ASHRAE

POCKET GUIDE
for
Air Conditioning, Heating,
Ventilation, Refrigeration

I-P
9th Edition

ASHRAE · 1791 Tullie Circle, NE Atlanta, GA 30329 · www.ashrae.org

 © 1987, 1989, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2017 ASHRAE
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: ASHRAE (Firm), author.

Title: ASHRAE pocket guide for air conditioning, heating, ventilation,
refrigeration.
Other titles: Pocket guide for air conditioning, heating, ventilation,
refrigeration
Description: 9th edition, I-P. | Atlanta, GA : ASHRAE, [2017] | Includes
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017058775| ISBN 9781939200822 (softcover : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781939200846 (PDF)
Subjects: LCSH: Heating--Equipment and supplies--Handbooks, manuals, etc. |
Ventilation--Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Air conditioning--Handbooks,
manuals, etc. | Refrigeration and refrigerating machinery--Handbooks,
manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC TH7011 .A38 2017b | DDC 697.9--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017058775

ASHRAE Staff Special Publications Mark S. Owen, Editor/Group Manager of Handbook and Special Publications
Cindy Sheffield Michaels, Managing Editor
Lauren Ramsdell, Assistant Editor
Mary Bolton, Editorial Assistant
Michshell Phillips, Editorial Coordinator
Publishing Services David Soltis, Group Manager of Publishing Services and Electronic Communications
Jayne Jackson, Publication Traffic Administrator
Publisher W. Stephen Comstock

Updates and errata for this publication will be posted

on the ASHRAE website at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.
CONTENTS
Preface........................................................................................................................viii
1 Air Handling and Psychrometrics
Air Friction Chart .....................................................................................................1
Velocities vs. Velocity Pressures ............................................................................2
Noncircular Ducts....................................................................................................2
Fittings and Flexible Ducts......................................................................................2
Duct Leakage......................................................................................................3–4
Fitting Losses..........................................................................................................5
Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts .........................................................6–7
Flat Oval Duct Equivalents......................................................................................8
Velocities for HVAC Components ...........................................................................9
Fan Laws ........................................................................................................11–12
Types of Fans .................................................................................................13–20
Fan System Effect.................................................................................................21
Psychrometric Chart .............................................................................................22
Air-Conditioning Processes.............................................................................23–25
Enthalpy of Air.......................................................................................................26
Standard Atmospheric Data..................................................................................27
Moist Air Data .......................................................................................................27
Space Air Diffusion .........................................................................................28–29
Principles of Jet Behavior ...............................................................................30–32
Airflow Patterns of Different Diffusers .............................................................33–35
Mixed-Air Systems ................................................................................................36
Fully Stratified Systems ..................................................................................40–41
Partially Mixed Systems........................................................................................42
Return Air Design..................................................................................................44
2 Air Contaminants and Control
Air Quality Standards ............................................................................................45
Electronic Air Cleaners .........................................................................................46
Bioaerosols ...........................................................................................................46
Filter Installations ..................................................................................................46
MERV Parameters ................................................................................................47
Filter Application Guidelines .................................................................................48
Indoor Contaminant Sources ..........................................................................49–51
Gaseous Contaminants by Building Materials ................................................52–53
Kitchen Ventilation ..........................................................................................54–66
3 Water
Pump Terms and Formulas ..................................................................................69
Pump Affinity Laws ...............................................................................................69
Application of Affinity Laws ...................................................................................70
Net Positive Suction Characteristics ...............................................................71–73
Typical Pump Curves............................................................................................73
General Information on Water...............................................................................74
Mass Flow and Specific Heat of Water .................................................................75
Freezing Points of Glycols ....................................................................................75
Vertical Cylindrical Tank Capacity ........................................................................76
Horizontal Cylindrical Tank Capacity ....................................................................76
Volume of Water in Pipe and Tube .......................................................................77
Water Pipe Friction Chart, Copper........................................................................78
Water Pipe Friction Chart, Plastic .........................................................................79
Water Pipe Friction Chart, Steel ...........................................................................80
Friction Losses in Pipe Fittings .......................................................................81–86
4 Steam
Steam Table..........................................................................................................87

