Programmable Controllers

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Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
Microcontroller Microprocessor
• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O CPU is stand-alone, RAM,
and timer are all on a ROM, I/O, timer are
single chip separate
• for applications in which expensive
cost, power and space are
general-purpose
critical
• single-purpose (control- High processing power
oriented) High power consumption
• Low processing power Typically 32/64 – bit
• Low power consumption Typically deep pipeline (5-
• Typically 8/16 bit 20 stages)
• Typically single-
cycle/two-stage pipeline
 CONTENTS

 Introduction
 -4Bit Microprocessors
 -8Bit Microprocessors
 -16Bit Microprocessors
 -32Bit Microprocessors
 -64Bit Microprocessors
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 INTRODUCTION

 Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in )1957

invented the first IC in .1959

 In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew

Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.
 They founded their own company Intel (Integrated
Electronics.)

 Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968

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 -4BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL 4004

 Introduced in .1971

 It was the first

microprocessor by Intel.

 It was a 4-bit µP.

 Its clock speed was

740KHz.

 It had 2,300 transistors.

 It could execute around

60,000 instructions per
second. 5
INTEL 4040

 Introduced in .1974
 It was also 4-bit µP.

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 -8BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL 8008

 Introduced in .1972
 It was first 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
 Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.

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INTEL 8080

 Introduced in .1974
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 2
MHz.
 It had 6,000 transistors.
 Was 10 times faster than
.8008
 Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per 9
second.
INTEL 8085
 Introduced in .1976
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per
second.
 It could access 64 KB of
memory.
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 It had 246 instructions.
 -16BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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  Introduced in .1978

INTEL 8086  It was first 16-bit µP.

 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8

MHz and 10 MHz, depending on
the version.

 Its data bus is 16-bit and

address bus is 20-bit.

 It had 29,000 transistors.

 Could execute 2.5 million

instructions per second.

 It could access 1 MB of memory.

 It had 22,000 instructions.

 It had Multiply and Divide 12
instructions.
INTEL 8088
 Introduced in .1979

 It was also 16-bit µP.

 It was created as a cheaper

version of Intel’s .8086

 It was a 16-bit processor with

an 8-bit external bus.

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INTEL 80186 & 80188
 Introduced in .1982
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.

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INTEL 80286

 Introduced in .1982

 It was 16-bit µP.

 Its clock speed was 8 MHz.

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 -32BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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  Introduced in .1986
 It was first 32-bit µP.
INTEL 80386  Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of
memory.

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  Introduced in .1989
INTEL 80486  It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had 1.2 million transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 100 MHz depending
upon the various versions.

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  Introduced in .1993
INTEL PENTIUM  It was also 32-bit µP.

 It was originally named .80586

 Its clock speed was 66 MHz.

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INTEL PENTIUM PRO

 Introduced in .1995
 It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM II

 Introduced in .1997
 It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM II XEON

 Introduced in .1998

 It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM III

 Introduced in .1999
 It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM IV

 Introduced in .2000

 It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL DUAL CORE

 Introduced in .2006
 It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 cache

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26
 -64BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL CORE 2

 Introduced in .2006
 It is a 64-bit µP.

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INTEL CORE I7

 Introduced in .2008
 It is a 64-bit µP.

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INTEL CORE I5

 Introduced in .2009
 It is a 64-bit µP.

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INTEL CORE I3

 Introduced in .2010
 It is a 64-bit µP.

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• The salient features of 8085
microprocessor.
 8085 Microprocessor
• The salient features of 8085 μp are :
1. It is a 8 bit microprocessor.
2. It has 16 bit address bus and hence can
address up to 216 = 65536 bytes (64KB)
memory locations through A0-A15.
3. The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines of
data bus are multiplexed AD0 – AD7.
4. Data bus is a group of 8 lines D0 – D7.
5. It supports 5 hardware interrupt and 8
software interrupt.
 8085 Microprocessor
6. A 16 bit program counter (PC)
7. A 16 bit stack pointer (SP)
8. Six 8-bit general purpose register
arranged in pairs: BC,DE, HL.
9. It requires a signal +5V power supply
10.Maximum Clock Frequency is 3MHz and
Minimum Clock Frequency is 500kHz
 X1 & X2
Pin 1 and Pin 2 (Input)
These are also called
Crystal Input Pins.

 8085can generate
clock signals
internally.

To generate clock

signals internally,
8085 requires external
inputs from X1 and X.2
 RESET IN and RESET OUT
Pin 36 (Input) and Pin 3 (Output)
RESET IN:

◦ It is used to reset the

microprocessor.

◦ It is active low signal.

◦ When the signal on this

pin is low for at least 3
clocking cycles, it
forces the
microprocessor to reset
itself.
 RESET IN and RESET OUT
Pin 36 (Input) and Pin 3 (Output)
 Resetting
the
microprocessor means:

◦ Clearing the PC and IR.

◦ Disabling all interrupts
(except TRAP.)
◦ Disabling the SOD pin.
◦ All the buses (data,
address, control) are tri-
stated.
◦ Gives HIGH output to
RESET OUT pin.
 RESET IN and RESET OUT
Pin 36 (Input) and Pin 3 (Output)
 RESET OUT:

◦ It is used to reset the

peripheral devices and other
ICs on the circuit.

◦ It is an output signal.

◦ It is an active high signal.

◦ The output on this pin goes

high whenever RESET IN is
given low signal.

◦ The output remains high as

long as RESET IN is kept low.
 SID and SOD
Pin 4 (Input) and Pin 5 (Output)
SID (Serial Input
Data:)

o It takes 1 bit input from

serial port of .8085

o Stores the bit at the 8th

position (MSB) of the
Accumulator.

o RIM (Read Interrupt

Mask) instruction is
used to transfer the bit.
 SID and SOD
Pin 4 (Input) and Pin 5 (Output)
 SOD (Serial Output
Data:)

o It takes 1 bit from

Accumulator to serial port
of .8085

o Takes the bit from the 8th

position (MSB) of the
Accumulator.

o SIM (Set Interrupt Mask)

instruction is used to
transfer the bit.
 Interrupt:

• It means interrupting the normal execution of the

microprocessor.

• When microprocessor receives interrupt signal, it

discontinues whatever it was executing.

• It starts executing new program indicated by the interrupt

signal.

• Interrupt signals are generated by external peripheral

devices.

• After execution of the new program, microprocessor goes

back to the previous program.
 Microprocessor completes execution of current
instruction of the program.

 PC contents are stored in stack.

 PC is loaded with address of the new program.

 Afterexecuting the new program, the

microprocessor returns back to the previous
program.

 Itgoes to the previous program by reading the

top value of stack.
 80386 Microprocessor
• Real Mode:
• Following a system reset the 386 is initialized in
Real Mode. In this mode the chip looks virtually
identical to an 8086. That is, it has the following
features:
– The address space is limited to 1 MB using address
lines AO-A19 (the high address lines A20-A31 are
inactive).
– The segment memory addressing mechanism of the
8086 is retained with each segment limited to 64
KB.
• Two new features are available to the programmer
in Real Mode—access to the 32-bit register set of
the 386 and the addition of two new segments
called F and G. This will be explained in more detail
when the programming model is introduced later
in this chapter.
 80386 Microprocessor
• Protected Mode:
• The primary difference between Real Mode and
Protected Mode is the latter's new addressing
mechanism and protection levels.
• Although memory segments are still retained,
each segment may range from a single byte to 4
GB (the full physical address space of the 386).
• The addresses stored in the segment registers are
now interpreted as pointers into a descriptor table.
• Each segment's entry in this table is eight bytes
long and identifies the 32-bit base address of the
segment, the segment size, and the access rights.
Memory addresses are computed by adding the
offset specified by the instruction to the segment
base address.
80386 Microprocessor
80386-SX Microprocessor
Memory System of 80386 Microprocessor
Memory Management of 80386 Microprocessor
80386 Microprocessor REGISTERS
SPECIAL 80386 Microprocessor REGISTERS