Nw, measure the displacements of
the anchor according to 7.1 so that the axis of the anchor lies the anchor and the crack-opening widths w1 and w2 as
approximately in the plane of the crack. After the anchor is specified.
installed, widen the crack by a width w1. Apply a sustained
8.2.2.2 After completing the cycles of crack opening and
tensile load of Nw. Cycle the crack width between the maxi-
closing, unload the anchor, measure the residual displacement,
mum crack opening width of w1 and the initial minimum crack
and perform a tension test to failure with a specified crack
width of w3.
width w1 at the start of the tension test.
NOTE 3—w1 is additive to any widening resulting from the anchor
installation. 8.3 Shear Capacity Tests in Uncracked Concrete:
As the crack width is varied cyclically, keep Nw constant 8.3.1 Tests for Single Anchor Without Edge and Spacing
within a tolerance of 65 %. Open and close the crack nct times Effects—Position the loading system so that the placement of
at the specified frequency, keeping the crack width w1 constant. the test system supports meets the requirements of Table 1 (see
Fig. 4). A reaction bridge is not required along the edge of the
test member where concrete breakout in shear does not limit
TABLE 5 Parameters for Crack-Width Cycling Test the shear resistance.
Parameter Symbol ValueA
8.3.2 Position and fasten the test member in the support
Permitted pretest
crack cycles
npt 10 system so that the test surface of the test member is parallel to
No. of test cycles nct 1000 the loading plate and the axis of the loading rod. Place the
Frequency of crack
– #0.2 Hz loading plate-rod assembly onto the test member and secure it
width cycles
Largest crack width
in place with the appropriate nut or other locking device
w1 $0.012 in. [0.3 mm] typically used for the particular anchor installation to be tested.
during test
Smallest crack width
w2 $0.005 in. [0.1 mm] The amount of force exerted on the loading plate by the
during test
Smallest crack width
attaching nut or locking device shall be uniform for each series
w3 0.004 in. [0.1 mm] of tests performed.
at beginning of test
Smallest value of
0.004 in. [0.1 mm] 8.4 Shear Capacity in Cracked Concrete—Perform the test
w 1 – w2
according to 8.3, except that for anchors evaluated for use in
Static load during test Nw
Œ
N w 5 0.3N p,cr
f c,test
f 'c cracked concrete, shear tests shall be permitted to be performed
A
Recommended value, unless otherwise established by other criteria. in cracked concrete with a crack width w with the load applied
parallel to the crack.

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 E488/E488M − 22

FIG. 9 Crack-width Requirements for Crack Cycling

9. Dynamic Load Tests width. Subject the anchors to the specified sinusoidal shear
9.1 Repeated Load Test—Subject the anchor to a pulsating loading sequence, applied parallel to the direction of the crack.
tensile load that varies sinusoidally between specified maxi- The frequency of loading shall be specified. To reduce the
mum and minimum loads. The loading frequency and number potential for uncontrolled slip during load reversal, the alter-
of loading cycles shall be as specified. Measure anchor nating shear loading shall be permitted to be approximated by
displacement continuously or up to the maximum load during the application of two half-sinusoidal load cycles at the desired
the first loading, and then at specified intervals up to the frequency, connected by a reduced-speed, ramped load as
maximum number of intervals. At the end of the cyclic loading, shown in Fig. 10. Record the crack width, anchor displacement
test the anchor in tension to failure. and applied shear load in accordance with 7.5. Plot the
9.2 Simulated Seismic Tension Tests—Perform these tests in load-displacement history in the form of hysteretic loops.
cracks when specified. Install the anchor in a closed crack in After the simulated seismic-shear cycles, open the crack to a
accordance with 7.1 and 7.5.1. Test internally threaded anchors width not less than the crack opening width as measured at the
with the bolt as specified by the manufacturer. Open the crack end of the cyclic shear test, and load the anchor in shear to
by the specified amount in addition to the initial hairline crack failure. Record the maximum shear load (residual shear
width. Apply the sinusoidal tension loading sequence at the capacity), the corresponding displacement, and plot the load-
specified frequency. Record the crack width, anchor displacement curve.
displacement, and applied tension load in accordance with 7.5.
9.2.1 After the simulated seismic-tension cycles, open the 9.4 Fatigue Tests:
crack to a width not less than the crack-opening width as 9.4.1 Equipment—Any testing machine as described in the
measured at the end of the cyclic test, and load the anchor in Apparatus section shall be permitted to be used, provided the
tension to failure. Record the maximum tension load (residual requirements of specific loading rate and accuracy are met. The
tension capacity) and the corresponding displacement, and plot test equipment shall not produce resonant vibrations during the
the load-displacement curve. tests.
9.3 Simulated Seismic Shear Tests—Perform tests in cracks 9.4.2 Number of Test Specimens—Base the number of test
when specified. Install each anchor in a closed crack in specimens on the purpose of the test. If the objective is to
accordance with 7.1 and 7.5.1. Test internally threaded anchors obtain runout at or below the endurance limit (that is, 2 × 106
with a bolt as specified by the manufacturer. Open the crack by cycles) at a given load, three samples that reach runout are
the specified amount in addition to the initial hairline crack sufficient. If the test objective is to determine the endurance

