ETHICS REVIEWER science and it is beneficial only when its truths

are put into practices as rules of conduct.  

Ethics- The word "ethics" is derived -Every person is expected to be decent and
from the greek "ethos" which means trustworthy. Some philosophers regards Ethics
"characteristic way of acting", as "the only necessary knowledge". Indeed,
"habit", or "custom". The latin unless they are also morally upright, the rich, the
equivalent is mos, mores, which famous and the powerful live vainly. "Without
come the word moral and morality. civic morality, communities perish; without
personal morality their survival has no value".
-Ethics studies the characteristics When people do not accept the rule of law,
behavior of man as endowed with society crumbles. -While the poor and ignorant
reason and freewill. who is God fearing, patriotic, diligent, honest etc.
is truly a great person - dakila, says Emilio
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle are Jacinto in Katilla ng Katipunan.  
the Greek philosophers who study -Beltrand Russell states that, "without civic
ethics.   morality, communities perish; without personal
Socrates - Father of moral morality their survival has no value". When
philosophy people do not accept the rule of law, society
Aristotle - Great influenced ethical crumbles.
thinking with three important treatises
—the Nicomachean Ethics, the ETHICS AND THE FILIPINO 
Eudemian Ethics, and the Magna -Filipinos believe in moral integrity as
essential to life. They also believe in a just
DEFINITION OF ETHICS  society. Corruption in government,
-Ethics is the science of the morality of human commercialism, over population—all
acts.   contribute to the weakening of the moral
-Ethics does not study the acts of man in resolve of the Filipinos.  
themselves but as factor affecting man's -When we speak of "living standard"
judgement and violation. we inevitably mean economic", that is
higher salaries and low prices. We should
HUMAN ACTS  think more of moral standard as our priority.
-are actions done intentionally and freely. ETHICS AND RELIGION 
(walking, reading, working, playing, shopping, etc) -Ethics and religion are both concerned with
moral education.  
-Human acts are differentiated from acts of -Ethics is a science and relies on reasons for its
man which are instinctive, physiological conclusions.  
and psychological movement (breathing, feeling -Religion is a system of beliefs and practiced
happy, or falling in love).  based on faith and revelation, revealed
-Concerned with morality, the quality which makes to man by God.  
an act good or evil, Correct or wrong. It is  
concerned with the norms of human behavior. - Ethics teaches the value of religion. Religion on
the other hand as an organized church or
THE ART OF CORRECT LIVING  institution, contributed to the development of
-Art provides for what is orderly and harmonious ethical thought. Thus, religion and ethics
in an artwork. Ethics is an art, "the art of correct compliments each other.
living", because it teaches how we may put order
and harmony in our lives. Ethics is a practical
ETHICAL NORMS AND LAW  TENETS 
-Cover thoughts and feelings so that a person 1. God is the supreme creator and
could sin because lawgiver. 
of what he thinks or desires.   2. Man id free and must use hid
-St. Paul says that, a man freedom to promote his personal
who lusts after a woman is interest along with that of others. 
committing adultery.   3. Man has an immortal soul.  
-Moral norms require proper 4. Man is accountable for his
spiritual disposition towards what is actions, both good and evil.
lawful.
GENERALANDSPECIAL 
ETHICAL APPROACHES  ETHICS 
 
1. The ATHEISTIC APPROACH GENERAL ETHICS 
-Assumes that only matter exists -is about the principles of morality. It explains the
and man is responsible only to the State norms with which the moral
since there in no God who rules the significance of the human act is determined.
universe.   SPECIAL ETHICS 
-Morality is an invention of man to -is the application of the principles of General
suit his requirement and to preserve  ethics to the problems and issues confronting a
society.   person on account of his circumstances in life, for
-Moral truths are temporary and instance, as a citizen, neighbor, worker, wife, or
changeable depending on the situation. child.  
-Includes the sub–branches of professional
TENETS  ethics, such as medical ethics, business ethics,
1. Matter is the only reality.  legal ethics, biological and environmental ethics.
2. Man is matter and does not
have spiritual soul.   Moral and ethical principles and standards are
3. Man is free and must challenged if not questioned in dilemmas such as
exercise his freedom to promote this, as social dynamics have led many to
the welfare of society.  become more accepting and understanding of
4. There is no life after death.   personal decisions in light of moral issues.In
5. Man is accountable only to making moral decisions, what standards are we
the State. supposed to follow? Who made these standards?
Will following these standards make us all
2. THEISTIC APPROACH  ethically moral? These are but a few questions
-We adhere, assumes that God is the that need to be answered as we are compelled to
Supreme Lawgiver. Everything must conform abide by ethical principles daily.
to God's Eternal plan of creation. 
Man must exercise his freedom in The rightness or wrongness of an act
accordance with God's will.   makes us, willingly or unwillingly,
-There are absolute principles of morality
confront the morality of our decisions. It
which are not changeable.  
-Man is accountable for his actions and is significant, therefore, that we analyze
deserves either a reward or punishment in carefully, not only the motive of our
this life or in the next. actions, but to be certain that our actions
are indeed keeping up with the ethical
values that we have. Moral standards are those ethical principles that
we live by and believe. These are important
ETHICS refers to the philosophical blueprints of our behavior, which we abide by
concept of morality, endeavors to daily, and are influenced by our society, or by
understand moral concepts and certain ethical universals.
justify moral principles. It analyzes
concepts such as right and wrong, Non-moral standards are those unwanted
and seeks to establish principles of principles, which are in opposition to everything
right behavior that may serve as that we are expected to be and do. Likewise,
guides to action for people to follow non-moral standards are influenced largely by
(Pojman, 1992). the constructs prescribed in our society.

