CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

HYDRAULICS 1 - FLUID PROPERTIES

FLUIDS
The term fluid is used to denote matter in liquid or gaseous
phase.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚
Density (Unit Mass), 𝝆 𝜌= =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑊
Unit Weight, 𝜸 𝛾= = = 𝜌𝑔
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
𝜌
Specific Gravity, SG 𝑆𝐺 =
𝜌

𝑝
Dry Air / Common Gas 𝜌=
𝑅𝑇
𝑝𝑛
Ideal Gases 𝜌=
𝑅𝑇
p = absolute pressure 3. Distilled water at 20℃ stands in a glass tube of 6.0mm
n = no. of moles (in chemistry)
∙ diameter at a height of 18.0mm. What is the true static
R = gas constant = 287.058 (for dry air) =1,716
∙° ∙° height?
T = absolute temperature h = 4.96 mm
°𝐾 = ℃ + 273
°𝑅 = ℉ + 460
4. By how much does the pressure inside a 5-mm diameter
1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psi = 760 mmHg air bubble in 15℃ water exceeded the pressure in the
surrounding water?
Pin - Pout = 58.68 Pa
Relative Density (RD)
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 VISCOSITY
𝑅𝐷 =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 Viscosity is a property of a fluid that quantifies the ratio of
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑘𝑔/𝑚 ) shear stress to rate of deformation (strain rate) of a fluid
𝑅𝐷 = 𝑎𝑡 4°𝐶 particle.
1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
- Measure of resistance to gradual deformation
Density and Specific Weight of Water at Standard Condition: Newton’s Law to Viscosity:
Density, 𝝆𝒘 Specific Weight, 𝜸𝒘
𝐹 𝑈
𝜏= =𝜇
𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 𝐴 𝑦
𝛾 = 9810 𝑁/𝑚
= 1.94 slug/ft3 Where:
= 62.4 lb/ ft3
=1.0 gram/cm3 𝜇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜏 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Specific Gravity of Common Fluid 𝑈
Note: The specific gravity of some substance at 20°C and 1 atm unless stated otherwise = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑦
Substance Specific Gravity
Water (at 4°𝐶) 1.0 5. SAE 30 oil(𝜇 = 9.20𝑥10 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠/𝑓𝑡 ) at 20℃ is sheared
Seawater 1.025 between two parallel plates 0.005 in apart with the lower
Gasoline 0.68 plate fixed and the upper plate moving at 13 ft/s. Compute
Ethyl Alcohol 0.790 the shear stress in the oil.
Mercury 13.60
𝜏 = 287.04 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
Air 0.001204

6. An 18-kg slab slides down a 15° inclined plane on a 3-mm-

1. Calculate the density of water vapor at 350 kPa abs and
thick film of SAE 10 oil (𝜇 = 8.14𝑥10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠/𝑚 ) at 20℃;
20℃ if its gas constant is 0.462 kPa-m3/kg-°𝐾.
2.59 kg/m3
the contact area is 0.3 m2. Find the terminal velocity of the
slab.
U=5.615 m/s
2. Four hundred fifty kilogram of oxygen is confined in a
volume of 110 L tank at -75°C. What is the pressure if the gas
7. A piston shown is moving through a cylinder at a speed of
constant is 4.115 kJ/kg - °K?
3.33 GPa
19 ft/s. The film of oil separating the piston from the
cylinder has a viscosity of 0.020 lb – s/ft2. What force
SURFACE TENSION, 𝝈 required maintaining this motion?
Surface tension is the force per unit length at a liquid– vapor
or liquid–liquid interface resulting from the imbalance in
attractive forces among like liquid molecules at the interface.

F = 297.85 lb

8. A shaft 70.0mm in diameter is being pushed at a speed of

400mm/s through a bearing sleeve 70.2mm in diameter and
250mm long. The clearance, assumed uniform, is filled with
oil at 20℃ with 𝑣 = 0.005 𝑚 /𝑠 and SG = 0.90. Use 1000
kg/m3 as density of water.
CAPILLARY ACTION, h a. Find the force exerted by the oil on the shaft.
Liquids have both cohesion and adhesion, which are forms of F = 989.6 N
molecular attraction. Capillarity, the rise (or fall) of liquid in small b. Determine the resisting torque exerted by the oil if the
diameter tubes are due to this attraction. shaft is fixed axially and rotated inside the sleeve at 2000
rpm.

T=634.7 KN m

ENGR. AML
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW
HYDRAULICS 1 - FLUID PROPERTIES
MANOMETRY and PASCAL’S LAW 12. If the pressure at Pipe A is 10 kPa, determine the
pressure in pipe B.
2.115 kPa

13. A hydraulic jack was used to lift a car. It is filled with oil
at SG = 0.85. Neglecting the weight of the two pistons, find
the force applied at Area 1 to lift a car with 20.95 kN weight.
(Diameter of Area 1 = 30 mm, Diameter of Area 2 = 75 mm).
3.352 KN

9. Given the figure, if the atmospheric pressure is 101.325

kPa and the absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank is
231.3 kPa, determine the specific gravity of the olive oil.
1.37

GAS LAWS
10. Find the difference in pressure between the water pipe
and the oil pipe shown below.
-11.94 kPa

11. If the value of H = 16 cm, determine the pressure gage

reading?
17.89 kPa 14. A vertical tube 3 m. long with one end closed is inserted
vertically with the open end down, into a tank of water until
the open end is submerged to a depth of 1.0 m. Assume
absolute atmospheric pressure is 101.5 kPa. Neglecting
vapor pressure, how far will the water level in the tube be
below the level in the tank?
0.7878 m

15. Gas in a balloon occupies 2.50 L at 300°𝐾. At what

temperature will the balloon expand to 7.50 L?
900°𝐾

16. A gas of 1.2 atm and 30°C fills a flexible container with an
initial volume of 2.00 L. If the temperature is raised by 80°C
and the pressure is increased to 4 atm, what is the new
volume?
0.758 L

ENGR. AML
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW
HYDRAULICS 1 - FLUID PROPERTIES
COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

17. In a hydraulic press, water is subjected to a pressure of

10000 psia at 68°F. If the initial pressure is 15 psia, what is
the percentage decrease in volume considering that the
average bulk modulus of elasticity of water is 365000 psi for
this temperature range?
-2.736%

SITUATION. At a depth of 8 km in the ocean, the pressure is

81.8 MPa, Assume a specific weight at the ocean surface of
10.05 kN/m3 and the average bulk modulus of elasticity of
2.34 GPa for that pressure range.

18. Find the change in specific volume between the surface

and that depth.

19. Find the specific volume at that depth.

20. Find the specific weight at that depth.

ENGR. AML