iii
 Steam Chart..........................................................................................................88
Steam Pipe Flow Rate ..........................................................................................89
Steam Pipe Capacities....................................................................................90–91
Steam Pipe Capacities—Return Mains and Risers ..............................................92
5 Piping
Steel Pipe Data ...............................................................................................93–95
Copper Tube Data ..........................................................................................96–98
Properties of Plastic Pipe Materials ..............................................................99–100
Pipe, Fitting, and Valve Applications...........................................................101–109
Thermal Expansion of Metal Pipe .......................................................................110
Hanger Spacing and Rod Sizes..........................................................................110
6 Service Water Heating
Service Water Heating System Elements ...........................................................112
Legionella pneumophila ......................................................................................112
Load Diversity .............................................................................................113–114
Hot-Water Demand for Buildings ........................................................................115
Hot-Water Demand per Fixture...................................................................116–118
Hot-Water Flow Rate ..........................................................................................119
7 Refrigeration Cycles
Coefficient of Performance (COP) ......................................................................122
Vapor Compression Cycle ..........................................................................123–124
8 Refrigerants
Refrigerant Data..........................................................................................125–126
Pressure-Enthalpy Chart—R-22 .........................................................................127
Property Tables—R-22 ...............................................................................128–129
Pressure-Enthalpy Chart—R-123 .......................................................................130
Property Table—R-123 .......................................................................................131
Pressure-Enthalpy Chart—R-134a .....................................................................132
Property Tables—R-134a ...........................................................................133–134
Pressure Enthalpy Chart—R-245fa ....................................................................135
Property Table—R-245fa ....................................................................................136
Pressure Enthalpy Chart—R-404A .....................................................................137
Property Table—R-404A.....................................................................................138
Pressure Enthalpy Chart—R-407C.....................................................................139
Property Table—R-407C ....................................................................................140
Pressure Enthalpy Chart—R-410A .....................................................................141
Property Table—R-410A.....................................................................................142
Pressure Enthalpy Chart—R-507A .....................................................................143
Property Table—R-507A.....................................................................................144
Pressure-Enthalpy Chart—R-717 (Ammonia).....................................................145
Property Tables—R-717 (Ammonia)...................................................................146
Pressure Enthalpy Chart—R-1233zd(E).............................................................147
Property Table—R-1233zd(E) ............................................................................148
Pressure Enthalpy Chart—R-1234yf...................................................................149
Property Table—R-1234yf ..................................................................................150
Pressure Enthalpy Chart—R-1234ze(E).............................................................151
Property Table—R-1234ze(E) ............................................................................152
Comparative Refrigerant Performance .......................................................153–154
Refrigerant Line Capacities—R-404A.........................................................155–156
Refrigerant Line Capacities—R-507A.........................................................157–158
Refrigerant Line Capacities—R-410A.........................................................159–160
Refrigerant Line Capacities—R-407C.........................................................161–162
Refrigerant Line Capacities—R-22 .............................................................163–164
Refrigerant Line Capacities—R-134a .........................................................165–166
Oil Entrained in Suction Risers—R-22 and R-134a ....................................167–168
Oil Entrained in Hot-Gas Risers—R-22 and R-134a...................................169–170