FIG. 10 Permitted Approximation of Simulated Seismic Shear Cycle

10
 E488/E488M − 22
limit (maximum load that will reach runout), then perform tests 10. Torque Tests
in accordance with Practice E468.
10.1 General Test Conditions—Fig. 11 shows the essential
9.4.3 Fatigue Test Procedure—Apply the specified fatigue
elements of the typical test setup. The double-sided abrasive
test program, including the method, load levels, frequency, and
paper or equivalent shall have sufficient roughness to prevent
number of cycles.
rotation of the washer relative to the test fixture during the
9.4.4 Once the cyclic test has been completed, apply a static
application of torque. Other methods of preventing rotation of
tension load in accordance with the section on Static Tests to
the washer shall be permitted provided that they do not affect
determine its residual strength and failure mode in accordance
the performance of the anchor. Apply increasing torque and
with the section on Failure Criteria.
record the torque and corresponding induced tension in the
9.5 Shock Test: anchor bolt. The washer shall not turn during the application of
9.5.1 Equipment—This test method is not intended to pro- torque.
hibit the use of any testing or loading device which provides
the performance described in the Apparatus section. 11. Environmental Effects Tests for Adhesive Anchors
9.5.2 Number of Test Specimens—The purpose and type of
the shock test determines the required number of test speci- 11.1 Sensitivity to Hole Cleaning (Reduced Cleaning
mens. Effort)—These tests are performed to quantify the performance
9.5.2.1 If the purpose is to determine if an anchor will of adhesive anchors installed in adverse conditions.
withstand a specified shock load (magnitude and duration), test 11.1.1 Sensitivity to Hole Cleaning, Dry Substrate:
at least three replicates of each anchor diameter at a particular 11.1.1.1 This test presumes a method of hole cleaning that
load magnitude and duration. includes blowing out the hole with air and cleaning the wall of
9.5.2.2 If the purpose is to determine the maximum shock the hole with a brush. Other methods are acceptable; however,
loading an anchor can withstand without failure, use a suitable the manufacture’s installation instructions for the product shall
test method (such as a staircase method) to obtain anchor contain sufficient detail to permit the determination of a
failure. Three separate anchor tests at a given load without numeric reduction of the cleaning effort. For hole cleaning
failure shall be sufficient to establish the maximum shock methods that involve blowing and brushing operations, suffi-
capacity of the anchorage system. cient detail is defined as:
9.5.3 Shock Test Procedure: (1) Requirements for all equipment to be used in the
9.5.3.1 Tension Test—Position the loading system as de- process, including air/vacuum pressure, assembly of nozzle
scribed in 8.1.1.1. and associated components as required, and brush materials
9.5.3.2 Shear Test—Position the loading system as de- and dimensions.
scribed in 8.3.1. (2) Acceptable methods and minimum number and dura-
9.5.4 Rate of Loading Tension or Shear—Apply a specified tion of the operations required for removal of drilling dust from
number of shocks to each anchor in a triangular (ramp) loading the hole (blowing).
rate with a duration of 30 ms per shock, or as otherwise (3) Acceptable methods and minimum number and dura-
specified. After application of the shock loads, test the anchors tion of the operations required for removal of drilling dust from
in tension in accordance with the Static Tests section to the wall of the hole (brushing).
measure residual static tensile capacity, if required. (4) The required sequence of operations.

