CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

TRAINING
PUMP INSTALLATION
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN
REFER TO ANSI/API STNADARD 610, 10th EDITION - 2004
PUMP TYPE ORIENTATION TYPE CODE
FOOT MOUNTED OH-1
HORIZONTAL CENTERLINE –
OH-2
OVERHUNG

FLEXIBLE COUPLED MOUNTED

VERTICAL IN-LINE WITH
OH-3
BEARING BRACKET
REGIDLY COUPLED VERTICAL IN-LINE OH-4
VERTICAL IN-LINE OH-5
CENTRIFUGLA PUMPS

CLOSE COUPLED HI-SPEED INTEGRALLY

OH-6
GEARED
AXIALLY SPLIT BB-1
BEARINGS
BETWEEN

1- AND 2- STAGE
RADIALLY SPLIT BB-2
AXIALLY SPLIT BB-3
MULTISTAGE SINGLE CASING BB-4
RADIALLY SPLIT
DOUBLE CASING BB-5
DIFFUSER VS-1
DISCHARGE THROUGH
SUSPENDED
VERTICALLY

VOLUTE VS-2
COLUMN
SINGLE CASING AXIAL FLOW VS-3
LINE SHAFT VS-4
SEPARATE DISCHARGE
CANTILEVER VS-5
DIFFUSER VS-6
DOUBLE CASING
VOLUTE VS-7
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, OVERHUNG DESIGN

FLEXIBLE COUPLED
HORIZONTAL, FOOT MOUNTED
TYPE CODE = OH-1 MENU
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, OVERHUNG DESIGN

FLEXIBLE COUPLED
HORIZONTAL, CENTERLINE MOUNTED
TYPE CODE = OH-2 MENU
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

OH-2
 CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP,
OVERHUNG DESIGN
VERTICAL IN-LINE WITH
BEARING BRACKET
TYPE CODE = OH-3

MENU
 CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

OH-3
 CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP,
OVERHUNG DESIGN
RIGIDLY COUPLED,
VERTICAL IN-LINE
TYPE CODE = OH-4 MENU
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, OVERHUNG DESIGN

CLOSE COUPLED, VERTICAL IN-LINE
TYPE CODE = OH-5 MENU
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, OVERHUNG DESIGN

CLOSE COUPLED, HI-SPEED INTEGRALLY GEARED
TYPE CODE = OH-6 MENU
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

OH-6
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, BETWEEN BEARING DESIGN,

SINGLE STAGE, AXIAL SPLIT CASE
TYPE CODE = BB-1 MENU
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

BB-1
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

BB-1
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP,
BETWEEN BEARING DESIGN,
1- AND 2-STAGES,
RADIAL SPLIT CASE
TYPE CODE = BB-2

MENU
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, BETWEEN BEARING DESIGN,

MULTISTAGES, AXIAL SPLIT CASE
TYPE CODE = BB-3 MENU
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, BETWEEN BEARING DESIGN,

MULTISTAGES, AXIAL SPLIT CASE
TYPE CODE = BB-3
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, BETWEEN BEARING DESIGN,

MULTISTAGES, AXIAL SPLIT CASE
TYPE CODE = BB-3
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, BETWEEN BEARING DESIGN,

MULTISTAGES, RADIAL SPLIT CASE, SINGLE CASING
TYPE CODE = BB-4 MENU
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

BB-4
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, BETWEEN BEARING DESIGN,

MULTISTAGES, RADIAL SPLIT CASE, DOUBLE CASING
TYPE CODE = BB-5 MENU
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

VIDEO CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, BETWEEN BEARING DESIGN,

ANIMATION
MULTISTAGES, RADIAL SPLIT CASE, DOUBLE CASING
TYPE CODE = BB-5
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, BETWEEN BEARING DESIGN,
MULTISTAGES, RADIAL SPLIT CASE, DOUBLE CASING
TYPE CODE = BB-5
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, BETWEEN BEARING DESIGN,

MULTISTAGES, RADIAL SPLIT CASE, DOUBLE CASING
TYPE CODE = BB-5
 CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, VERTICAL

SUSPENDED,
SINGLE CASING, DISCHARGE
THROUGH COLUMN, DIFFUSER
TYPE
TYPE CODE = VS-1

MENU
 CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP,
VERTICAL SUSPENDED,
SINGLE CASING,
DISCHARGE THROUGH
COLUMN,
VOLUTE TYPE
TYPE CODE = VS-2

MENU
 CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP,
VERTICAL SUSPENDED,
SINGLE CASING,
DISCHARGE THROUGH COLUMN,
AXIAL FLOW TYPE
TYPE CODE = VS-3

MENU
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP,
VERTICAL SUSPENDED,
SINGLE CASING,
SEPARATE DISCHARGE,
LINE SHAFT TYPE
TYPE CODE = VS-4

MENU
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP,
VERTICAL SUSPENDED,
SINGLE CASING,
SEPARATE DISCHARGE,
CANTILEVER TYPE
TYPE CODE = VS-5

MENU
 CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP,
VERTICAL SUSPENDED,
DOUBLE CASING,
DIFFUSER TYPE,
TYPE CODE = VS-6

MENU
 CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
CLASIFICATIOIN
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP,
VERTICAL SUSPENDED,
DOUBLE CASING, VOLUTE
TYPE,
TYPE CODE = VS-7

MENU
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
INSTALLATION
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
INSTALLATION
PUMP MAINTENANCE