iv
 Refrigerant Line Capacities—Ammonia (R-717).................................................171
Liquid Ammonia Line Capacities.........................................................................172
Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems ......................................................................173
Secondary Coolants............................................................................................173
Relative Pumping Energy ...................................................................................174
9 Refrigerant Safety
Safety Group Classification.................................................................................175
Data and Safety Classifications for Refrigerants and Blends .....................176–181
10 Refrigeration
Transmission Load..............................................................................................183
Product Load.......................................................................................................185
Internal Load .......................................................................................................186
Packaging Related Load.............................................................................187–189
Infiltration Air Load ..............................................................................................190
Equipment-Related Load ....................................................................................190
Safety Factor.......................................................................................................190
Liquid Coolers .............................................................................................192–197
Forced-Circulation Air Coolers....................................................................197–198
11 Air-Conditioning Load Data
Cooling and Heating Loads.........................................................................199–200
Heat Flow Through Building Materials ................................................................202
Thermal Resistance of Plane Air Spaces ...........................................................203
Surface Conductances and Resistances ...........................................................204
Emissivity ............................................................................................................205
Thermal Resistance of Ventilated Attics .............................................................206
Thermal Properties of Materials..................................................................207–212
CLTDs for Flat Roofs ..................................................................................213–214
CLTDs for Sunlit Walls................................................................................215–216
Solar Cooling Load for Sunlit Glass ....................................................................217
Shading Coefficients for Glass............................................................................218
Heat Gain from People .......................................................................................219
Heat Gain from Lighting and LPDs .............................................................220–223
Heat Gain from Motors................................................................................224–225
Heat Gain from Restaurant Equipment.......................................................226–230
Heat Gain from Hospital and Laboratory Equipment ..................................231–232
Heat Gain from Office Equipment ...............................................................233–238
Display Fixtures Refrigerating Effect...................................................................238
12 Ventilation
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2016 ....................................................................239–240
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016 ....................................................................241–244
Procedures from ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016.........................................244–253
Normative Appendix A from ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016 .......................253–256
Design Parameters for Health Care Facilities.............................................257–258
Operation and Maintenance........................................................................259–260
13 Energy-Conserving Design
Sustainability.......................................................................................................261
Energy Efficiency Standards...............................................................................262
Climate Zones for United States Locations.........................................................263
14 Electrical
Characteristics of AC Motors ..............................................................................264
Motor Full-Load Amperes ...................................................................................265
Useful Electrical Formulas ..................................................................................265
Motor Controllers ................................................................................................266
Variable-Speed Drives (VSDs) ...........................................................................266

v
15 Fuels and Combustion
Gas Pipe Sizing Table ........................................................................................267
Viscosity and Heating Values of Fuels................................................................268
Liquid Fuels for Engines .....................................................................................269
Fuel Oil Pipe Sizing Tables.................................................................................270
16 Owning and Operating
Maintenance Costs .....................................................................................271–272
Owning and Operating Cost Data .......................................................................272
Economic Analysis......................................................................................273–274
17 Sound
Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Levels .....................................................275
Combining Sound Levels ....................................................................................276
Sound Power and Sound Power Level ...............................................................276
A- and C- Weighting............................................................................................276
Octave bands and 1/3 Octave Bands .................................................................277
Design Guidance for HVAC System Noise .........................................................278
Sound Rating Methods ...............................................................................279–280
Sound Paths in HVAC Systems..........................................................................280
Silencers .............................................................................................................281
Outlet Configurations ..........................................................................................281
Mechanical Equipment Noise Levels ..................................................................282
Mechanical Equipment Sound Isolation..............................................................283
18 Vibration
Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems ..................................................................284
Two-Degree-of-Freedom Systems......................................................................284
Isolator Selection ........................................................................................285–293
19 HVAC Systems and Equipment
Furnaces .....................................................................................................294–299
Hydronic Heating Units and Radiators........................................................300–305
Unit Ventilators, Unit Heaters, and Makeup Air Units .................................306–318
Small Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems.........................................319–326
Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps ..................................................327–336
Water-Source Heat Pumps .........................................................................337–342
Variable-Refrigerant-Flow Heat Pumps ..............................................................342
Room Air Conditioners and Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners ..............343–347
Evaporative Cooling....................................................................................348–352
20 Automatic Controls
HVAC System Components........................................................................353–359
HVAC Systems ...........................................................................................360–361
21 Occupant Comfort
ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 ...............................................................................362
Graphic Comfort Zone Method ...........................................................................362
Operative and Effective Temperature .................................................................362
Clothing Insulation Values ..........................................................................363–364
Local Discomfort .................................................................................................366
Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated Buildings .............................................367
22 General
System Design Criteria ...............................................................................368–371
Air-Conditioning Formulas ..................................................................................372
Sizing Formulas for Heating/Cooling ..................................................................373
Units and Conversions................................................................................374–375