FIG. 11 Example of Torque Test Setup

11
 E488/E488M − 22
11.1.1.2 Drill the hole downwards to the depth determined 11.2 Sensitivity to Installation in Water-Saturated
by the manufacturer. Unless otherwise specified, clean the hole Concrete—Perform the test in accordance with 11.1.2;
using only 50 % of the specified minimum number of opera- however, hole cleaning shall be conducted in accordance with
tions defined in 11.1.1.1, rounding down to the next whole the manufacturer’s installation instructions for the product.
number of operations. Do not modify the sequence of opera- Install anchors in accordance with 7.1. Conduct confined
tions defined in 11.1.1.1. Install anchors in accordance with tension test in accordance with 5.4.2 and 8.1.1.
7.1. Conduct confined tension test in accordance with 5.4.2 and 11.3 Sensitivity to Installation in Water-Filled Hole in
8.1.1. Saturated Concrete—Perform the test in accordance with
11.1.2 Sensitivity to Hole Cleaning with Installation in 11.1.3; however, hole cleaning shall be conducted in accor-
Water-Saturated Concrete: dance with the manufacturer’s published installation instruc-
11.1.2.1 For Holes Drilled with a Carbide Drill Bit—Drill a tions for the product. Install anchors in accordance with 7.1.
pilot hole downwards to the specified depth with a bit Conduct confined tension test in accordance with 5.4.2 and
approximately half the diameter of the specified hole diameter. 8.1.1.
Remove the drilling dust from the hole. Fill the pilot hole with
11.4 Sensitivity to Installation in Submerged Concrete—
tap water and ensure that the hole remains flooded for a
Perform the test in accordance with 11.1.4; however, hole
minimum of 8 days (192 h). Immediately prior to installing the
cleaning shall be conducted in accordance with the manufac-
anchor, remove all freestanding water with a vacuum and
turer’s installation instructions for the product. Install anchors
re-drill the hole with the specified drill bit diameter. Clean the
in accordance with 7.1. Conduct confined tension test in
hole in accordance with 11.1.1.2. Install anchors in accordance
accordance with 5.4.2 and 8.1.1.
with 7.1. Conduct confined tension test in accordance with
5.4.2 and 8.1.1. 11.5 Sensitivity to Freezing and Thawing:
11.1.2.2 For Water-Flushed Holes—Prepare and clean the 11.5.1 General Test Conditions—Perform sustained tension
hole in accordance with 11.1.2.1; however, if the manufactur- tests in uncracked concrete, followed by confined tension tests
ers installation instructions specify flushing of the hole with to failure.
water prior to anchor installation, flush the hole in accordance 11.5.2 The test member shall consist of a cube or cylinder
with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Immediately prior with side length (or diameter) 8 in. ≤ ℓ side ≤ 12 in.
to anchor installation, remove all freestanding water with a [200 mm ≤ ℓside ≤ 300 mm] for anchor diameters 1⁄2 in. to 5⁄8 in.
vacuum. Install anchors in accordance with 7.1. Conduct [12 mm to 16 mm]. For anchor diameters d greater than 5⁄8 in.
confined tension test in accordance with 5.4.2 and 8.1.1. [16 mm], the test member shall have side length
11.1.3 Sensitivity to Hole Cleaning with Installation in 15d ≤ ℓside ≤ 25d. The dimensions of the test member shall be
Water-Filled Hole in Saturated Concrete: chosen to avoid splitting of the test member during the conduct
of the test. Freezing and thawing resistant concrete shall be
11.1.3.1 For Holes Drilled with a Carbide Drill Bit—
permitted to be used. Restraint of the test member as required
Prepare and clean the hole in accordance with 11.1.2.1;
to prevent splitting shall be permitted. Where such restraint is
however, re-fill the hole with tap water immediately prior to
used (for example, steel cylinder), the dimensions of the
anchor installation. Install anchors in accordance with 7.1.
specimen may be reduced.
Conduct confined tension test in accordance with 5.4.2 and
8.1.1. 11.5.3 Install and cure anchors at standard temperature.
11.1.3.2 For Water-Flushed Holes—Prepare and clean the 11.5.4 Cover the top surface of the test member with tap
hole in accordance with 11.1.2.2; however, re-fill the hole with water within a radius of at least 3 in. [76 mm] from the center
of the test anchor. Maintain a minimum of 1⁄2 in. [12 mm] depth
tap water immediately prior to anchor installation. Install
throughout the test. Seal all other exposed surfaces of the test
anchors in accordance with 7.1. Conduct confined tension test
member to prevent evaporation of water. Load the anchor with
in accordance with 5.4.2 and 8.1.1.
a specified constant tension load Nsust,ft.
11.1.4 Sensitivity to Hole Cleaning with Installation in
11.5.5 Carry out specified number of freezing and thawing
Submerged Concrete:
cycles as follows:
11.1.4.1 Drill a pilot hole downwards to the specified depth 11.5.5.1 Maintain load at Nsust,ft throughout the freezing and
with a bit approximately half the diameter of the specified hole thawing test.
diameter. Remove the drilling dust from the hole. Fill the pilot
11.5.5.2 Raise the temperature of the chamber within 1 h to
hole with tap water and ensure that the hole remains flooded for
+68 °F 6 5 °F [+20 °C 6 2 °C].
a minimum of 8 days (192 h). Cover the upper surface of the
water-saturated concrete test member with tap water to a 11.5.5.3 Maintain the chamber at +68 °F 6 5 °F
minimum depth of 1⁄2 in. [12 mm]. This depth of coverage is to [+20 °C 6 2 °C] for an additional 7 h.
be maintained for the duration of the test, including hole 11.5.5.4 Lower the temperature of the chamber to
drilling, anchor installation and testing. Re-drill the hole in the –4 °F 6 5 °F [–20 °C 6 2 °C] within 2 h.
submerged concrete with the specified drill bit diameter. Clean 11.5.5.5 Maintain the chamber temperature at –4 °F 6 5 °F
the hole in accordance with 11.1.1.2. Install anchors in accor- [–20 °C 6 2 °C] for an additional 14 h.
dance with 7.1. Conduct confined tension test in accordance 11.5.6 Measure the displacements during the temperature
with 5.4.2 and 8.1.1. cycles.

