2022

Instrumentation and
measurement

 GROUP MEMBERS
AQEEL ANJUM -939-FET/BSME/F20
WISAL HUSSAIN 910-FET/BSME/F20
ABUZAR OMER 941-FET/BSME/F20
 SUBMITTED TO
DR RAFEEQ MANSOOR
 Project Report
Topic.
Temperature and humidity sensor

Introduction
Since temperature and humidity are closely related to physical quantities and actual people's
lives, a sensor integrating temperature and humidity will be produced accordingly. Temperature
and humidity sensor refers to a device or device that can convert temperature and humidity into
electrical signals that can be easily measured and processed. Aosong Electronics' temperature
and humidity sensors generally measure temperature and relative humidity.

Digital signal temperature and humidity sensors are mainly divided into two programs: 1-wire
and I2C.
Temperature: A physical quantity that measures the cold and heat of an object. It is one of the
seven fundamental physical quantities in the International System of Units. In production and
scientific research, many physical phenomena and chemical processes are carried out at a
specific temperature, and people's lives are closely related to him.
Humidity: Humidity was closely related to living a long time ago, but it is difficult to express
it by quantity. The most commonly used physical quantity to express humility in daily life is the
relative humidity of the air. Expressed by %RH. The relative humidity is closely related to
temperature in the derivation of physical quantities. For a specific volume of airtight gas, the
higher the temperature, the lower the relative humidity, and the lower the temperature, the higher
the relative humidity. Which involves complex thermal engineering knowledge.
Some definitions of humidity:
Relative humidity: In the measurement law, humidity is defined as the "quantity of the object's
state." The humidity referred to in daily life is relative humidity, expressed in RH%. In short,
that is, the percentage of saturated water vapor (saturated water vapor pressure) in the gas
(usually in the air) when the amount of water vapor (water vapor pressure) is the same as that of
the air.
Absolute humidity: refers to the amount of water vapor contained in a unit volume of air,
generally in grams. The temperature has a direct effect on absolute humidity. Generally, the
higher the temperature, the more water vapor is emitted, and the greater the absolute humidity;
on the contrary, the lower the humidity.
Saturated humidity: The maximum amount of water vapor that can be contained in the air per
unit volume at a specific temperature. If it exceeds this limit, the excess water vapor will
condense and become water droplets, and the air humidity at this time will become saturated
humidity. The saturated humidity of the air is not fixed. It changes with the change of
temperature. The higher the temperature, the more water vapor can be contained in the unit
volume of air, and the greater the saturated humidity.
Dew point: refers to the air containing a certain amount of water vapor (absolute humidity).
When the temperature drops to a certain level, the water vapor contained in it will reach a
saturated state (saturated humidity) and begin to liquefy into the water, this phenomenon is
called condensation. The temperature at which water vapor begins to liquefy into water is called
"dew point temperature" or "dew point," for short. If the temperature continues to drop below the
dew point, the super-saturated water vapor in the air will condense into water droplets on the
object's surface. In addition, the wind is closely related to the temperature and humidity in the
air, and it is also one of the critical factors affecting the changes in air temperature and humidity.

Main parts of Temperature and humidity sensor

➢ Arduino uno
➢ Jumping wires
➢ LCD
➢ DHT II sensor
➢ Battery 9 volt

➢ Arduino uno
Arduino is a single-board microcontroller meant to make the application more accessible which are
interactive objects and its surroundings. The hardware features with an open-source hardware board
designed around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller or a 32-bit Atmel ARM. Current models consists a
USB interface, 6 analog input pins and 14 digital I/O pins that allows the user to attach various extension
boards.

The Arduino Uno board is a microcontroller based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins in which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, an ICSP
header, a USB connection, 6 analog inputs, a power jack and a reset button. This contains all the
required support needed for microcontroller. In order to get started, they are simply connected to
a computer with a USB cable or with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery. Arduino Uno Board varies
from all other boards and they will not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip in them. It is
featured by the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter

C++ coding that we us in Arduino

[7:53 PM, 12/26/2022] Wisal Iiu: #include <dht.h> // You have to download this liibrary. NAME: dht library

dht DHT;
 #define DHT11_PIN 7 // define DHT pin

void setup(){

Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication

void loop(){

int chk = DHT.read11(DHT11_PIN); // check the data coming from the DHT pin

Serial.print("Temperature = "); // print temperature on the serial monitor

Serial.println(DHT.temperature);

Serial.print("Humidity = ");// Print humidity on the serial monitor

Serial.println(DHT.humidity);

delay(1000); // delay of 1 second

/*Here are the connections

Take a DHT11 sensor.

there, in the DHT11 sensor, there are 3 or 4 pins.

There, on the DHT11 sensor, there is writen S, +, -

connect "S" on the digital pin 7.

connect "+" on the 5V pin on Arduino.

connect "-" on the GND pin on Arduino.

Thank you

Meet you in the next project.

*/

[7:54 PM, 12/26/2022] Wisal Iiu: yai lo

[7:54 PM, 12/26/2022] Wisal Iiu: /*

* Created by ArduinoGetStarted.com

* This example code is in the public domain

* Tutorial page: https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-temperature-humidity-sensor

*/

#include "DHT.h"

#define DHTPIN 2
 #define DHTTYPE DHT11

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

dht.begin(); // initialize the sensor

void loop() {

// wait a few seconds between measurements.

delay(2000);

// read humidity

float humi = dht.readHumidity();

// read temperature as Celsius

float tempC = dht.readTemperature();

// read temperature as Fahrenheit

float tempF = dht.readTemperature(true);

// check if any reads failed

if (isnan(humi) || isnan(tempC) || isnan(tempF)) {

Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");

} else {

Serial.print("Humidity: ");

Serial.print(humi);

Serial.print("%");

Serial.print(" | ");

Serial.print("Temperature: ");

Serial.print(tempC);

Serial.print("°C ~ ");

Serial.print(tempF);

Serial.println("°F");

Features of the Arduino Uno Board:

• It is an easy USB interface. This allows interface with USB as this is like a serial device.
• The chip on the board plugs straight into your USB port and supports on your computer as
a virtual serial port. The benefit of this setup is that serial communication is an extremely
easy protocol which is time-tested and USB makes connection with modern computers and
makes it comfortable.
• It is easy-to-find the microcontroller brain which is the ATmega328 chip. It has more
number of hardware features like timers, external and internal interrupts, PWM pins and
multiple sleep modes.
• It is an open source design and there is an advantage of being open source is that it has a
large community of people using and troubleshooting it. This makes it easy to help in
debugging projects.
• It is a 16 MHz clock which is fast enough for most applications and does not speeds up the
microcontroller.
• It is very convenient to manage power inside it and it had a feature of built-in voltage
regulation. This can also be powered directly off a USB port without any external power.
You can connect an external power source of upto 12v and this regulates it to both 5v and
3.3v.
• 13 digital pins and 6 analog pins. This sort of pins allows you to connect hardware to your
Arduino Uno board externally. These pins are used as a key for extending the computing
capability of the Arduino Uno into the real world. Simply plug your electronic devices
and sensors into the sockets that correspond to each of these pins and you are good to go.
• This has an ICSP connector for bypassing the USB port and interfacing the Arduino
directly as a serial device. This port is necessary to re-bootload your chip if it corrupts and
can no longer used to your computer.
• It has a 32 KB of flash memory for storing your code.
• An on-board LED is attached to digital pin 13 to make fast the debugging of code and to
make the debug process easy.
• Finally, it has a button to reset the program on the chip.

Jumping wire
A jumper wire is an electric wire that connects remote electric circuits used for printed circuit
boards. By attaching a jumper wire on the circuit, it can be short-circuited and short-cut (jump)
to the electric circuit. By placing the jumper wire on the circuit, it becomes possible to control
the electricity, stop the operation of the circuit, and operate a circuit that does not operate with
ordinary wiring. Also, when specification change or design change is necessary on the printed
circuit board, reinforcement of the defective part, partial stop of the unnecessary function, and
change of the circuit configuration of the unnecessary output part by attaching or detaching the

jumper wire can do.

➢ DHT II sensor
DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and humidity. This sensor can be
easily interfaced with any micro-controller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to measure
humidity and temperature instantaneously.DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as
a sensor and as a module. The difference between this sensor and module is the pull-up resistor
and a power-on LED. DHT11 is a relative humidity sensor. To measure the surrounding air this
sensor uses a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor

Working Principle of DHT11 Sensor

DHT11 sensor consists of a capacitive humidity sensing element and a thermistor for sensing
temperature. The humidity sensing capacitor has two electrodes with a moisture holding substrate
as a dielectric between them. Change in the capacitance value occurs with the change in humidity
levels. The IC measure, process this changed resistance values and change them into digital form.
For measuring temperature this sensor uses a Negative Temperature coefficient thermistor, which
causes a decrease in its resistance value with increase in temperature. To get larger resistance value
even for the smallest change in temperature, this sensor is usually made up of semiconductor
ceramics or polymers.

The temperature range of DHT11 is from 0 to 50 degree Celsius with a 2-degree accuracy.
Humidity range of this sensor is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy. The sampling rate of this
sensor is 1Hz .i.e. it gives one reading for every second. DHT11 is small in size with operating
voltage from 3 to 5 volts. The maximum current used while measuring is 2.5mA.
Applications of sensor
This sensor is used in various applications such as measuring humidity and temperature values in
heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. Weather stations also use these sensors to predict
weather conditions. The humidity sensor is used as a preventive measure in homes where people
are affected by humidity. Offices, cars, museums, greenhouses and industries use this sensor for
measuring humidity values and as a safety measure.
It’s compact size and sampling rate made this sensor popular among hobbyists. Some of the sensors
which can be used as an alternative to DHT11 sensor are DHT22, AM2302, SHT71

LCD

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical

device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers.
Liquid crystals do not emit light directly but instead use a backlight or reflector to produce
images in color or monochrome.

Here LCD shows the output transferred by Arduino.

 How does temperature and humidity sensor work

 Temperature and humidity sensor work by measuring the capacitance or resistance of air
samples. Most of these sensors utilize capacitive measurement to determine the amount
of dampness in the air. This sort of measurement relies on two electrical conductors with
a non-conductive polymer film laying between them to form an electrical field between
them.
 Moisture from the air collects on the film and causes changes within the voltage levels
between the two plates. This alter is then converted into a computerize measurement of
the air’s relative humidity after taking the air temperature into account.

 After powering up the circuit the DHT II sensor senses the temperature and humidity
using the thermistor and humidity sensor built inside it
 The Arduino Uno micro controller controls the led displays and outputs a readable value

Humidity and temperature assessment {data line diagram}

 Circuit diagram of humidity and temperature sensor

Flow diagram of humidity and temperature sensor

Conclusion.
After powering up the circuit the DHT II sensor senses the temperature and humidity using the
thermistor and humidity sensor built inside it. The Arduino Uno micro controller controls the led
displays and outputs a readable value. The output is a calibrated linear signal of relative humidity
and temperature, enabling an accuracy of ± 2 %RH within a range of 20 to 85 %RH. An
accuracy of ± 5 %RH is given for measurements in the extended range from 5 to 90 %RH.
However, the sensor can be applied across the entire range of 0 to 100 %RH