Appendix: Climatic Design Conditions for Selected Locations...................376–438

Index ..................................................................................................................439–440

vi
PREFACE
The ASHRAE Pocket Guide was developed to serve as a ready, offline reference for engi-
neers without easy access to complete ASHRAE Handbook volumes.
This ninth edition has been revised for 2017 to include updates from current editions of the
ASHRAE Handbook series as well as from various ASHRAE standards. This edition also fea-
tures a renewed emphasis in basic design aids: content on more specialized system types has
been replaced by an appendix containing climatic design data for selected worldwide locations.
This edition of the ASHRAE Pocket Guide, which was first published in 1987, was com-
piled by ASHRAE staff editors; previous major contributors were Carl W. MacPhee, Griffith C.
Burr, Jr., Harry E. Rountree, and Frederick H. Kohloss.
Throughout this Pocket Guide, original sources of figures and tables are indicated where
applicable. For space concerns, a shorthand for ASHRAE publications has been adopted.
ASHRAE sources are noted after figure captions or table titles in brackets using the following
abbreviations:

Fig Figure
Tbl Table
Ch Chapter
Std ASHRAE Standard
2017F, 2013F, etc ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals
2016S, 2012S, etc. ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment
2015A, 2011A, etc. ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications
2014R, 2010R, etc. ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration

Complete entries for all references cited in tables and figures are available in the original
source publications.

vii
1. AIR HANDLING AND PSYCHROMETRICS

Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Figure 1.1 Friction Chart for Round Duct ( = 0.075 lbm/ft3 and  = 0.0003 ft)
[2017F, Ch 21, Fig 10]

1
 Table 1.1 Velocities vs. Velocity Pressures
Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Velocity V, Velocity Pressure Pv ,

fpm in. H2O
300 0.01
400 0.01
500 0.02
600 0.02
700 0.03
800 0.04
900 0.05
1000 0.06
1100 0.08
1200 0.09
1300 0.11
1400 0.12
1500 0.14
1600 0.16
1700 0.18
1800 0.20
1900 0.22
2000 0.25
2100 0.27
2200 0.30
2300 0.33
2400 0.36
2500 0.39
Pv = (V/4005)2

Noncircular Ducts
Hydraulic diameter Dh = 4A/P, where A = duct area (in.2) and P = perimeter (in.). Ducts
having the same hydraulic diameter will have approximately the same fluid resistance at equal
velocities.

Fittings
Resistance to flow through fittings can be expressed by fitting loss coefficients C. The fric-
tion loss in a fitting in inches of water is CPv. The more radically the airflow is changed in direc-
tion or velocity, the greater the fitting loss coefficient. See ASHRAE Duct Fitting Database for a
complete list. 90° mitered elbows with vanes will usually have C between 0.11 and 0.33.

Round Flexible Ducts

Nonmetallic flexible ducts fully extended have friction losses approximately three times
that of galvanized steel ducts. This rises rapidly for unextended ducts by a correction factor of 4
if 70% extended, 3 if 80% extended, and 2 if 90% extended. For centerline bend radius ratio to
diameter of 1 to 4, the approximate loss coefficient is between 0.82 and 0.87.