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 E488/E488M − 22
11.5.7 If the test is interrupted, store the samples at a 11.6.2.5 If the concrete test member temperature falls below
temperature of –4 °F 6 5 °F [–20 °C 6 2 °C] between cycles. the minimum target temperature (including tolerances) for
11.5.8 After the completion of 50 cycles conduct a confined more than 24 h, the test duration shall be extended by the
tension test at standard temperature. length of time for which the temperature was below the target
temperature.
11.6 Sensitivity to Sustained Load: 11.6.2.6 At the conclusion of the sustained loading portion
11.6.1 General: of the test, remove the sustained load and conduct a confined
11.6.1.1 Perform sustained tension tests in uncracked tension test in accordance with 5.4.2 and 8.1.1.
concrete, followed by confined tension tests to failure. 11.7 Tension Tests with Decreased Installation Tempera-
11.6.1.2 Install and cure anchors at standard temperature, ture:
unless otherwise specified. 11.7.1 Tests are confined tension tests performed in un-
cracked concrete for anchors to be installed in concrete having
11.6.1.3 Conduct tests at the target temperature defined by
a temperature less than 50 °F [10 °C]. Perform tests as follows:
the criteria or manufacturer.
11.7.1.1 Prior to installation, condition the anchor rod and
11.6.1.4 Temperature control shall be maintained by means test member to the target temperature (that is, the lowest
of thermocouples in the concrete test member. Embed thermo- installation temperature recommended by the manufacturer)
couples at a maximum of 41⁄2 in. [115 mm] from the surface of and maintain that temperature for a minimum of 24 h.
the concrete into which the anchors are to be installed. The 11.7.1.2 Install the anchors in concrete test members and
thermocouples shall be cast in the concrete or positioned in allow them to cure at the stabilized temperature for the curing
holes drilled in the cured test member. Drilled holes for time specified in the manufacturer’s printed installation in-
thermocouples shall have a maximum nominal diameter of structions.
1⁄2 in. [12 mm] and shall be sealed in such a manner that the 11.7.1.3 Immediately thereafter, remove the test members
temperature readings reflect the concrete temperature. from the cooling chamber and test them in tension making sure
11.6.1.5 Each test shall have a minimum duration of that they remain at the conditioned temperature. A thermo-
42 days. couple inserted into the test member may be used to confirm
the temperature at the time of testing.
11.6.2 Sustained Load Test:
11.7.2 When anchors are recommended for installation in
11.6.2.1 Within 48 h of when the curing period has elapsed, concrete temperatures below 40 °F [5 °C], in addition to the
the temperature of the test member shall be adjusted until the tests described in 11.7.1, install and test at least five anchors as
temperature as recorded by the thermocouples is stabilized at follows:
the target temperature. A tension preload not exceeding the 11.7.2.1 Prior to installation, condition the anchor rod and
lesser of 5 % of the specified sustained tension load or 300 lb test member to the target temperature (that is, the lowest
[1334 N] shall be applied to the anchor prior to zeroing installation temperature recommended by the manufacturer)
displacement readings. After zeroing the displacement and maintain that temperature for a minimum of 24 h.
readings, increase the load on the anchor to the specified 11.7.2.2 Install the anchors in accordance with the manu-
sustained tension load. facturer’s printed installation instructions and allow them to
11.6.2.2 Maintain not less than minimum specified sus- cure at the stabilized target temperature for the curing time
tained tension load and maintain the temperature at the target specified in the manufacturer’s printed installation instructions.
temperature for the duration of the test. 11.7.2.3 Immediately thereafter, apply a constant tension
load Nsust ft.
11.6.2.3 Anchor displacement shall be recorded for the
11.7.2.4 Raise the temperature of the test chamber at a
duration of the test. As displacements are typically greatest in constant rate to standard temperature over a period of 72 h to
the early stages, the minimum monitoring schedule shall be as 96 h while monitoring the displacement response for each
follows: anchor. A thermocouple inserted into the test member may be
(1) During the first hour: Every 10 min. used to confirm the temperature of the test members during the
(2) During the next 6 h: Every hour. test.
(3) During the next 10 days: Every day. 11.7.2.5 Once the test member attains standard temperature,
(4) Thereafter: Every 5 days to 10 days. conduct a confined tension test to failure with continuous
11.6.2.4 Temperatures in the test chamber shall be permitted measurement of load and displacement.
to vary by 66 °F [63 °C] due to daily and seasonal effects, but 11.8 Punch Tests to Evaluate Environmental Effects:
the required chamber temperature shall be achieved as an 11.8.1 General Test Conditions—Conduct tests on 1⁄2 in.
average over the test period. The concrete test member [12 mm] diameter all-thread anchors or the smallest nominal
temperature shall be recorded at maximum one-hour intervals. diameter if that diameter is larger than 1⁄2 in. [12 mm]. Embed
(1) Alternatively, the concrete test member temperature anchors into cylindrical concrete test members with a mini-
shall be permitted to be recorded at maximum 24 h intervals mum diameter of 6 in. [150 mm]. The concrete test members
provided that the temperature of the conditioning chamber shall be cast in lengths of steel or plastic pipe having a wall
necessary to maintain the target test temperature is recorded at thickness as required to prevent splitting of the slices during
maximum one-hour intervals. punch testing. All test members shall originate from the same