40
Definition of Maintenance
 Maintenance Pump is function which has an objective :
◦ To optimize the overall Pump effectiveness and perform
required to ensure availability.
◦ Minimize maintenance cost or cost avoidance.
◦ Under respect of the necessary conditions for Production

Maintenance Improvement
 TPM (Total Productive Maintenance)
◦ Autonomy of operator for maintenance task
◦ Improving equipment utilization
◦ Better relation between Maintenance - Production
 RCM (Reliability Centered Maintenance)
◦ Maintenance model base on reliability equipment
◦ Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA)
◦ Maximize of technician experiences
 Asset Care and Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
◦ Systematic approach for reducing the total maintenance
cost of equipment during the whole life time of
equipment. (Start from purchase until retirement) 41
 Maintenance Process
CRITICALITY ANALYSIS Equipment Selection
For Further Analysis
Mid Range -
Non-Critical High -Critical
Critical
Maintenance / Rapid RCM or FMEA
FMEA
Spare Decision Maintenance
Detail
Process Asset

Maintenance Type
MAINTENANCE Maintenance Decision Process Selection
SUMMARY
SHEET
Identify Maintenance Task, Maintenance Task
Frequency, Resources & Spares Definition

Maintenance Summary Sheet Maintenance Task

& Frequency
PM Schedule Generation & Analysis Summary Sheet5

Analysis Using
IMPLEMENTATION RCM 42
 Maintenance Process
Preparation
Maintenance
Execution

Entry of Malfunction
Equipment
Completion

Malfunction

Preventive Maintenance Plans Analysis

43
 Maintenance
Implementation
 Design review
 Centrifugal Pump (ANSI/API/DIN/ISO)
 Driver
 Electric Motor – (NEMA, IEC)
 Engine

 Power Supplies
 Available indicator power supply on the panel (light on controller)
 Phase reversal (or normal phase rotation)
 Both sources of power
 Loss of phase

44
 Maintenance
Implementation
 Design review
 Fuel Supply & Arrangement for Diesel Engine driven
 Fuel tank capacity shall equal 1 gal/hp plus 5% for expansion and 5% for
sump.
 Fuel tank shall be located above ground, never buried.
 Fuel piping for connection at the Engine shall be flexible hose listed for
this application.
 Engine cooling must be part of the Engine assembly can be either a heat
exchanger or radiator.
 Heat exchanger water supply shall be taken from the pump discharge.
 Controllers & Instrumentation
 Low oil pressure
 High Engine coolant temperature
 Failure to start
 Over speed shut down
 Battery failure
 Battery charger failure
 Low air pressure (for air starter Engine)
 Low hydraulic pressure (for hydraulic starter Engine)
45
 Maintenance
 DesignImplementation
 Pipe & Fittings
 Valve (Control valve & Relief Valve)
 Automatically air relief valve must be installed for all automatically
controlled fire pump to release air from the pump
 Jockey Pump (Pressure maintenance pump)
 Maintain constant line pressure
 Prevent frequent operation of fire pump in non-emergency situation
 Check capacity and pressure
 Check setting pressure (start at 5-10 psi above start pressure of fire
pump)
 Listed pump is not required
 Check or re-calibrated of pressure switch setting (when necessary)
 Gauge
 Battery Starting
 Two battery units must be provided
 Starting must be alternated between battery
 Attempt to start – 6 crank period of 15 second each with 5 rest period of
15 second each 46
 Maintenance
Implementation
 Perform maintenance activity
Item Activity Frequency

Pump house, heating ventilating louvers Inspection Weekly

Fire pump system Inspection weekly
Pump Operation
- Flow condition Test Weekly
Hydraulic system Maintenance Annually
Mechanical Transmission Maintenance Annually
Electrical System Maintenance Annually
Controller and various component Maintenance Annually
Motor Maintenance Annually
Diesel Engine system and various component Maintenance Annually

47
 Maintenance
Implementation
 Perform maintenance activity
Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny

A Pump System

1. Lubricated Pump Bearing X Annually

2. Check Pump Shaft End-play X Annually

3. Check accuracy of pressure gauge and X X Annually (Change or

sensors recalibrated when 5% out of
calibration
4. Check pump coupling X Annually

5. Wet pit suction screen X X After each pump operation.

B Mechanical Transmission

1. Lubricating coupling X Annually

2. Lubricant Right-Angle Gear Drive X Annually

48
 Maintenance
Implementation
 Perform maintenance activity
Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny

C Electrical System

1. Check isolation switch and circuit breaker. X Monthly

2. Trip circuit breaker (if mechanism provided) X Annually

3. Operate manual starting means (electrical) X Semiannually

4. Inspect and operate emergency manual X X Annually
starting means (without power)

5. Tighten electrical connection as necessary. X Annually

6. Lubricate mechanical moving parts X Annually
(excluding starter and relays)

7. Calibrated pressure switch setting X Annually

8. Greasing motor bearings X Annually

49
 Maintenance
Implementation
 Perform maintenance activity
Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System

1 Fuel Tank

a. Tank level X X Monthly

b. Tank float switch X X Annually

c. Solenoid valve operation X X Semiannually

d. Strainer, filter or dirt leg or X Annually

combination thereof.

e. Water and foreign material in tank X Annually

f. Water in system X X Annually

g. Flexible hose and connector X Annually

h. Tank vents and overflow piping X X Annually

unobstructed

i. Piping X Annually

50
 Maintenance
Implementation
 Perform maintenance activity
Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny

D Diesel Engine System

2 Lubrication System

a. Oil level X X Weekly

b. Oil change X 50 hours or annually

c. Oil Filter X 50 hours or annually

d. Lube oil heater X Weekly

e. Crankcase breather X X X Quarterly

51
 Maintenance
Implementation
 Perform maintenance activity
Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny

D Diesel Engine System

3 Cooling System

a). Level X X Weekly

b). Antifreeze protection level X Semiannually

c). Antifreeze X Annually

d). Adequate cooling water to heat X Weekly

exchanger.

e). Rod out heat exchanger X Annually

f). Water pump X X Weekly

g). Condition of flexible hose & connection X X Weekly

h). Jacket water heater X Weekly

i). Inspect duck work, clean louvers X X X Annually

(combustion air)

j). Water strainer X Quarterly

52
 Maintenance
Implementation
 Perform maintenance activity
Chec
Item Complete as Applicable Visual Change Clean Test Frequecny
k
D Diesel Engine System

4. Exhaust System
a). Leakage X X Weekly
b). Drain condensate trap X Weekly
c). Insulation and fire hazard X Quarterly
d). Excessive back pressure X Annually
e). Exhaust system hungers and support X Annually
f). Flexible exhaust section X Semiannually

53
 Maintenance
Implementation
 Perform maintenance activity
Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny

D Diesel Engine System

5 Battery System
a). Electrolyte level X Weekly
b). Terminal clean and tight X X Quarterly
c). Remove corrosion, case exterior clean X X X Monthly
and dry
d). Specific gravity or state of charge X Monthly
e). Charger and change rate X Monthly
f). Equalize charge X Monthly

54
 Maintenance

Implementation
Perform maintenance activity
Chang
Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Clean Test Frequecny
e
D Diesel Engine System
6 Electrical System
a). General inspection X Weekly
b). Tighten control and power wiring X Annually
connection
c). Wire chafing where object to X X Quarterly
movement.
d). Operation of safeties and alarm X X Semiannually
e). Boxes, panel and cabinets X Semiannually
f). Circuit breaker and fuses X X Monthly
g). Circuit breaker and fuses X Biennially

55
Consequences of Bearing Failure
• Lost production

• Increased vibration effects equipment performance

• Shortened seal life

• High heat generation (risk of fire)

• Coupling failure due to high vibration

• High maintenance costs

Centrifugal PUMP
TROUBLESHOOTING
 Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
LITTLE OR NO DISCHARGE FLOW
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
1. PUMP NOT PRIMED
2. SPEED TOO LOW
3. SYSTEM HEAD TOO HIGH
4. SUCTION LIFT HIGHER THAN THAT FOR WHICH
PUMP IS DESIGNED.
5. IMPELLER COMPLETELY PLUGGER
6. IMPELLER INSTALLED BACKWARD
7. WRONG DIRECTION OF ROTATION
8. AIR LEAK THROUGH STUFFING BOX
9. WELL DRAW-DOWN BELOW MINIMUM
SUBMERGENCE
10. PUMP DAMAGE DURING INSTALLATION
11. BROKEN LINE SHAFT OR COUPLING
12. IMPELLER LOOSE ON SHAFT
13. CLOSED SUCTION OR DISCHARGE VALE
 Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
INSUFFICIENT DISCHARGE FLOW OR PRESSURE
POSSIBLE CAUSE :

1. AIR LEAKS IN SUCTION AND STUFFING BOXES

2. SPEED TOO LOW
3. SYSTEM HEAD HIGHER THAN ANTICIPATED
4. INSUFFICIENT NPSHA
5. FOOT VALVE TOO SMALL
6. WEAR RING WORN
7. IMPELLER DAMAGE
8. IMPELLER(S) LOOSE ON SHAFT
9. VORTEX AT SUCTION SUPPLY
10. SUCTION OR DISCHARGE VALVE PARTIALLY CLOSED
11. IMPELLER INBSTALLED BACKWARDS
12. WRONG DIRECTION ROTATION
 Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
LOSS OF SUCTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE :

1. LEAKY SUCTION LINE

2. WATER LINE TO SEAL PLUGGED
3. SUCTION LIFT TOO HIGH OR INSUFFICIENT NPSHA
4. AIR OR GAS IN LIQUID
5. SUCTION FLANGE GASKET DEFECTIVE
6. CLOGGED STRAINER
7. EXCESSIVE WELL DRAW-DOWN
Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
EXCESSIVE POWER CONSUMPTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
1. SPEED TO HIGH
2. SYSTEM HEAD LOWER THAN RATING, PUMPS TOO MUCH
LIQUID (RADIAL & MIXED FLOW PUMPS)
3. SYSTEM HEAD HIGHER THAN RATING, PUMP TOO LITTLE
LIQUID (AXIAL FLOW PUMPS)
4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OR VISCOSITY OF LIQUID PUMPED IS
TOO HIGH
5. SHAFT BENT
6. ROTATING ELEMENT BINDS
7. STUFFING BOXES TOO TIGHT
8. WEARING RING WORN
9. UNDERSIZE MOTOR CABLE
10. INCORRECT LUBRICATION
11. MECHANICAL SEAL POWER CONSUMPTION
12. PUMP AND MOTOR OPERATING IN REVERSE DIRECTION
13. IMPELLER MOUNTED ON SHAFT WITH INVERTED
ORIENTATION.
Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
PUMP VIBRATION
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
1. MISALIGNMENT SHAFT
2. UNBALANCE ROTOR ELEMENT
1. IMPELLER ERRODED
2. SHAFT RUBBING
3. BEARING FAILURE
3. RESONANCE
4. PUMP CAVITATION
5. JOURNAL BEARING CLEARANCE OVERSIZE
6. SHAFT WORN-OUT
7. ROTATING ELEMENT CRITICAL SPEED
8. PUMP RUNNING LESS THAN MINIMUM CONTINUOUS
FLOW.
9. PUMP TOO MUCH FLOW
 VIBRATION LIMITS FOR OVERHUNG AND BETWEEN BEARING PUMP
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
LOCATION OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

BEARING HOUSING PUMP SHAFT

CRITERIA PUMP BEARING TYPE

ALL HYDRODINAMIC JOURNAL BEARING

VIBRATION AT ANY FLOWRATE WITHIN THE PUMP’S PREFERRED OPERATING REGION

FOR PUMP RUNNING AT UP TO 3600 r/min

AND ABSORBING UP TO 300kW (400hp) PER
Au < (5,2 x 106 / n)0.5 µm PEAK TO PEAK
STAGE :
{(8000 /n)0.5 mils PEAK TO PEAK}
Vu <3,0 mm/s RMS
OVERALL (0,12 in/s RMS)
NOTE TO EXCEED:
Au < 50 µm PEAK TO PEAK
FOP PUMP RUNNING ABOVE 3600 r/min OR
(2,0 mils PEAK TO PEAK)
ABSORBING MORE THAN 300 Kw (400hp)
PER STAGE

DISCRETE FREQUENCIES Vf < 0,67 vu FOR f < n : Af < 0,33 Au

ALLOWABLE ICREASE IN VIBRATION AT

FLOWS OUTSIDE THE PREFERRED
OPERATING REGION BUT WITHIN THE 30 % 30 %
ALLOWABLE OPERATING REGION

POWER CALCULATED FOR BEP OF RATED IMPELLER WITH LIQUID RELATIVE DENSITY (SPECIFIC GARVITY) = 1.0
WHERE :
Vu = IS UNFILTERED VELOCITY, AS ,MEASURED
Vf = IS FILTERED VELOCITY
Au = IS THE AMPLITUDE OF UNFILTERED DISPLACEMENT, AS MEASURED
Af = IS AMPLITUDE OF FILTERED DISPLACEMENT
Ƒ = IS THE FREQUANCY
N = IS THE ROTAIONAL SPEED, EXPRESSED IN REVOLUTION PER MINUTE
VIBRATION VELOCITY AND AMPLITUDE VALUES CALCULATED FROM THE BASIC LIMITS SHALL BE ROUNDED OFF TO TWO SIGNIFICANT
FIGURE.
 VIBRATION LIMITS FOR VERTICAL SUSPENDED PUMP
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
LOCATION OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

PUMP THRUST BEARING HOUSING OR

PUMP SHAFT (ADJACENT TO BEARING)
MOTOR MOUNTING FLANGE

CRITERIA PUMP BEARING TYPE

HYDRODINAMIC GUIDE BEARING

ALL ADJACENT TO ACCESSIBLE REGION OF
SHAFT

VIBRATION AT ANY FLOWRATE WITHIN THE PUMP’S PREFERRED OPERATING REGION

Au < (6,2 x 106 / n)0.5 µm PEAK TO PEAK

{(10000 /n)0.5 mils PEAK TO PEAK}
Vu <3,0 mm/s RMS
OVERALL (0,12 in/s RMS)
NOTE TO EXCEED:
Au < 100 µm PEAK TO PEAK
(4,0 mils PEAK TO PEAK)

DISCRETE FREQUENCIES Vf < 0,67 vu Af < 0,75 Au

ALLOWABLE ICREASE IN VIBRATION AT

FLOWS OUTSIDE THE PREFERRED
OPERATING REGION BUT WITHIN THE 30 % 30 %
ALLOWABLE OPERATING REGION

VIBRATION VELOCITY AND AMPLITUDE VALUES CALCULATED FROM THE BASIC LIMITS SHALL BE ROUNDED OFF TO TWO SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES
WHERE :
Vu = IS UNFILTERED VELOCITY, AS ,MEASURED
Vf = IS FILTERED VELOCITY
Au = IS THE AMPLITUDE OF UNFILTERED DISPLACEMENT, AS MEASURED
Af = IS AMPLITUDE OF FILTERED DISPLACEMENT
N = IS THE ROTAIONAL SPEED, EXPRESSED IN REVOLUTION PER MINUTE
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD AVAILABLE (NPSHa)

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD AVAILABLE (NPSHa) IS THE TOTAL SUCTION HEAD OF
LIQUID ABSOLUTE DETERMINED AT THE FIRST STAGE IMPELLER DATUM, LESS THE
ABSOLUTE VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID IN HEAD OF LIQUID PUMPED:

NPSHa = h sa - h vp

WHERE :
h sa = TOTAL SUCTION HEAD ABOSUTE
= h atm + h s

OR :
NPSHa = h atm + h s - h vp

OR :
(METRIC) NPSHa = ( (Patm – Pvp) / 9.8 s )+
hs

(US UNITS) NPSAa = ( 2.31/s (Patm – Pv) ) +

hs
 Atm. Press
NPSH ( A ) Calculation

NPSH (A) = [ Z (m) + Atm Press. ] – [Line Losses+ Vapor Press]

= [14 + ( 1.03 x 10/0.8 ) ] –
S.G.= 0.8
[ 5 + 0.3 x 10 / 0.8 ) ]
= ?????

14m Total Line Losses = 5m

Vapor Press = 0.3 kg/cm2

CAVITATION PROBLEM
CAVITATION PROBLEM
CAVITATION PROBLEM
HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER
THE POWER IMPARTED TO THE LIQUID :

Where :
METRIC (Kw) H hp = Q x H x Sp.Gr
Q = Capacity (M3/Hr)
366 H = Head (Meter)

Where :
H hp = Q x H x Sp.Gr
US Unit (HP) Q = Capacity (GPM)
3960 H = Head (FEET)

PUMP EFFICIENCY
THE RATIO OF THE PUMP OUTPUT POWER (Pw) TO THE PUMP INPUT POWER (Pp); THAT IS THE
RATIO OF THE HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER TO THE BRAKE HORSEPOWER EXPRESSED AS A
PERCENT :

Ƞp = Hydraulic Horsepower x 100%

Brake Horsepoer
MOTOR HORSEPOWER
THE POWER MEASURED BASE ON MOTOR’s AMPERE AND VOLTAGE WHEN THE PUMP RUNNING :

Motor (kW) = Volt x Ampere x 1.73 x Cos Ф / 1000

Motor (HP) = Volt x Ampere x 1.73 x Cos Ф x 1.341 / 1000

PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE
(EXAMPLE)
PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE
(EXAMPLE)
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PERFORMANCE TOLERANCE
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004

Condition Rated Point (%) Shutoff(%)

Rated Differential Head :

-2 +10
- 0 m to 150 m (0 Ft to 500 Ft)
+5 -10 a
-2 +8
- 151 m to 300 m (501 Ft to 1000 Ft)
+3 -8 a
-2 +5
- > 300 m (1000 Ft)
+2 -5 a

Rated Power +4 b -

Rated NPSH 0 -

Note : Efficiency is not rating value

a. If a rising head flow curve is specified (see 5.1.13) the negative tolerance specified here
shall be allowed only if the test curve still shows a rising characteristic.
b. Under any combination of the above (cumulative tolerances are not acceptable)
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE
FOR FIREWATER PUMP APPLICATION
Refer to Standard NFPA-20, 2007 Edition
WEAR RING AND RUNNING CLEARANCE

RADIAL RUNNING CLEARANCE SHALL BE USED TO LIMIT INTERNAL LEAKAGE

AND, WHERE NECESSARY , BALANCE AXIAL THRUST.

RUNNING CLEARANCE SHALL MEET THE

REQUIREMENT :
• CONSIDERATION SHALL BE GIVEN TO PUMPING
TEMPERATURE, SUCTION CONDITION, THE LIQUID
PROPERTIES, THERMAL EXPANSION AND GALLING
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE MATERIALS AND PUMP
EFFICIENCY.
• FOR CAST IRON, BRONZE, HARDENED MARTENSITIC
STAINLESS STEEL AND MATERIAL WITH SIMILARLY
LOW GALLING TENDENCIES, THE MINIMUM
CLEARANCE GIVEN IN THE TABLE.
• FOR MATERIALS WITH HIGHER GALLING
TENDENCIES AND FOR ALL MATERIALS OPERATING
AT TEMPERATURE ABOVE 260OC (500 OF), 125 µm
(0.005 Inch) SHALL BE ADDED TO THESE DIAMETRAL
CLEARANCE.
• FOR NON-METALLIC WEAR RING MATERIALS WITH
VERY LOW OR NO GALLING TENDENCIES
CLEARANCES LESS THAN THOSE GIVEN IN TABLE.
WEAR RING CLEARANCE

BB-1
WEAR RING CLEARANCE
 WEAR RING CLEARANCE
VERTICAL TURBINE PUMP SECTIONAL DRAWING
 WEAR RING & MINIMUM RUNNING CLEARANCE
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
Diameter of rotating Diameter of rotating
Minimum diametral Minimum diametral
members at clearance members at clearance
clearance (mm) clearance (inch)
(mm) (inch)

<50 0.25 < 2.00 0.010

50 to 64.99 0.28 2.000 to 2.499 0.011

65 to 79.99 0.30 2.500 to 2.999 0.012

80 to 89.99 0.33 3.000 to 3.499 0.013

90 to 99.99 0.35 3.500 to 3.999 0.014

100 to 114.99 0.38 4.000 to 4.499 0.015

115 to 124.99 0.40 4.500 to 4.999 0.016

125 to 149.99 0.43 5.000 to 5.999 0.017

150 to 174.99 0.45 6.000 to 6.999 0.018

175 to 199.99 0.48 7.000 to 7.999 0.019

200 to 224.99 0.50 8.000 to 8.999 0.020

225 to 249.99 0.53 9.000 to 9.999 0.021

250 to 274.99 0.55 10.000 to 10.999 0.022

275 to 299.99 0.58 11.000 to 11.999 0.023

 WEAR RING & MINIMUM RUNNING CLEARANCE
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
Diameter of rotating Diameter of rotating
Minimum diametral Minimum diametral
members at clearance members at clearance
clearance (mm) clearance (inch)
(mm) (inch)

300 to 324.99 0.60 12.000 to 12.999 0.024

325 to 349.99 0.63 13.000 to 13.999 0.025

350 to 374.99 0.65 14.000 to 14.999 0.026

375 to 399.99 0.68 15.000 to 15.999 0.027

400 to 424.99 0.70 16.000 to 16.999 0.028

425 to 449.99 0.73 17.000 to 17.999 0.029

450 to 474.99 0.75 18.000 to 18.999 0.030

475 to 499.99 0.78 19.000 to 19.999 0.031

500 to 524.99 0.80 20.000 to 20.999 0.032

525 to 549.99 0.83 21.000 to 21.999 0.033

550 to 574.99 0.85 22.000 to 22.999 0.034

575 to 599.99 0.88 23.000 to 23.999 0.035

600 to 624.99 0.90 24.000 to 24.999 0.036

625 to 649.99 0.95 25.000 to 25.999 0.037

Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
PUMP TYPE :
- Vertical Suspended
Pump

PROBLEM :
- Pump jammed

POSSIBLE CAUSE :
-Shaft misalignment
-Bearing clearance
oversize
-Shaft bend during install
Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
PUMP TYPE :
- Vertical Suspended
Pump
EQUIPMENT :
- Firewater Pump

PROBLEM :
-Insufficient Capacity
-Insufficient Pressure
FACT FINDING :
-Casing too much
scalling
-Case wear ring
oversize
Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
PUMP TYPE :
- Vertical Suspended
Pump

EQUIPMENT :
- Seawater Lift Pump
PROBLEM :
-Insufficient Capacity
-Insufficient Pressure
-Vibration during
running
FACT FINDING :
- Impeller wear ring clearance
oversize
- Impeller wear ring corroded
CAUSED OF FAILURES OF ANSI PUMPS USED IN
THE CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRY

80%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% 10%
10%
0%
Shaft seals Bearings Other
INTRODUCTION TO
FLUID MECHANIC
 1. INTRODUCTION
 CONCEPT OF FLUID
 VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW &
CONTINUITY EQUATION
 CONCEPT OF FLUID
A FLUID IS A SUBSTANCE IN WHICH THE CONSTITUENT MOLECULES ARE FREE TO MOVE
RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER.

CONVERSELY, IN A SOLID, THE RELATIVE POSITION OF MOLECULES REMAIN ESSENTIALLY

FIXED UNDER NON-DESCTRUCTIVE CONDITION OF TEMEPARTURE AND PRESSURE. WHILE
THESE DEFINITIONS CLASSIFY MATTER INTO FLUIDS AND SOLIDS, THE FLUID SUB-DIVIDE
FURTHER INTO LIQUID AND GASES.

MOLECULES OF ANY SUBSTANCE EXHIBIT AT LEAST TWO TYPES OF FORCES; AN ATTRACTIVE

FORCE THAT DIMINISHES WITH THE SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN MOLECULES, AND A
FORCE OF REPULSION THAT BECOMES STRONG WHEN MOLECULES COME VERY CLOSE
TOGETHER.

IN SOLIDS, THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION IS SO DOMINANT THAT THE MOELCULES REMAIN

ESSENTIALLY FIXED IN POSITION WHILE THE RESISTING FORCE OF REPULSION PREVENTS
THEM FROM COLLAPSING INTO EACH OTHER. HOWEVER, IF HEAT IS SUPPLIED TO THE SOLID,
THE ENERGY IS ABSORBED INTERNALLY CAUSING THE MOLECULES TO VIBRATE WITH
INCREASING AMPLITUDE. IF THAT VIBRATION BECOMES SUFFICIENTLY VIOLENT, THEN THE
BONDS OF ATTACHTION WILL BE BROKEN.

MOLECULES WILL THEN BE FREE TO MOVE IN RELATION TO EACH OTHER – THE SOLID MELTS
TO BECOME A LIQUID.
 VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW &
CONTINUITY EQUATION

MOST MEASUREMENT OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPING SYSTEM ARE BASED ON THE VOLUME OF FLUID (M3)
THAT PASSES THROUGH A GIVEN CROSS SECTION OF PIPE OR FLUID WAY IN UNIT TIME (1 SECOND).
THE UNITS OF VOLUME FLOW, Q, ARE, THEREFORE, M3/S. HOWEVER, FOR ACCURATE ANALYSES
WHEN DENSITY VARIATIONS ARE TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT, IT IS PREFERABLE TO WORK IN TERMS
OF MASS FLOW – THAT IS, THE MASS OF AIR (Kg) PASSING THROUGH THE CROSS SECTION IN 1
SECOND. THE UNITS OF MASS FLOW, M, ARE THEN Kg/S

IN ANY CONTINUOUS PIPE OR FLUID WAY, THE MASS FLOW PASSING THROUGH ALL CROSS
SECTIONS ALONG ITS LENGTH ARE EQUAL, PROVIDED THAT THE SYSTEM IS AT STEADY STATE
AND THERE ARE NO INFLOWS OR OUTFLOWS OF FLUID BETWEEN THE TWO ENDS. IF THESE
CONDITIONS ARE MET THEN,
 VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW &
CONTINUITY EQUATION

THIS IS THE SIMPLEST FORM OF THE CONTINUITY EQUATION. A COMMON METHOD OF MEASURING
VOLUME FLOW IS TO DETERMINETHE MEAN VELOCITY OF AIR, u, OVER A GIVEN CROSS SECTION,THEN
MULTIPLY BY THE AREA OF THAT CROSS-SECTION, A.

THEN THE CONTINUITY EQUATION BECOMES :

AS INDICATED IN THE PRECEDING SUBSECTION, WE CAN ACHIEVE ACCEPATBLE ACCURACY IN

MOST SITUATIONS WITHIN VENTILATION SYSTEMS BY ASSUMING A CONSTANT DENSITY. THE
CONTINUITY EQUATION THE SIMPLIFIES BACK TO
 2. FLUID PRESSURE
 THE CAUSE OF FLUID PRESSURE
 PRESSURE HEAD
 HEAD
 GAUGE HEAD
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
 THE CAUSE OF FLUID PRESSURE
WHEN A MOLECULE REBOUNDS FROM ANY CONFINING BOUNDARY, A FORCE EQUAL TO THE
RATE OF CHANGE OF MOMENTUM OF THAT MOLECULE IS EXERTED UPON THE BOUNDARY. IF
THE AREA OF THE SOLID/FLUID BOUNDARY IS LARGE COMPARED TO THE AVERAGE DISTANCE
BETWEEN MOLECULAR COLLISIONS THEN THE STATISCAL EFFECT WILL BE TO GIVE A UNIFORM
FORCE DISTRIBUTED OVER THAT BOUNDARY. THIS IS THE CASE IN MOST SITUATION OF
IMPORTANCE IN SUBSURFACE VENTILATION ENGINEERING.

TWO FURTHER CONSEQUENCES ARISE FROM THE BOMBARDMENT OF A VERY LARGE NUMBER
OF MOLECULES ON A SURFACE, EACH MOLECULE BEHAVING ESSENTIALLY AS A PERFECTLY
ELASTIC SPERE. FIRS, THE FORCE EXERTED BY A STATIC FLUID WILL ALWAYS BE NORMAL TO
THE SURFACE. SECONDLY, AT ANY POINT WITHIN A STATIC FLUID, THE PRESSURE IS THE SAME IN
ALL DIRECTIONS.

THE QUANTITATIVE DEFINITION OF PRESSURE, P, IS CLEARLY AND SIMPLE

 PRESSURE HEAD
ρ IS POURED INTO A VERTICAL TUBE OF CROSS SECTIONAL AREA, A,
IF A LIQUID OF DENSITY,
UNTIL THE LEVEL REACHES A HEIGHT, h, THE VOLUME OF LIQUID IS

THEN FROM THE DEFINISTION OF DENSITY (MASS/VOLUME), THE MASS OF THE LIQUID IS :
MASS = VOLUME X DENSITY

THE WEIGHT OF THE LIQUID WILL EXERT A FORCE, F, ON THE BASE OF TUBE EQUAL TO MASS X
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g).

BUT AS A PRESSURE = FORCE / AREA, THE PRESSURE ON THE BASE OF THE TUBE IS
HEAD (h)
HEAD IS EXPRESSED OF THE ENERGY CONTENT OF THE LIQUID REFERRED TO ANY ARBITRARY
DATUM. IT IS EXPRESSED IN UNITS OF ENERGY PER UNIT WEIGHT OF LIQUID. THE MEASURING
UNIT FOR HEAD IS METERS (FEET) OF LIQUID.

GAUGE HEAD (hg)

THE ENERGY OF THE LIQUID DUE TO ITS PRESSURE ABOVE ATMOSPHERIC AS DTERMINED BY A
PRESSURE GAUGE OR OTHER PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE.

METRIC hg = Pressure Gauge (Kg/cm2)

(Meter) (Gravity x Specific Gravity of the Liquid)

US unitsn hg = (Pressure Gauge (PSI) x 2.31)

(Feet) Specific Gravity of the Liquid)
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
THE BLANKET OF AIR THAT SHROUDS THE EARTH EXTENDS TO APPROXIMATELY 40Km ABOVE
THE SURFACE. AT THAT HEIGHT, ITS PRESSURE AND DENSITY TEND TOWARDS ZERO. AS WE
DESCEND TOWARDS THE EARTH, THE NUMBER OF MOLECULES PER UNIT VOLUME INCREASES,
COMPRESSED BY THE WEIGHT OF THE AIR ABOVE. HENCE, THE PRESSURE OF THE
ATMOSPHERE ALSO INCREASES. HOWEVER, THE PRESSURE AT ANY POINT IN THE LOWER
ATMOSPHERE IS INFLUENCED NOT ONLY BY THE COLUMN OF AIR ABOVE IT BUT ALSO BT THE
ACTION OF CONVECTION, WIND CURRENTS AND VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND WATER
VAPOUR CONTENT.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE NEAR THE SURFACE, THEREFORE,VARIES WITH BOTH PLACE AND
TIME. AT THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC PRESURE IS OF THE ORDER OF 100,000
Pa. FOR PRATICAL REFERENCE THIS IS OFTEN TRANSLATED INTO 100kPa ALTHOUGH THE BASIC
SI UNITS SHOULD ALWAYS BE USED IN CALCULATIONS. OLDER UNITS USED IN METEOROLOGY
FOR ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ARE THE BAR (105Pa) AND THE MILIBAR (100 Pa)

FOR COMPARATIVE PURPOSE, REFERENCE IS OFTEN MADE TO STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC

PRESSURE. THIS IS THE PRESSURE THAT WILL SUPPORT A 0.790M COLUMN OF MERCURY
HAVING A DENSITY OF 13.5951 X 103 (Kg/m3) IN A STANDARD EARTH GRAVITATION FIELD OF 9.8066
(m/s2)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
FOR MANY PURPOSES, IT IS NECESSARY TO MEASURE DIFFERENCES IN ORESSURE. ONE
COMMON EXAMPLE IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PRESSURE WITHIN A SYSTEM SUCH AS
A DUCT AND THE EXTERIOR ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE. THIS IS REFERRED TO AS GAUGE
PRESSURE..

IF THE PRESSURE WITHIN THE SYSTEM IS BELOW THAT THE LOCAL AMBIENT ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE, THEN THE NEGATIVE GAUGE PRESSURE IS OFTEN TERMED THE SUCTION
PRESSURE OR VACUUM AND THE SIGN IGNORED.

THE ABSOLUTE PRESSURE IS ALWAYS POSITIVE. ALTHOUGH MANY QUOTED MEASUREMENTS

ARE PRESSURE DIFFERENCES, IT IS THE ABOSOLUTE PRESSURE THAT ARE USED IN
THERMODYNAMIC CALCULATIONS. WE MUST NOT FORGET TO CONVERT WHEN NECESSARY.
 3. FLUIDS IN MOTION
BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
 BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID

AS A FLUID STREAM PASSES THROUGH A PIPE, THERE WILL BE CHANGE IS ITS VELOCITY, ELEVATION
AND PRESSURE. WE WILL CONSIDER THAT THE FLUID IS IDEAL; THAT IS, IT HAS NO VISCOSITY AND
PROCEEDS ALONG THE PIPE WITH NO SHEAR FORCES AND NO FRICTIONAL LOSSES. AND WILL IGNORE
ANY THERMAL EFFECTS AND CONSIDER MECHANICAL ENERGY ONLY

SUPPOSE WE HAVE A MASS, m, OF FLUID MOVING AT VELOCITY, u, AT AN ELEVATION, Z, AND

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, P. THERE ARE THREE FORMS OF MECHANICAL ENERGY THAT WE NEED
TO CONSIDER. ENERGY QUANTITY FROM ZERO TO ITS ACTUAL VALUE IN THE PIPE..

KINETIC ENERGY
IF WE COMMENCE WITH THE MASS, m, AT REST AND ACCERATE IT TO VELOCITY u IN t SECONDS BY
APPLYING A CONSTANT FORCE F, THEN THE ACCELERATION WILL BE UNIFORM AND THE MEAN
VELOCITY IS…

THEN, DISTANCE TRAVELLED = MEAN VELOCITY X TIME

 BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
FURTHERMORE, THE ACCELARATION IS DEFINED AS

THE FORCE IS GIVEN BY :

AND THE WORK DONE TO ACCELERATE FROM REST TO VELOCITY u IS

THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE MASS m IS , THEREFORE, m.u2/2 (Joules)

 BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
POTENTIAL ENERGY

ANY BASE ELEVATION MAY BE USED AS THE DATUM FOR POTENTIAL ENERGY. IF OUR MASS m IS
LOCATED ON THE BASE DATUM THEN IT WILL HAVE A POTENTIAL ENERGY OF ZERO RELATIVE TO THAT
DATUM. WE THEN EXERT AN UPWARD FORCE, F, SUFFICIENT TO COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF GARVITY.

WHERE, g IS THE GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION.

IN MOVING UPWARD TO THE FINAL ELEVATION OF Z METERS ABOVE THE DATUM, THE WORK
DONE IS..

THIS GIVES THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF THE MASS AT ELEVATION Z.

BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
FLOW WORK
SUPPOSE WE HAVE A HORIZONTAL PIPE, OPEN AT BOTH ENDS AND OF CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
A AS SHOWN BELOW. WE WISH TO INSERT A PLUG OF FLUID, VOLUME v AND MASS m INTO THE
PIPE. EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF FRICTION, THERE IS A RESISTANCE DUE TO THE PRESSURE OF
FLUID, P, THAT ALREADY EXISTS IN THE PIPE. HENCE, WE MUST EXERT A FORCE, F, ON THE
PLUG OF FLUID TO OVERCOME THAT RESISTING PRESSURE. OUR INTENT IS TO FIND THE WORK
DONE ON THE PLUG OF FLUID IN ORDER TO MOVE IT A DISTANCE s INTO THE PIPE.

THE FORCE, F, MUST BALANCE THE PRESSURE, P, WHICH IS DISTRIBUTED OVER THE AREA, A

HOWEVER, THE PRODUCT AS IS THE SWEPT VOLUME v, GIVING..

BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
FLOW WORK
NOW, BY DEFINITION, THE DENSITY IS..

HENCE, THE WORK DONE IN MOVING THE PLUG OF FLUID INTO THE PIPE IS :

NOW, WE ARE IN A POSITION TO QUANTITY THE TOTAL MECHANICAL ENERGY OF OUR MASS OF FLUID, m

TOTAL
KINETIC POTENTIAL FLOW
MECHANICAL = + +
ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY WORK
 BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID

TOTAL
MECHANICAL
ENERGY

OR
HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER
THE POWER IMPARTED TO THE LIQUID :

Where :
METRIC (Kw) H hp = Q x H x Sp.Gr
Q = Capacity (M3/Hr)
366 H = Head (Meter)

Where :
H hp = Q x H x Sp.Gr
US Unit (HP) Q = Capacity (GPM)
3960 H = Head (FEET)
END OF TRAINING
THANK YOU