2
 Table 1.2 Duct Leakage Classificationa

Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Predicted Leakage Class CL
Duct Type
Sealedb,c Unsealedc
Metal (flexible excluded)
Round and flat oval 3 30
(6 to 70)
Rectangular
 2 in. of water 12 48
(both positive and negative pressures) (12 to 110)
> 2 and  10 in. of water 6 48
(both positive and negative pressures) (12 to 110)c
Flexible
Metal, aluminum 8 30
(12 to 54)
Nonmetal 12 30
(4 to 54)
Fibrous glass
Round 3 na
Rectangular 6 na
a The leakage classes listed in this table are averages based on tests conducted by AISI/
SMACNA (1972), ASHRAE/SMACNA/TIMA (1985), and Swim and Griggs (1995).
b The leakage classes listed in the sealed category are based on the assumptions that for
metal ducts, all transverse joints, seams, and openings in the duct wall are sealed at pres-
sures over 3 in. of water, that transverse joints and longitudinal seams are sealed at 2 and 3
in. of water, and that transverse joints are sealed below 2 in. of water. Lower leakage
classes are obtained by careful selection of joints and sealing methods.
c Leakage classes assigned anticipate about 25 joints per 100 linear feet of duct. For systems
with a high fitting to straight duct ratio, greater leakage occurs in both the sealed and
unsealed conditions.

Table 1.3 Recommended Ductwork Leakage Class

by Duct Type

Leakage Class CL,

Duct Type
cfm/100 ft2 at 1 in. of water
Metal (flexible excluded)
Round 3
Flat oval 3
Rectangular 6
Flexible 6
Fibrous glass
Round 3
Rectangular 6

Leakage Class CL = Q/PS0.65 (1.1)

where
Q = leakage rate, cfm/100 ft2 surface area
Ps = static pressure difference, inches of water between inside and outside of duct

3
 Table 1.4 Duct Sealing Requirement Levels
Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Duct Seal Level Sealing Requirementsa

A All transverse joints, longitudinal seams, and duct wall penetrations
B All transverse joints and longitudinal seams
C Transverse joints only
a
Transverse joints are connections of two duct or fitting elements oriented perpendicular to flow. Lon-
gitudinal seams are joints oriented in the direction of airflow. Duct wall penetrations are openings
made by screws, non-self-sealing fasteners, pipe, tubing, rods, and wire. Round and flat oval spiral
lock seams need not be sealed prior to assembly, but may be coated after assembly to reduce leakage.
All other connections are considered transverse joints, including but not limited to spin-ins, taps and
other branch connections, access door frames, and duct connections to equipment.

Table 1.5 Duct Sealing Recommendations

Duct Type
Recommended Duct Seal Levels
Supply
2 in. >2 in.
Duct Location Exhaust Return
of water of water
Outdoors A A A A
Unconditioned spaces B A B B
Conditioned spaces (concealed ductwork) C B B C
Conditioned spaces (exposed ductwork) A A B B

Table 1.6 Duct Leakage per Unit Length

Unsealed Longitudinal Seam Leakage, Leakage, cfm per ft Seam Length

Metal Ducts at 1 in. Water Pressure
Type of Duct/Seam Range Average
Rectangular Pittsburgh lock
26 gage 0.01 to 0.02 0.0164
22 gage 0.001 to 0.002 0.0016
Button punch snaplock
26 gage 0.03 to 0.15 0.0795
22 gage NA (1 test) 0.0032
Round Spiral (26 gage) NA (1 test) 0.015
Snaplock 0.04 to 0.14 0.11
Grooved 0.11 to 0.18 0.12

4
 Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Figure 1.2 At Exit, the Fitting Coefficient Co Affects t Loss [2017F, Ch 21, Fig 7]

5
 Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Table 1.7 Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Duct for Equal Friction and Capacitya
6

Lgth. Length of One Side of Rectangular Duct (a), in.