13
 E488/E488M − 22
concrete batch. Install the anchors along the central axis of the 11.9.1.3 Remove the test member from the heating chamber,
concrete test members according to the manufacturer’s instal- and test the anchors individually in tension before the concrete
lation instructions. The anchor material shall be fabricated test member temperature drops below the specified elevated
from non-reactive steel. After curing of the adhesive, the service temperature.
concrete cylinders in which the anchors are installed shall be
NOTE 4—Test temperatures have a minus tolerance of 0°.
sawn with a diamond saw into 13⁄16 in. 6 1⁄8 in. [30 mm 6 3
mm] thick slices so that the resulting slices are not damaged. 12. Screw Anchor Tests
The slices shall be oriented perpendicular to the anchor axis
and shall consist of the concrete, adhesive material and anchor 12.1 Setting of Screw Anchors:
element. Discard the top and bottom slices. Prepare at least ten 12.1.1 Permitted setting methods for screw anchors shall be
slices for each environmental exposure to be investigated as defined by the manufacturer. For those systems that are to be
well as ten reference slices to be subjected to standard climate set with a torque wrench, the installation torque Tscrew shall be
conditions. specified. For those systems set with a machine (impact screw
11.8.1.1 Storage of Reference Slices—Store the slices under driver, other), the type of machine and maximum power output
normal climate conditions (standard temperature and relative rating shall be specified. Alternately, the characteristics of
humidity 50 % 6 5 %) for the specified time. acceptable machines in terms of power output shall be speci-
11.8.1.2 Storage of Slices Under Aggressive Environmental fied.
Exposure—Store the slices under the specified aggressive 12.1.2 Unless otherwise specified install the screw anchor
environmental exposures for the specified time. until the head just contacts the fixture and the fixture can no
longer be moved by hand.
11.8.2 Punch Tests—After the storage time has elapsed
12.1.3 For those systems that may be set with either a
allow the slices from 11.8.1.2 to fully dry before testing.
specified installation torque or with a machine, the anchors
Measure their thickness and test them in an apparatus that
shall be set with a torque wrench and the specified installation
punches the metal element of the slice through the slice while
torque Tscrew shall not be exceeded. If upon the application of
restraining the surrounding concrete (see Fig. 12). The loading
the specified installation torque the fixture remains loose, the
punch shall act centrally on the metal element. Record the peak
specified installation torque Tscrew shall either be re-established
load for each test. Discard the results from slices that split
at a higher level until this condition is satisfied or the anchor
during the punch test.
shall be deemed unsuitable. For those systems set with a range
11.9 Tension Tests with Elevated Temperature: of machines that satisfy a maximum power output rating
11.9.1 Tests are confined tension tests performed in un- specified by the manufacturer, an impact screw driver with
cracked concrete for anchors to be subjected to service maximum power output specified in the manufacturer’s instal-
condition temperatures that exceed standard temperature. Per- lation instructions for the anchor size shall be used. The test
form tests as follows: laboratory shall select the screw driver with maximum power
11.9.1.1 Install anchors in a concrete test member condi- output for this application from the screw drivers on the market
tioned to standard temperature, and leave them undisturbed at fulfilling the specifications of the anchor manufacturer. Fol-
standard temperature for the curing time specified in the lowing installation of the anchor in accordance with the
manufacturer’s printed installation instructions. manufacturer’s published installation instructions, the fixture
shall be checked by hand to determine that it is not loose.
11.9.1.2 Heat the concrete test member and the installed
anchors in a heating chamber, and maintain the desired 12.2 Tension Test Under Repeated Load:
elevated service temperature for a minimum of 24 h. Maintain 12.2.1 Installation—Install the screw anchor in accordance
temperature control with thermocouples in accordance with with 12.1 and the following. Set the screw anchor on an
11.6.1.4. beveled washer (inclination angle greater than or equal to 4°,

FIG. 12 Punch Test

14
 E488/E488M − 22
hardness greater than or equal to HRC 32, fixture hole oversize ence tests, the concrete strength corresponding to those tests
less than or equal to 1⁄8 in. [3 mm]). The point of maximum shall be permitted to be used.
dimension of the head shall contact the beveled washer. In 12.3.3.2 The borehole shall be drilled with a medium drill
cases where the product geometry includes a fillet under the bit diameter dm. The concrete specimen shall be chosen large
anchor head or where the head is countersunk, the bevel enough to preclude splitting failure. Alternatively, the speci-
washer shall be modified such that the fillet shall not be in men can be cast in a steel ring. Only one test per concrete
contact with the bevel washer. The position is shown in Fig. 13 specimen shall be performed at a time unless a concrete
Following anchor installation, the screw anchor head shall be specimen is used that can accommodate more than one anchor.
permitted to either partially contact the beveled washer (see At the concrete screw location, a bottomless container covering
Fig. 14(a)) or in full contact against the washer (see Fig. an area of at least 15 in.2 [9677 mm2] with a height of at least
14(b)). Any position of the anchor head within and including 1 in. [25.4 mm] shall be affixed to the concrete and filled with
the extreme positions shown in Fig. 14 shall be acceptable. a saturated calcium hydroxide solution [Ca(OH)2] having a
12.2.1.1 The core hardness of the test specimens shall be pH = 12.6 6 0.1 measured at 77 °F 6 2 °F [25 °C 6 1 °C].
established by testing the core hardness at mid length of the During the test the head of the concrete screw shall be
specified number of screws from the same manufacturing lot, submerged in the fluid. The temperature during the test shall be
heat treated at the same time as the screw specimens to be maintained at 77 °F 6 9 °F [23 °C 6 5 °C]. Furthermore the
tested. Test in accordance with Test Methods F606/F606M as pH-value shall be kept constant by measuring the pH value
applicable. after 5 days. If the pH-value exceeds the tolerance value (as
12.2.2 Test the screw anchors in accordance with 9.1. might occur due to interaction with the concrete) the solution
12.3 Test of Screw Anchors for Brittle Failure: shall be replaced. The material of the counter electrode shall be
12.3.1 These tests are intended to verify sufficient insensi- stainless steel or activated titanium. The reference electrode is
tivity to stress-induced hydrogen embrittlement cracking under defined by its composition. Its accuracy should be controlled
conditions as may occur in service. by calibration with a new electrode (tolerance 620 mV). The
12.3.2 Test specimens shall have a core hardness equal to tip of the reference electrode should be located at a distance
the upper limit of the specified hardness range, with a tolerance equal to approximately 0.5hnom (see Fig. 15) from the concrete
of +0/–2 HRC. surface. This can be achieved by a bore hole depth equal to
12.3.3 Test Method A (Confined Test): approximately 0.5hnom. The length of the counter electrode
12.3.3.1 Perform five tests on all diameters from each should be equal to approximately hnom. Reference and counter
manufacturing process, material, coating, and design. Tests electrode shall be placed in drilled holes with a diameter of
shall be conducted at shallow (min hnom) and deep embedments approximately 1⁄16 in. [1.5 mm] larger than the diameter of the
(max hnom) per diameter. For concrete screws with different electrode. The reference electrode should be located as close as
head forms, anchors with the most adverse head form shall be possible to the concrete screw and not farther away than 6 in.
tested. If the most adverse head form cannot be readily [150 mm]. The distance between reference electrode and coun-
identified, tests with different head forms shall be performed. ter electrode shall not exceed 2 in. [50 mm]. Before testing,
Concrete screws shall be installed in an uncracked high coatings of any kind shall be partially removed in shape of a
strength concrete specimen having a minimum compressive longitudinal strip to allow hydrogen evolution on the steel
strength of 7500 psi [51.7 MPa] in accordance with the manu- surface. The concrete screw shall be subjected to a constant
facturer’s instructions. Where steel failure occurs in the refer- tension load Nsust,con = min{0.7Nu,con,mean, 0.5Nst,mean} over a

