11/6/2019 Machine Learning with Python - Basics - Tutorialspoint

Machine Learning with Python - Basics

We are living in the ‘age of data’ that is enriched with better computational power and more storage
resources,. This data or information is increasing day by day, but the real challenge is to make sense
of all the data. Businesses & organizations are trying to deal with it by building intelligent systems
using the concepts and methodologies from Data science, Data Mining and Machine learning. Among
them, machine learning is the most exciting field of computer science. It would not be wrong if we call
machine learning the application and science of algorithms that provides sense to the data.

What is Machine Learning?

Machine Learning (ML) is that field of computer science with the help of which computer systems can
provide sense to data in much the same way as human beings do.
In simple words, ML is a type of artificial intelligence that extract patterns out of raw data by using an
algorithm or method. The main focus of ML is to allow computer systems learn from experience
without being explicitly programmed or human intervention.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth because they
can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI is still in its initial stage and
haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the question is that what is the need to
make machine learn? The most suitable reason for doing this is, “to make decisions, based on data,
with efficiency and scale”.
Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Machine
Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data to perform several real-world tasks
and solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions taken by machines, particularly to automate
the process. These data-driven decisions can be used, instead of using programing logic, in the
problems that cannot be programmed inherently. The fact is that we can’t do without human
intelligence, but other aspect is that we all need to solve real-world problems with efficiency at a huge
scale. That is why the need for machine learning arises.

Why & When to Make Machines Learn?

We have already discussed the need for machine learning, but another question arises that in what
scenarios we must make the machine learn? There can be several circumstances where we need
machines to take data-driven decisions with efficiency and at a huge scale. The followings are some of
such circumstances where making machines learn would be more effective.

Lack of human expertise

The very first scenario in which we want a machine to learn and take data-driven decisions, can be the
domain where there is a lack of human expertise. The examples can be navigations in unknown
territories or spatial planets.

Dynamic scenarios

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There are some scenarios which are dynamic in nature i.e. they keep changing over time. In case of
these scenarios and behaviors, we want a machine to learn and take data-driven decisions. Some of
the examples can be network connectivity and availability of infrastructure in an organization.

Difficulty in translating expertise into computational tasks

There can be various domains in which humans have their expertise,; however, they are unable to
translate this expertise into computational tasks. In such circumstances we want machine learning.
The examples can be the domains of speech recognition, cognitive tasks etc.

Machine Learning Model

Before discussing the machine learning model, we must need to understand the following formal
definition of ML given by professor Mitchell −
“A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to some class of tasks T and
performance measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with experience
E.”

The above definition is basically focusing on three parameters, also the main components of any
learning algorithm, namely Task(T), Performance(P) and experience (E). In this context, we can
simplify this definition as −

ML is a field of AI consisting of learning algorithms that −

Improve their performance (P)
At executing some task (T)
Over time with experience (E)

Based on the above, the following diagram represents a Machine Learning Model −

Let us discuss them more in detail now −

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Task(T)

From the perspective of problem, we may define the task T as the real-world problem to be solved.
The problem can be anything like finding best house price in a specific location or to find best
marketing strategy etc. On the other hand, if we talk about machine learning, the definition of task is
different because it is difficult to solve ML based tasks by conventional programming approach.

A task T is said to be a ML based task when it is based on the process and the system must follow for
operating on data points. The examples of ML based tasks are Classification, Regression, Structured
annotation, Clustering, Transcription etc.

Experience (E)

As name suggests, it is the knowledge gained from data points provided to the algorithm or model.
Once provided with the dataset, the model will run iteratively and will learn some inherent pattern. The
learning thus acquired is called experience(E). Making an analogy with human learning, we can think
of this situation as in which a human being is learning or gaining some experience from various
attributes like situation, relationships etc. Supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning are
some ways to learn or gain experience. The experience gained by out ML model or algorithm will be
used to solve the task T.

Performance (P)

An ML algorithm is supposed to perform task and gain experience with the passage of time. The
measure which tells whether ML algorithm is performing as per expectation or not is its performance
(P). P is basically a quantitative metric that tells how a model is performing the task, T, using its
experience, E. There are many metrics that help to understand the ML performance, such as accuracy
score, F1 score, confusion matrix, precision, recall, sensitivity etc.

Challenges in Machines Learning

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with cybersecurity and
autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to go. The reason behind is that ML
has not been able to overcome number of challenges. The challenges that ML is facing currently are −

Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest challenges. Use of
low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing and feature extraction.
Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of time
especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.

Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability of expert
resources is a tough job.
No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and well-defined
goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this technology is not that mature
yet.
Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot be
represented well for the problem.

Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of data points.
This can be a real hindrance.

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Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be deployed in real
life.

Applications of Machines Learning

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers we are in the
golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex problems which cannot be
solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications of ML −
Emotion analysis
Sentiment analysis
Error detection and prevention
Weather forecasting and prediction
Stock market analysis and forecasting
Speech synthesis
Speech recognition
Customer segmentation
Object recognition
Fraud detection
Fraud prevention
Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

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