Adj.b 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0
3.0 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
4.0 4.4 4.6 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.3
5.0 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.7 6.9 7.3 7.6 8.0 8.3 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.4
Lgth. Length of One Side of Rectangular Duct (a), in. Lgth.
Adj.b 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 Adj.b
6 6.6 6
8 7.6 8.2 8.7 8
10 8.4 9.1 9.8 10.4 10.9 10
12 9.1 9.9 10.7 11.3 12.0 12.6 13.1 12
14 9.8 10.8 11.4 12.2 12.9 13.5 14.2 14.7 15.3 14
16 10.4 11.3 12.2 13.0 13.7 14.4 15.1 15.7 16.4 16.9 17.5 16
18 11.0 11.9 12.9 13.7 14.5 15.3 16.0 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.7 18
20 11.5 12.6 13.5 14.4 15.2 16.0 16.8 17.5 18.2 18.9 19.5 20.1 20.7 21.3 21.9 20
24 12.4 13.5 14.6 15.6 16.5 17.4 18.3 19.1 19.9 20.6 21.3 22.0 22.7 23.3 34.9 25.1 26.2 24
28 13.2 14.5 15.6 16.7 17.7 18.7 19.6 20.5 21.3 22.1 22.9 23.7 24.4 25.1 25.8 27.1 28.3 29.5 30.6 28
32 14.0 15.3 16.5 17.7 18.8 19.8 20.8 21.8 22.7 23.5 24.4 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.5 28.9 30.2 31.5 32.7 33.9 32
36 14.7 16.1 17.4 18.6 19.8 20.9 21.9 22.9 23.9 24.8 25.7 26.6 27.4 28.2 29.0 30.5 32.0 33.3 34.6 35.9 36
40 15.3 16.8 18.2 19.5 20.7 21.8 22.9 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 27.9 28.8 29.6 30.5 32.1 33.6 35.1 36.4 37.8 40
44 15.9 17.5 18.9 20.3 31.5 22.7 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.0 30.9 31.8 33.5 35.1 36.7 38.1 39.5 44
48 16.5 18.1 19.6 21.0 22.3 23.6 24.8 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.2 30.2 31.2 32.2 33.1 34.9 36.6 38.2 39.7 41.2 48
52 17.1 18.7 20.2 21.7 23.1 24.4 25.7 26.9 28.0 29.2 30.3 31.3 32.3 33.3 34.3 36.2 37.9 39.6 41.2 42.8 52
56 17.6 19.3 20.9 22.4 23.8 25.2 26.5 27.7 28.9 30.1 31.2 32.3 33.4 34.4 35.4 37.4 39.2 41.0 42.7 44.3 56
60 18.1 19.8 21.5 23.0 24.5 25.9 27.3 28.6 29.8 31.0 32.2 33.3 34.4 35.5 36.5 38.5 40.4 42.3 44.0 45.7 60
64 20.3 22.0 23.6 25.1 26.6 28.0 29.3 30.6 31.9 33.1 34.3 35.4 36.5 37.6 39.6 41.6 43.5 45.3 47.1 64
 Table 1.7 Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Duct for Equal Friction and Capacitya (Continued)

Lgth. Length of One Side of Rectangular Duct (a), in. Lgth.

Adj.b 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 Adj.b
32 35.0 32
36 37.1 38.2 39.4 36
40 39.0 40.3 41.5 42.6 43.7 40
44 40.9 42.2 43.5 44.7 45.8 48.1 44
48 42.6 44.0 45.3 46.6 47.9 49.1 50.2 51.4 52.5 48
52 44.3 45.7 47.1 48.4 49.7 51.0 52.2 53.4 54.6 55.7 56.8 52
56 45.8 47.3 48.8 50.2 51.6 52.9 54.2 55.4 56.6 57.8 59.0 61.2 56
60 47.3 48.9 50.4 51.9 53.3 54.7 60.0 57.3 58.6 59.8 61.0 63.4 65.6 60
64 48.7 50.4 51.9 53.5 54.9 56.4 57.8 59.1 60.4 61.7 63.0 65.4 67.7 70.0 64
68 50.1 51.8 53.4 55.0 56.5 58.0 59.4 60.8 62.2 63.6 64.9 67.4 69.8 72.1 74.3 68
72 51.4 53.2 54.8 56.5 58.0 59.6 61.1 62.5 63.9 65.3 66.7 69.3 71.8 74.2 76.5 78.7 72
76 52.7 54.5 56.2 57.9 59.5 61.1 62.6 64.1 65.6 67.0 68.4 71.1 73.7 76.2 78.6 80.9 83.1 76
80 53.9 55.8 57.5 59.3 60.9 62.6 64.1 65.7 67.2 68.7 70.1 72.9 75.4 78.1 80.6 82.9 85.2 87.5 80
84 55.1 57.0 58.8 60.6 62.3 64.0 65.6 67.2 68.7 70.3 71.7 74.6 77.3 80.0 82.5 85.0 87.3 89.6 91.8 84
88 56.3 58.2 60.1 61.9 63.6 65.4 67.0 68.7 70.2 71.8 73.3 76.3 79.1 81.8 84.4 86.9 89.3 91.7 94.0 96.2 88
92 57.4 59.3 61.3 63.1 64.9 66.7 68.4 70.1 71.7 73.3 74.9 77.9 80.8 83.5 86.2 88.8 91.3 93.7 96.1 98.4 92
96 58.4 60.5 62.4 64.3 66.2 68.0 69.7 71.5 73.1 74.8 76.3 79.4 82.4 85.3 88.0 90.7 93.2 95.7 98.1 100.5 96
a
Table based on De = 1.30 (ab)0.625/(a + b)0.25
b
Length of adjacent side of rectangular duct (b), in.
7