FIG. 13 Bevel Washer Geometry for Different Head Shapes

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FIG. 14 Acceptable Position of the Anchor Head in Tests with Repeated Loads

FIG. 15 Example of Confined Test Setup for Checking Brittleness of Concrete Screws (Test Method A)

period of minimum 240 h. Nu,con,mean is the average ultimate (max hnom) per diameter. For concrete screws with different
tensile load of the confined reference tests, multiplied by: head forms, anchors with the most adverse head form shall be
tested. If the most adverse head form cannot be readily
Πf ' c,test
f ' c,ref
identified, tests with different head forms shall be performed.
Concrete screws shall be installed in an uncracked high
During the duration of the test, a constant electrochemical strength concrete specimen having a minimum compressive
potential shall be established and shall be held constant with strength of 7500 psi [51.7 MPa] in accordance with the manu-
potentiostatic control or by other appropriate means at facturer’s instructions. Where steel failure occurs in the refer-
–1200 mV 6 20 mV (SCE) measured against a saturated calo- ence tests, the concrete strength corresponding to those tests
mel electrode (SCE). An acceptable test setup is shown in Fig. may be used.
16. Other types of electrodes (for example, Ag/AgCl) may be 12.3.4.1 The borehole shall be drilled with a medium drill
used with appropriate correction of the potential. Following the bit diameter dm. The concrete specimen shall be chosen large
constant load portion of the test, unload the concrete screw enough to preclude splitting failure. Alternatively, the speci-
anchor and perform a confined tension test to failure in men may be cast in a steel ring. Only one test per concrete
accordance with 5.4.2 and 8.1.1. specimen shall be performed at a time unless a concrete
12.3.4 Alternate Test Method A (Unconfined Test)—In the specimen is used that can accommodate more than one anchor.
Alternate Test Method A, the test shall be performed as The screw anchor shall be set on a beveled washer [inclination
unconfined test with a beveled washer under the anchor head angle ≥4°, hardness ≥HRC 32, fixture hole oversize ≤1⁄8 in.
(see Fig. 17). Perform five tests on all diameters from each [3.2 mm]]. The point of maximum dimension of the head shall
manufacturing process, material, coating, and design. Tests contact the beveled washer. The position is shown in Fig. 14.
shall be conducted at shallow (min hnom) and deep embedments Following anchor installation, the screw anchor head may

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 E488/E488M − 22

FIG. 16 Details of Attachment for Anchor During Test for Brittleness of Concrete Screws (Test Method A)

FIG. 17 Example of Unconfined Test Setup with Bevel Washer Under Anchor Head for Checking Brittleness of Concrete Screws (Alter-
nate Test Method A)

either partially contact the beveled washer (see Fig. 14(a)) or of the counter electrode shall be stainless steel or activated
be in full contact against the washer (see Fig. 14(b)). Any titanium. The reference electrode is defined by its composition.
position of the anchor head within and including the extreme Its accuracy should be controlled by calibration with a new
positions shown in Fig. 13 shall be acceptable. For screws with electrode (tolerance 620 mV). The tip of the reference elec-
fillets under the head or where the head is a countersunk trode should be located at a distance equal to approximately
configuration, see 12.3. At the concrete screw location, a 0.5hnom (see Fig. 17) from the concrete surface. This can be
bottomless container covering an area of at least achieved by a bore hole depth equal to approximately 0.5hnom.
15 in.2 [9677 mm2] with a height of at least 1 in. [25.4 mm] The length of the counter electrode should be equal to
shall be affixed to the concrete and filled with a saturated approximately hnom. Reference and counter electrodes shall be
calcium hydroxide solution Ca(OH)2 having a pH = 12.6 6 0.1 placed in drilled holes with a diameter of approximately 1⁄16 in.
measured at 77 °F 6 2 °F [25 °C 6 1 °C]. During the test the [1.5 mm]) larger than the diameter of the electrode. The
head of the concrete screw shall be submerged in the fluid. The reference electrode should be located as close as possible to the
temperature during the test shall be maintained at 77 °F 6 9 °F concrete screw and not farther away than 6 in. [150 mm]. The
[25 °C 6 5 °C]. Furthermore, the pH-value shall be kept con- distance between reference electrode and counter electrode
stant by measuring the pH value after 5 days. If the pH-value shall not exceed 2 in. [50 mm]. Before testing, coatings of any
exceeds the tolerance value (as might occur due to interaction kind shall be partially removed in shape of a longitudinal strip
with the concrete) the solution shall be replaced. The material to allow hydrogen evolution on the steel surface. The concrete

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 E488/E488M − 22
screw shall be subjected to a constant tension load Nsust, process, n—a defined event or sequence of events that may
ℓ= min{0.7Nu,mean; 0.5Nst,mean} over a period of 100 h mini- include pretreatments, plating, or coating and post treatments
mum. Nu,mean is the average ultimate tensile load from refer- that are being evaluated or qualified.
ence tests multiplied by: 12.3.5.4 Test Specimens—The test specimens shall be se-
lected by the testing laboratory and shall be representative of
Πf ' c,test
f ' c,ref
the production fasteners as to base metal, diameter, thread
configuration, coating and hardness profile. Test specimens
During the duration of the test, a constant electrochemical shall have a core hardness equal to the upper limit of the
potential shall be established and shall be held constant with specified hardness range with a tolerance of +0/–2 HRC. A
potentiostatic control or by other appropriate means at separate series of tests under Test Method B are not required
–1200 mV 6 20 mV (SCE) measured against a saturated calo- for different fastener lengths having the same base metal,
mel electrode (SCE). Other types of electrodes (for example, diameters, thread configurations, coating, and hardness pro-
Ag/AgCl) may be used with appropriate correction of the files.
potential. A suggested test setup is shown in Fig. 16. Following Specimens shall be ultrasonically cleaned in acetone for
the constant load portion of the test, unload the concrete screw 5 min to 10 min to remove any contaminants such as oils and
anchor and perform a confined tension test to failure in dirt. Acid cleaning shall not be allowed.
accordance with 5.4.2 and 8.1.1. Test specimens shall be cut from the randomly selected
12.3.5 Test Method B: samples as shown in Fig. 18 and such specimens shall be of
12.3.5.1 This test method applies to concrete screw anchors sufficient length for proper insertion into the gripping devices
that can be loaded in tension or bending during installation and to achieve the selected four point bending. See Fig. 19 for an
in service. This test method is limited to evaluating hydrogen example of a gripping device to achieve the selected four point
induced embrittlement due to processing (IHE) and environ- bending. The cut sample to be tested shall include the portion
mental exposure (EHE). This test method is limited to ferrous of the fastener with uniform screw thread configuration but
fasteners that are susceptible to time-delayed fracture caused shall exclude the non-threaded portion of the fastener and any
by the diffusion of hydrogen under stress. A four-point bend case hardened induction zones at the end of the fastener. Before
specimen undergoes sustained load and slow strain rate testing testing, test specimens obtained from fasteners with coatings of
by using incremental loads and hold times under displacement any kind shall have the coating removed in the shape of a
control to measure a threshold stress in an accelerated manner longitudinal strip and be positioned on the tensile side of the
in accordance with Test Method F1624. The test is an accel- test specimen. The above coating removal shall occur within
erated incrementally increasing step load test method that the space of the minimum two threads as shown in Fig. 19.
measures the threshold for hydrogen stress cracking. 12.3.5.5 Summary of Test Method:
12.3.5.2 Referenced Documents—Referenced documents (1) Specimens shall be tested in the hydrogen embrittling
are those contained in the Referenced Documents section of environmental conditions specified in Test Method F1624
Test Method F1624. using the step load procedure in the Procedure section of Test
12.3.5.3 Terminology: core threshold, n—the maximum Method F1624, except as modified herein. A minimum of three
load at the onset of cracking of the core that is identified by a tests are required as follows:
5 % drop in load under displacement control where the test 1. First test is a 20/5/1 (twenty steps in five percent incre-
specimen does not continue to maintain the test load to the next ments with a 1 h hold for each step).
two step load levels.
2. Second test is a 10/5/2 (first ten steps of the test), fol-
environmental hydrogen embrittlement (EHE), lowed by a 10/5/4 (second ten steps of the test). Loading
n—environment embrittlement caused by hydrogen introduced is not released during the transition from the 2 h to 4 h
hold requirement.
into steel from external sources.
FFS(B), n—fast fracture strength in air of a fastener speci- 3. Third test is a repeat of the second test.
men in bending determined in accordance with Test Methods If an invariant value within 5 % is obtained in two consecutive
E8/E8M. tests as a result of the completion of the three minimum
internal hydrogen embrittlement (IHE), n—embrittlement required tests, no further tests are required. Otherwise, addi-
caused by residual hydrogen from processing tional tests at longer hold times shall be performed until an

FIG. 18 Illustration of Test Specimen Extraction

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 E488/E488M − 22

FIG. 19 Example of Four-Point Gripping Device

invariant value within 5 % is obtained in two consecutive tests. (8) Report—A test report shall be produced in accordance
The loading rate shall be slow enough to ensure that a core with the Report section of Test Method F1624 and shall include
threshold will be detected if deleterious amounts of hydrogen the audiographic recordings specified in Test Method F1624.
are present in “worst case” scenario. The load used for
determination of the value of each of the steps (that is, loads 13. Other Tests
divided by the number of steps) for the first test shall be based 13.1 Tests for Anchors Installed Through the Soffıt of
on the average value of tensile strength resulting from the three Concrete-Filled Metal Deck Floor and Roof Assemblies:
bending (FFS(B)) tests in air based upon the minimum
13.1.1 Purpose—These tests are intended to evaluate the
diameter cross-section of the fasteners. The load used for
tension and shear performance of anchors installed through
determination of the value of each of the steps (that is, load
metal decking into concrete fill.
divided by the number of steps) for each of the subsequent tests
13.1.2 Test Members for Testing Anchors Installed in the
shall be 110 % of the core threshold value determined in the
Soffıt of Concrete Fill on Metal Deck Floor and Roof
previous test but not more than the load used to establish the
Assemblies—Cast test members having the minimum concrete
steps in the previous test. The lowest core threshold value
fill thickness, maximum decking depth, minimum flute width
established by the two consecutive tests used to meet the
and minimum metal thickness specified. The concrete fill shall
invariant value requirement from the hydrogen embrittling
contain no reinforcing. Lightweight concrete fill shall be
environmental conditions test shall be autographically recorded
permitted to be used. Test members may be inverted and placed
in terms of load versus time and included as part of the report.
flat on the floor of the test facility to facilitate shear testing of
(2) Apparatus.
anchors installed through the decking and into the fill concrete.
(3) Testing Equipment—Testing equipment shall be within
Test set-up details are shown in Fig. 20.
the guidelines of calibration, force range, resolution, and
13.1.3 Anchor Installation—Install anchors through the
verification of Practices E4.
metal decking and into the concrete fill in accordance with
(4) Gripping Devices—Various types of gripping devices
manufacturer’s instructions. (See Fig. 20). To determine anchor
may be used for the four-point bending to transmit the
performance in the lower flute of metal decking, test anchors
measured load applied by the testing equipment to the test
shall be installed as depicted in Fig. 20, with the maximum
specimen. Fig. 19 illustrates an example of a four-point
desired offset from the lower flute centerline. To determine
gripping device.
anchor performance in the upper flute of metal decking, the test
(5) Test Environment —The test shall be conducted in an
anchors shall be installed in the upper flute.
aggressive hydrogen producing environment by imposing a
13.1.4 Tension Test—Perform tension tests with continuous
cathodic galvanic potential in salt water contained in an
measurement of load and displacement.
appropriate inert container.
(6) Poteniostatic Control—The corrosion potential of the 13.1.5 Shear Test—Perform shear tests with continuous
specimen shall be controlled with a reference Saturated Calo- measurement of load and displacement. The direction of the
mel Electrode (SCE) or equivalent reference electrode such as shear load shall be toward the closest edge, unless otherwise
Ag/AgCl in accordance with Reference Test Method G5. The specified.
imposed potential is cathodic and shall be set at
–1.2 V 6 0.025 V versus SCE (VscE) in a 3.5 weight percent 14. Failure Criteria
NaCl solution. 14.1 Load and Displacement at Failure—Determine the
(7) Calculations—Calculations shall be in conformance maximum test load and the corresponding displacement for
with the Calculations section of Test Method F1624. each assembly tested.

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FIG. 20 Example of a Setup for Testing Anchors in Concrete Through Metal Decking

14.2 Failure Modes—Failure of the anchorage occurs by 15.1.10 Embedment depth of the installed anchors in in.
one or more of the following modes: [mm];
14.2.1 Concrete breakout, 15.1.11 Torque, or number of turns (if this method is
14.2.2 Pullout and pull-through, permitted), applied to the anchor prior to testing;
14.2.3 Anchor rupture, 15.1.12 Description of test method, loading procedure used,
14.2.4 Bond, actual rate of loading, and direction of shear loading;
14.2.5 Shear, 15.1.13 Number of replicate specimens tested and results of
14.2.6 Pryout, and all tested replicates;
14.2.7 Side-face blowout. 15.1.14 Individual and average maximum load values, in
lb-ft [kN] for each anchor tested, standard deviations and
15. Report coefficients of variation, when applicable;
15.1 Report the applicable information listed in Practice 15.1.15 Individual and average displacement values at ulti-
E575, all information pertinent to the type of test performed mate loads, in inches [millimeters] and standard deviations, or,
(static, seismic, fatigue or shock, cracked or uncracked base when appropriate load-displacement curves, either as plotted
material), and specifically include the following: directly or reprinted from data acquisition systems;
15.1.1 Dates of test and date of report; 15.1.16 Description of the nature and type of failure exhib-
15.1.2 Test sponsor and test agency; ited by each anchor tested, including when appropriate, indi-
15.1.3 Identification of anchors tested: manufacturer, model vidual and average fatigue life values in cycles or the runout
type, material, finish, shape, dimensions, and other pertinent number of fatigue load cycles;
information, such as cracks and other defects; 15.1.17 Photographs, sketches, or written descriptions of
15.1.4 Description of the anchorage system tested and the failure modes observed;
physical description of the structural member, including 15.1.18 Summary of findings; and
dimensions, installed reinforcing, etc.; 15.1.19 Listing of observers of tests and signatures of
15.1.5 Detailed drawings or photographs of test specimens responsible persons.
before and after testing if not fully described otherwise;
15.1.6 Physical characteristics of the test member into 16. Precision and Bias
which the anchor(s) are embedded including mixture design of 16.1 Insufficient information is currently available to char-
the concrete, aggregate type, compressive strength at time of acterize the precision and bias of the test methods described
test, and age of the test member at time of test; here. As the test methods are more widely used, their precision
15.1.7 Description of the procedure, tools, and materials and bias will be characterized.
used to install the anchorage system, and any deviation from
those specified; 17. Keywords
15.1.8 Age in hours or days of anchorage system, since 17.1 adhesive anchor; anchors; anchor capacity; cast-in-
installation, where applicable; place anchor; concrete elements; creep test; environmental test;
15.1.9 Temperature conditions at time of installation and at expansion anchor; fatigue; post-installed anchors; screw an-
time of testing and any other temperature experience as chor; seismic; shear test; shock; static; sustained load test;
required in Section 11; tension test; test member; test methods

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