MORALITY is the effort to guide "We are capable of making judgments about our
one’s conduct by reason, that is, to own and other people's behavior, and have the
do what there are the best reasons capacity consciously to change the way we
for doing- while giving equal weight behave and society as whole."
to the interests of each individual -Guldberg (2011)
Hence, it is only us, humans, who are able to
who will be affected by what one
make oral choices, reflect, rethink, and re-align
does (Rachels, 2003).
our actions to what is morally and ethically
acceptable. These choices are not inherent in
other living beings. Thus, we are in a very special
position as we are given that innate capability to
make moral decisions.

MORAL DILLEMAS As Mason explains, we will

experience a moral dilemma if we are faced with
two actions, of each of which, it would be correct
to say in the appropriate sense of 'ought', that it
ought to be done, and both of which we cannot
do.
EUNTHANASIA
As defined, euthanasia exists to at least help a
patient die a good death. Ezra (2006), explained
its three forms, with the assumption that the
patient has an acute, terminal, chronic illness that
medical treatment cannot remedy or even cure.
Mores (pronounced more-ays) are strongly held
norms, which epitomize the deeply held
standards of what is right, and wrong (Stolley, THREE LEVEL3 OF MORAL DILEMMA IN
WORKPLACE
2005).
The dilemma here is when the employee’s ethical
standards are in opposition to that of his or her PhiIosophy, 2016). This a prior knonIedge is
employer, which could lead to tensions in the "prior to," or independent of, experiense, but,
workplace. more importantIy, identicaI for aII human beings
and not subject to change (Louden, 1992). To
Ethical standards are seen in company policies. expIain his consept of autonomy or freedom as
Still and all, there might be a gap between those foundation of moraI act, Kant pointed out that
who run the business whose ethical standards moraI rightness and nrongness appIy onIy to
deviate from that of the organization. This might free agents who have the capacity to reguIate
cause ethical challenges and conflicts for those their behavior and have it in their poner, at the
who are working in the company. time of their actions, either to act rightIy or not.
THREE LEVEL3 OF MORAL DILEMMA IN Hense, when we make choises, we must act
WORKPLACE "under” the idea of freedom" (MoraIity as
INDIVIDUAL Freedom, n.d.)

The dilemma here is when the employee’s ethical

standards are in opposition to that of his or her Cultural
employer, which could lead to tensions in the
workplace Relativism Right & Wrong is specific to
a culture. No Absolute Truth
ORGANIZATIONAL
WHAT ARE NORMS?
Ethical standards are seen in company policies. Norms refer to social and
Still and all, there might be a gap between those cultural regulations and
who run the business whose ethical standards decrees that govern the
deviate from that of the organization. This might everyday activities of people,
cause ethical challenges and conflicts for those inclusive of its moral and
who are working in the company. ethical imperatives, customs
SYSTEMATIC and cultural practices (Barker,
Here, ethics are predisposed by the larger 2004).
operating environment of the company. Political
WHAT IS CULTURE?
pressures, economic conditions, societal
Culture is defined as that
attitudes and others can affect the operating
complex whole which includes
standards and policies of the organization where
knowledge, beliefs, arts,
it might face moral dilemmas outside of the
morals, law, customs, and any
organization but within the macro-society where
other capabilities and habits
it belongs.
acquired by man as a member of
society.
FREEDOM AS FOUNDATION OF ETHICS
“Autonomy’’ IiteraIIy means giving the Iaw to It is one big chuck of our
oneseIf. and our understanding provides Ians
society that dictates how we
that sonstitute the a priori framenork of our
are supposed to act in varying
experiense (Stanford EnsysIopedia of
situations based on what is right
 and wrong, acceptable or not. As who disregard the law since
our actions and perspectives are they are not being caught by
culturally constructed, so is our authorities anyway.
moral behavior. Since culture is
the totality of learned, socially 3.) Complacency when one is
transmitted customs, aware but is not concerned. It is
knowledge, material objects, and an open-secret that corruption
behavior (Schaefer, 2013), it is is rampant in the government.
only right to comprehend and Even though we are aware of it,
appreciateits impact in the there are still a lot of Filipinos
over-all understanding of who do not really mind about
people of who they are and in changing the status quo by
their decision makings.
invoking their rights of suffrage,
but are just so indifferent about
FILIPINO MORAL NORMS
it.
A. Group-centeredness or
group-think 4.) Rationalization. We have that
B. The "Don't be caught" instinct of justifying an act no
attitude based on shame or matter how wrong it is. Students
fear of the authority figure do know for a fact that cheating
C. Complacency when one is is bad. Still and all, if they feel
aware but is not concerned like it is the only way to pass a
D. Rationalization course, then will rationalize the
E. act and continue doing it until
1.) Group-centeredness or they achieve their goal.
group-think. As Gorospe FUNCTION OF CULTURE
explained, what will others say"
usually determines Filipino Culture provides the rules of
moral behavior. He perfectly the games in the society
calls this as the Filipinos’ through our cultural norms. It
"conscience from the outside." is very much prescriptive of
what is morally right or
wrong, what is respectful. It
2.)The "Don't be caught" is the culture that molds, if
attitude based on shame or fear not dictates, the values that
of the authority figure. Even if should be adhered by the
there is already a national people.
smoking ban in the country at
present, there are still those
Culture provides identity to the people, society and culture to
people in the society. be the vantage point from
which all else is viewed and
This is what separates communal judged (Bruce & Yearley, 2006).
groups from each other. They are
known by their distinct traditions and
beliefs that they hold dear. Cultural relativism debunks the
concept of ethnocentrism- an idea
that has long haunted men, in their
CULTURAL RELATIVISM is the attempt to answer which among
view that moral beliefs and cultural behavior should be the
standard, if there is any. It is in
practices vary with and depend
exact opposition to cultural
on the human needs and social relativism. People coming from
conditions of particular cultures first world countries could be prone
(Holmes, 2007). to ethnocentrism. Because of the
idea that they are living in ideal,
This definition is entirely based powerful countries, there is a
on the premise that there can be tendency that they might look
no universal “oughts”, and that down on other cultures which are
there is no culture that can be the totally opposite of theirs.
basis of all that is good and true.
Ethnocentric individuals are prone
It is important to recognize the
to misreading contexts, therefore,
vitality of cultural differences misjudging individuals from other
since ethical judgments are cultures. When the behavior of
relative to cultural contexts (Fiala other people is understood based
& Mackinnon, 2013). Thus, our on a prescribed singular tradition,
morality can only they will be assumed as odd,
e understood based on what is creepy, other worldly, and deem
their actions as utterly wrong, if not
culturally acceptable or not, in the
unacceptable. Ethnocentrism leads
society where we belong. Cultural
to this prejudgment of people.
relativism then should be Kellenberger (2001), suggests that
understood as a celebration and cultural relativism is the antidote to
appreciation of cultural diversity this self-serving concept.
(Kellenberger, 2011)
XENOCENTRISM is the belief that
ETHNOCENTRISM is the one’s own cultural features are a
practice of taking one’s own downgrade in comparison to those
 of other cultures. Xenoxentric
individuals value commodities,
style, culture or even ideas from
another country or culture other
than their own (Bell, 2017).

It is the belief that what is foreign is

best in terms of one’s lifestyle,
products or ideas.
It is the dislike of, or prejudice,
against people from other
countries. Ex; hatred towards
Chinese because of the covid-19
virus which originated from China.

CULTURAL TOLERANCE
Cultural relativism should result to
cultural tolerance in order to
preserve the distinctiveness of
people regardless of whichever
context they come from.
Distinctiveness and diversity
should be celebrated because people
are all different in many ways. With
this being said, the perpetuation of
culture can only be possible through
tolerance.
Cultural sensitivity is the key to
cultural tolerance.

It is being aware that cultural

differences and similarities between
people exist without assigning them
a value– positive or negative, better
or worse, right or wrong (Dabbah,
2014).iversity