Air Handling and Psychrometrics

 Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Table 1.8 Equivalent Flat Oval Duct Dimensions* [2017F, Ch 21, Tbl 3]
8

Circular Minor Axis a, in. Circular Minor Axis a, in.

Duct 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 Duct 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Diameter, Diameter,
in. Major Axis A, in. in. Major Axis A, in.
5 8 19 46 — 34 — 28 23 21
5.5 9 7 20 50 — 38 — 31 27 24 21
6 11 9 21 58 — 43 — 34 28 25 23
6.5 12 10 8 22 65 — 48 — 37 31 29 26
7 15 12 10 8 23 71 — 52 — 42 34 30 27
7.5 19 13 — 9 24 77 — 57 — 45 38 33 29 26
8 22 15 11 — 25 63 — 50 41 36 32 29
8.5 18 13 11 10 26 70 — 56 45 38 34 31
9 20 14 12 — 10 27 76 — 59 49 41 37 34
9.5 21 18 14 12 — 28 65 52 46 40 36
10 19 15 13 11 29 72 58 49 43 39 35
10.5 21 17 15 13 12 30 78 61 54 46 40 38
11 19 16 14 — 12 31 81 67 57 49 44 39 37
11.5 20 18 16 14 — 32 71 60 53 47 42 40
12 23 20 17 15 13 33 77 66 56 51 46 41
12.5 25 21 — — 15 14 34 69 59 55 47 44
13 28 23 19 17 16 — 14 35 76 65 58 50 46
13.5 30 — 21 18 — 16 — 36 79 68 61 53 49
14 33 — 22 20 18 17 15 37 71 64 57 52
14.5 36 — 24 22 19 — 17 38 78 67 60 55
15 39 — 27 23 21 19 18 40 77 69 62
16 45 — 30 — 24 22 20 17 42 75 68
17 52 — 35 — 27 24 21 19 44 82 74
18 59 — 39 — 30 — 25 22 19
* Table based on De = 1.30 (ab)0.625/(a + b)0.25.
 Table 1.9 Typical Design Velocities for HVAC Components

Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Face Velocity,
Duct Element
fpm
Louvers
Intake
7000 cfm and greater 400
Less than 7000 cfm See Figure 1.3
Exhaust
5000 cfm and greater 500
Less than 5000 cfm See Figure 1.3
Filters
Panel filters
Viscous impingement 200 to 800
Dry-type, extended-surface
Flat (low efficiency) Duct velocity
Pleated media (intermediate efficiency) Up to 750
HEPA 250
Renewable media filters
Moving-curtain viscous impingement 500
Moving-curtain dry media 200
Electronic air cleaners
Ionizing type 150 to 350
Heating Coils
Steam and hot water 500 to 1000
200 min., 1500 max.
Electric
Open wire Refer to mfg. data
Finned tubular Refer to mfg. data
Dehumidifying Coils 400 to 500
Air Washers
Spray type Refer to mfg. data
Cell type Refer to mfg. data
High-velocity spray type 1200 to 1800

9
Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Figure 1.3 Criteria for Louver Sizing [2017F, Ch 21, Fig 19]

10
 Table 1.10 Fan Lawsa,b
For All Fan Laws: t1 = t2 and (point of rating)1 = (point of rating)2

Air Handling and Psychrometrics

No. Dependent Variables Independent Variables

D 3 N
  ------1-  -------1  
 D 2
1a Q1 = Q2
N2

 D 1 2  N 1 2 1
  -------   -------  ------
2
Pressure1 = Pressure2c
 D 2  N 2
1b

 D 1 5  N 1 3 1
  -------   -------  ------
 D 2  N 2 2
1c W1 = W2

 D  2  Press.  1/2   2 1/2

  ------1-   ----------------1-   ------
 D 2  Press. 2   1
2a Q1 = Q2

 D   Press.  1/2    1/2

  ------2-   ----------------1-   -----2-
 D 1  Press. 2   1
2b N1 = N2

 D  2  Press.  3/2    1/2

  ------1-   ----------------1-   -----2-
 D 2  Press. 2   1
2c W1 = W2

D 3 Q
  ------2-  ------1-  
 D 1
3a N1 = N2
Q2

 D 2 4  Q 1 2 
  -------   -------  -----1-
 D 1  Q 2 2
3b Pressure1 = Pressure2

 D 2 4  Q 1 3 1
  -------   -------  ------
 D 1  Q 2 2
3c W1 = W2

a. The subscript 1 denotes that the variable is for the fan under consideration.
b. The subscript 2 denotes that the variable is for the tested fan.
c. Fan total pressure Ptf , fan velocity pressure Pvf , or fan static pressurePsf .
Unless otherwise identified, fan performance data are based on dry air at standard conditions 14.696 psi
and 70°F (0.075 lbm/ft3). In actual applications, the fan may be required to handle air or gas at some
other density. The change in density may be because of temperature, composition of the gas, or altitude.
As indicated by the Fan Laws, the fan performance is affected by gas density. With constant size and
speed, the horsepower and pressure varies directly as the ratio of gas density to the standard air density.

11
 The application of the Fan Laws for a change in fan speed N for a specific size fan is shown
Air Handling and Psychrometrics

in Figure 1.4. The computed Pt curve is derived from the base curve. For example, point E(N1 =
650) is computed from point D(N2= 600) as follows:
At D,

Q 2 = 6 cfm and P tf = 1.13 in. of water (1.2)

2

Using Fan Law 1a at Point E

Q 1 = 6000  650  600  = 6500 cfm (1.3)

Using Fan Law 1b

= 1.13   650  600  = 1.33 psi

2
P tf (1.4)
1

The completed P tf , N = 650 curve thus may be generated by computing additional points
1
from data on the base curve, such as point G from point F.

cfm  static pressure, in. of water

fan efficiency (decimal)  6356
hp = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (1.5)

Figure 1.4 Example Calculation of Fan Laws [2016S, Ch 21, Fig 4]

12
 Table 1.11 Types of Fans [2016S, Ch 21, Tbl 1]

Performance
Type Impeller Design Housing Design Applications
Characteristics
• Blades of airfoil • Scroll design for • Highest efficiency of • General heating,
contour curved away efficient conversion of all centrifugal fan ventilating, and air-
from direction of velocity pressure to designs and conditioning
rotation. Deep blades static pressure. peak efficiencies occur applications.
allow efficient • Maximum efficiency at 50 to 60% of wide- • Usually only applied
expansion within requires close open volume. to large systems,
blade passages. clearance and • Fan has a non- which may be low-,
Airfoil

• Air leaves impeller at alignment between overloading medium-, or high-

velocity less than tip wheel and inlet. characteristic, which pressure applications.
speed. means power reaches • Applied to large,
Centrifugal Fans

• For given duty, has maximum near peak clean-air industrial

highest speed of efficiency and operations for
centrifugal fan becomes lower, or significant energy
designs. self-limiting, toward savings.
free delivery.
• Single-thickness • Uses same housing • Similar to airfoil fan, • