Mobile App Development

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Q. Explain Intents.

 an Intent is an object that is used to send messages between different


components of an application, such as activities, services, and broadcast
receivers.
 An Intent can be used to start an activity, launch a service, or send a broadcast
message to other components.
Types:
There are two types of Intents in Android:
1. Explicit Intents: Explicit Intent is used to start a specific component within the
same application or in a different application, by explicitly naming the target
component to be invoked.
The target component can be an activity, service, or broadcast receiver. An
explicit intent is often used to start an activity within the same application.
Example
Intent intent = new Intent(this, MyActivity.class);
intent.putExtra("key", value);
startActivity(intent);

Here the sender component is the one that creates and sends the intent, while
the receiver component is the one that handles the intent by starting the specified
activity and retrieving any data that was included in the intent.

2. Implicit Intents: Implicit Intent is used to initiate an action, such as viewing a


web page or playing a video, without specifying the target component that will
perform the action.

Implicit intents provide a way to communicate with the system components or


external components of other applications that have declared their ability to
handle the action specified in the intent.
Example
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW);
Uri uri = Uri.parse("http://www.example.com");
intent.setData(uri);
startActivity(intent);

Here the sender component creates an intent with an action and data, but
doesn't specify a component. The Android system then looks for all components
that can handle the "ACTION_VIEW" action and present the user with a list of
choices.
Q. Discuss Advanced Android Development.
Advanced Android app development involves the use of advanced techniques
and technologies to build complex and feature-rich applications that can cater to the
needs of users in a specific niche. It requires a deep understanding of the Android
operating system, the Java programming language, and the Android SDK.

Some of the areas of advanced Android app development include:

Advanced UI/UX design: Creating visually appealing and user-friendly interfaces using
advanced UI components, animations, and gestures. The UI/UX design should be
based on the latest design trends and guidelines.

Multithreading and concurrency: Implementing multithreaded applications that can


efficiently handle concurrent tasks and ensure a smooth user experience. The
application should be able to handle background tasks efficiently without affecting the
user experience.

Networking and data storage: Integrating network services, such as RESTful APIs,
and persisting data using advanced database technologies like SQLite and Room. The
application should be able to handle large amounts of data efficiently.

Security: Implementing security features such as encryption, authentication, and


secure communication to protect sensitive data. The application should be able to
handle security vulnerabilities effectively and ensure user data privacy.

Performance optimization: Identifying and fixing performance issues in applications


using advanced profiling and debugging tools. The application should be optimized to
handle different devices with different hardware specifications.

Advanced libraries and frameworks: Utilizing advanced libraries and frameworks


such as RxJava, Dagger, and Retrofit to build robust and scalable applications. The
application should be scalable to cater to the needs of different users.

Integration with hardware: Integrating the application with hardware like sensors,
Bluetooth, and other devices to create advanced functionality.

Machine learning and AI: Integrating machine learning and AI technologies to create
personalized user experiences and advanced features.

Overall, advanced Android app development requires a solid understanding of the core
concepts of Android development, as well as a willingness to learn and adapt to new
technologies and programming paradigms. It involves a continuous learning process to
keep up with the latest technologies and design trends to build applications that can
cater to the needs of the users.

Q. Draw and explain the Activity Lifecycle for developing mobile applications.
An activity is the single screen in android. It is like window or frame of Java.
By the help of activity, you can place all your UI components or widgets in a single
screen.
The 7-lifecycle method of Activity describes how activity will behave at different states.

Method Description

onCreate called when activity is first created.

onStart called when activity is becoming visible to the user.

onResume called when activity will start interacting with the user.

onPause called when activity is not visible to the user.

onStop called when activity is no longer visible to the user.

onRestart called after your activity is stopped, prior to start.

onDestroy called before the activity is destroyed.


onCreate()
 You must implement this callback, which fires when the system first creates the
activity.
 On activity creation, the activity enters the Created state. In the onCreate()
method, you perform basic application startup logic that should happen only once
for the entire life of the activity.
 For example, your implementation of onCreate() might bind data to lists,
associate the activity with a ViewModel, and instantiate some class-scope
variables.
 This method receives the parameter savedInstanceState, which is a Bundle
object containing the activity's previously saved state. If the activity has never
existed before, the value of the Bundle object is null.
onStart()
 When the activity enters the Started state, the system invokes this callback.
 The onStart() call makes the activity visible to the user, as the app prepares for
the activity to enter the foreground and become interactive.
 For example, this method is where the app initializes the code that maintains the
UI.
onResume()
 When the activity enters the Resumed state, it comes to the foreground, and then
the system invokes the onResume() callback.
 This is the state in which the app interacts with the user.
 The app stays in this state until something happens to take focus away from the
app.
 Such an event might be, for instance, receiving a phone call, the user’s
navigating to another activity, or the device screen’s turning off.
onPause()
 The system calls this method as the first indication that the user is leaving your
activity (though it does not always mean the activity is being destroyed); it
indicates that the activity is no longer in the foreground (though it may still be
visible if the user is in multi-window mode).
 Use the onPause() method to pause or adjust operations that should not
continue (or should continue in moderation) while the Activity is in the Paused
state, and that you expect to resume shortly.
 There are several reasons why an activity may enter this state.
For example:
Some event interrupts app execution, as described in the onResume() section. This is
the most common case.
In Android 7.0 (API level 24) or higher, multiple apps run in multi-window mode.
Because only one of the apps (windows) has focus at any time, the system pauses all of
the other apps.
A new, semi-transparent activity (such as a dialog) opens. As long as the activity is still
partially visible but not in focus, it remains paused.

onStop()
 When your activity is no longer visible to the user, it has entered the Stopped
state, and the system invokes the onStop() callback.
 This may occur, for example, when a newly launched activity covers the entire
screen.
 The system may also call onStop() when the activity has finished running, and is
about to be terminated.

onDestroy()
 onDestroy() is called before the activity is destroyed.
 The system invokes this callback either because:

the activity is finishing (due to the user completely dismissing the activity or due to
finish() being called on the activity), or the system is temporarily destroying the activity
due to a configuration change (such as device rotation or multi-window mode)

Q. What are the best programming languages for mobile app development.
The best programming languages for mobile app development depend on the platform
you are targeting. Here are the most commonly used languages for developing mobile
apps:
1. Java: Java is a widely used programming language for developing Android
applications. It is an object-oriented language that is easy to learn and has a
large community of developers.
2. Kotlin: Kotlin is a relatively new programming language for Android development
that is quickly gaining popularity. It is interoperable with Java and has many
modern features that make Android development faster and more efficient.
3. Swift: Swift is a programming language developed by Apple for developing iOS,
iPadOS, watchOS, and macOS applications. It is a powerful and easy-to-learn
language that is becoming increasingly popular among iOS developers.
4. Objective-C: Objective-C is another programming language used for developing
iOS applications. It has been around for many years and is still used by some
iOS developers, although it is being replaced by Swift.
5. C#: C# is a programming language developed by Microsoft for developing
Windows Phone and Windows Store applications. It is also used for developing
cross-platform mobile applications using Xamarin.
6. JavaScript: JavaScript is a popular programming language used for developing
hybrid mobile applications using frameworks such as React Native and Ionic.
These frameworks allow developers to build cross-platform applications using
web technologies.
7. Python: Python is a general-purpose programming language that is used for a
variety of purposes, including mobile app development. It is often used for
developing server-side APIs and backends for mobile applications.
Ultimately, the choice of programming language depends on the platform you are
targeting, your familiarity with the language, and the specific requirements of your
application.
Q. Explain Android Core Building Blocks.
A piece of code with a well-defined life cycle e.g. Activity, Receiver, Service, etc, is what
an android component can be simply understood as. Activities, views, intents, services,
content providers, fragments, and AndroidManifest.xml are the core building blocks or
fundamental components of android.
Activity:
Being similar to a Frame in AWT, an activity as a class represents a single screen. It is
a core building block, i.e., the fundamental component of android.
View:
The UI element including button, label, text field, etc, and anything that one can see is a
view.
Intent:
Along with invoking the components, the Intent is used for many purposes including:
 Start the service
 Launch an activity
 Display a web page
 Display a list of contacts
 Broadcast a message
 Dial a phone call etc.
Example: To view the webpage:
Intent intent=new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW);
intent.setData(Uri.parse("http://www.test.com"));
startActivity(intent);
Service:
Being a background process the service can run for a long time.
The local and remote are the two types of services. Within the application, the local
service is accessed. While from other applications running on the same device the
remote service can be accessed remotely.
Content Provider:
To share the data between the applications, the Content Providers are used.
Fragment:
Being a part of an activity, one or more fragments can be displayed on the screen at the
same time by the activity.
AndroidManifest.xml:
Information about activities, content providers, permissions, etc is in the
AndroidManifest.xml which is like the web.xml file in Java EE.
Android Virtual Device (AVD):
To test an android application without using a mobile or a tablet, the Android Virtual
Device or AVD is used. To emulate different types of real devices, an AVD can be
created in different configurations.

Q. Explain Data Storage, Retrieval and Sharing.


Data storage, retrieval, and sharing are essential features of any Android application.
Here's a brief explanation of each:
1. Data Storage: Data storage refers to the process of storing data in the device's
memory or external storage. Android provides several options for storing data,
such as Shared Preferences, Internal Storage, External Storage, and SQLite
database.
 Shared Preferences: This allows developers to store small amounts of data
such as user preferences, app settings, etc. in key-value pairs.
 Internal Storage: This provides an area to store private data that is accessible
only to the application. This can be useful for storing data files, databases, and
cache.
 External Storage: This provides access to public files that can be shared with
other applications or users. External storage can be used to store media files,
such as images, audio, and video.
 SQLite database: This is a powerful database engine that is built into Android. It
provides a way to store and manage structured data in a relational format.
2. Data Retrieval: Data retrieval refers to the process of retrieving data from
various sources, such as databases, web services, or other applications.
 Content Providers: This is a way to share data between applications. Content
providers allow applications to query, insert, update, and delete data in a secure
manner.
 Web Services: These are services that provide data over the internet, usually in
JSON or XML format. Applications can use HTTP requests to retrieve data from
web services.
 SQLite database: This is a powerful database engine that is built into Android. It
provides a way to retrieve data from a structured, relational format.
3. Data Sharing: Data sharing refers to the process of sharing data between
different applications.
 Intents: This is a way to share data between activities and services within an
application or between different applications. Intents allow developers to pass
data, such as text, images, or files, between different components of an
application or between different applications.
 Content Providers: This is a way to share data between applications. Content
providers allow applications to query, insert, update, and delete data in a secure
manner.
 File Sharing: This is a way to share files between different applications. Android
provides a built-in file sharing system that allows applications to share files using
the storage access framework.
In summary, data storage, retrieval, and sharing are crucial features of any Android
application. Understanding the various options available for data storage and retrieval
and the ways to share data between different components and applications can help
developers create efficient and user-friendly applications.
Q. Write a program in Android with output “Hello”?
1. Open Android Studio and create a new project.
2. In the MainActivity.java file, add the following code:

3. In the activity_main.xml file, add the following code:

4. Run the app on an emulator or device. You should see the text "Hello" displayed
on the screen.

Q. Write all the steps needed for creating your first mobile application in
ANDROID Studio.
here are the steps to create your first mobile application in Android Studio:
1. Download and Install Android Studio: Download the latest version of Android
Studio from the official website and install it on your computer.
2. Create a New Project: Open Android Studio and click on "Start a new Android
Studio project" from the welcome screen. Enter the application name, domain,
and project location. Choose the minimum SDK version and target SDK version.
Click on "Next" to proceed.
3. Select a Template: Choose a template for your project, such as "Empty Activity,"
"Basic Activity," or "Fullscreen Activity." Click on "Next" to proceed.
4. Customize the Activity: Customize the activity by adding a name, layout name,
and other details. Click on "Finish" to create the project.
5. Project Structure: Once the project is created, you will see the project structure
on the left-hand side of the screen. This includes the "app" folder, which contains
the "res" folder, where you can add resources like images, layouts, and strings.
You will also see the "manifest" file, which contains important details about your
application, such as permissions, activities, and more.
6. Design the Layout: In the "res" folder, you will see the "layout" folder, which
contains the "activity_main.xml" file. This file is the main layout of your
application. You can drag and drop widgets like buttons, text views, and images
to design your layout.
7. Add Functionality: In the MainActivity.java file, you can add functionality to your
application. For example, you can add code to display a toast message when a
button is clicked, or you can add code to retrieve data from a database.
8. Run the Application: To run the application, click on the "Run" button at the top
of the screen. You can choose to run the application on a virtual device or a
physical device connected to your computer.
9. Debug the Application: If there are any errors in the code, you will see them in
the "Logcat" window at the bottom of the screen. You can use this information to
debug your application and fix any issues.

Q. Write a program / explain steps in Android Studio as to how a calculator can


be made.
Here are the steps to create a simple calculator in Android Studio:
1. Create a new project: Open Android Studio and create a new project with a
suitable name.
2. Design the layout: Open the activity_main.xml file and design the layout of the
calculator. You can use a GridLayout to arrange the buttons in a grid pattern.
Add buttons for numbers, operators, and a "clear" button. Here is a sample code
snippet:
<GridLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:columnCount="4"
android:rowCount="5">

<Button
android:id="@+id/btn_0"
android:text="0"
/>

<Button
android:id="@+id/btn_1"
android:text="1"
/>

<Button
android:id="@+id/btn_2"
android:text="2"
/>

<!-- Add more buttons for the other numbers and operators -->

</GridLayout>

3. Handle button clicks: In the MainActivity.java file, create a method to handle


button clicks. Inside the method, retrieve the button that was clicked and perform
the corresponding operation. For example, if the "+" button is clicked, add the two
numbers and display the result. Here is a sample code snippet:
public void onClick(View v) {
switch (v.getId()) {
case R.id.btn_add:
// Perform addition operation
break;
case R.id.btn_subtract:
// Perform subtraction operation
break;
case R.id.btn_multiply:
// Perform multiplication operation
break;
case R.id.btn_divide:
// Perform division operation
break;
case R.id.btn_clear:
// Clear the calculator display
break;
case R.id.btn_equals:
// Display the result of the calculation
break;
default:
// Handle number button clicks
break;
}
}

4. Display the result: To display the result of the calculation, you can use a
TextView widget. Add a TextView to the layout and update its text when the "="
button is clicked. Here is a sample code snippet:
TextView resultTextView = findViewById(R.id.result_text_view);
// ...
case R.id.btn_equals:
// Display the result of the calculation
String result = calculateResult();
resultTextView.setText(result);
break;
// ...
private String calculateResult() {
// Perform the calculation and return the result as a string
}

5. Run the application: Run the application on a device or emulator to test it. Click
on the buttons to perform the corresponding operations and see the result
displayed on the screen.

Q. Write a program/explain step in Android showing the Login/Password Screen.


Here are the steps to create a simple Login/Password screen in Android Studio:
1. Create a new project: Open Android Studio and create a new project with a
suitable name.
2. Design the layout: Open the activity_main.xml file and design the layout of the
Login/Password screen. You can use a LinearLayout to arrange the widgets
vertically. Add EditText fields for the username and password, and a Button for
the login action. Here is a sample code snippet:
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:gravity="center_horizontal">

<EditText
android:id="@+id/username_edit_text"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Username"
/>

<EditText
android:id="@+id/password_edit_text"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:inputType="textPassword"
android:hint="Password"
/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/login_button"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Login"
/>

</LinearLayout>

3. Handle button click: In the MainActivity.java file, create a method to handle


button click. Inside the method, retrieve the values of the username and
password fields, and perform the login action. You can use an if-else statement
to check if the username and password are correct. Here is a sample code
snippet:
public void onClick(View v) {
if (v.getId() == R.id.login_button) {
String username = ((EditText)
findViewById(R.id.username_edit_text)).getText().toString();
String password = ((EditText)
findViewById(R.id.password_edit_text)).getText().toString();
if (username.equals("admin") && password.equals("password")) {
// Login successful, start the next activity
Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, NextActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);
} else {
// Login failed, display an error message
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Invalid username or password",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
}

4. Run the application: Run the application on a device or emulator to test it. Enter
a username and password and click the "Login" button to see if the login action is
performed correctly.

Q. Write a program/explain in steps how “Tic, Tac, Toe” game in Android is


developed.
here are the steps to create a simple Tic Tac Toe game in Android:
1. Create a new project in Android Studio and name it "TicTacToeGame". Choose
the Empty Activity template.
2. In the project's layout file (activity_main.xml), add a 3x3 grid of buttons using a
GridLayout. Each button represents a cell in the game board.
3. Create a new class named "GameLogic" to handle the game logic. This class will
contain methods to check for a winner, switch players, and handle clicks on the
game board.
4. In the MainActivity class, instantiate an object of the GameLogic class and assign
it to a variable.
5. Use findViewById to get references to each of the buttons in the game board.
6. Set an OnClickListener for each button that calls the corresponding method in
the GameLogic class.
7. In the GameLogic class, add logic to switch players after each move, check for a
winner after each move, and handle the end of the game.
8. When the game ends, display a message indicating the winner or a tie.

here are the steps to develop a "Tic Tac Toe" game in Android Studio:
1. Create a new project: Open Android Studio and create a new project with a
suitable name.
2. Design the layout: Open the activity_main.xml file and design the layout of the
game board. You can use a GridLayout to create a 3x3 grid of buttons. Here is a
sample code snippet:
<GridLayout
android:id="@+id/game_board"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:rowCount="3"
android:columnCount="3">

<Button
android:id="@+id/button_00"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="40sp" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button_01"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="40sp" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button_02"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="40sp" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button_10"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="40sp" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button_11"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="40sp" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button_12"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="40sp" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button_20"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="40sp" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button_21"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="40sp" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button_22"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="40sp"
3. Create the game logic: In the MainActivity.java file, create a method to handle
button click events. Inside the method, check the status of the button and update
it to "X" or "O" based on the turn of the player. Use a two-dimensional array to
represent the game board, and check for a winner after each move. Here is a
sample code snippet:
private static final int EMPTY = 0;
private static final int X = 1;
private static final int O = 2;
private int[][] board = new int[3][3];
private int turn = X;

public void onClick(View v) {


Button button = (Button) v;
int row = GridLayout.spec(Grid.getVirtualChildIndex(button));
int column = GridLayout.spec(Grid.getC.getVirtualChildIndex(button), 1f);

if (board[row][column] == EMPTY) {
board[row][column] = turn;
button.setText(turn == X ? "X" : "O");
if (checkForWinner(turn)) {
Toast.makeText(this, turn == X ? "X wins!" : "O wins!",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
resetGame();
}

Q. Program/steps of developing 2D game.


To create a 2D game in Android Studio, you can follow these general steps:
1. Create a new Android Studio project with an Empty Activity.
2. Choose a game engine or framework to use. Some popular options for 2D game
development in Android include Unity, libGDX, and AndEngine. Each engine has
its own setup and configuration process, so make sure to follow the
documentation or tutorials for your chosen engine.
3. Add game assets, such as graphics, sounds, and music, to your project. You can
create your own assets or find free or paid assets online.
4. Design the game mechanics and logic. This can include creating game objects,
defining game rules, implementing physics, and more. Depending on the game
engine you are using, this step may involve writing code in a specific
programming language, such as Java or C#.
5. Build the user interface. This can include creating menus, adding buttons and
other UI elements, and creating layouts for different screen sizes and
orientations.
6. Test and debug your game. Use emulators or physical devices to test your game
on different Android versions and screen sizes. Use debugging tools to identify
and fix issues.
7. Publish your game to the Google Play Store or other app marketplaces.

Here are some additional tips and best practices for creating 2D games in Android
Studio:
 Use a consistent art style and color palette to create a cohesive look and feel for
your game.
 Optimize your game for performance by minimizing memory usage, using
efficient algorithms, and testing on lower-end devices.
 Implement analytics to track user behavior and game performance, and use this
data to make improvements to your game.
 Consider incorporating social features, such as leaderboards or achievements, to
encourage user engagement and retention.
 Regularly update your game with new content, features, and bug fixes to keep
users engaged and improve your ratings and reviews.

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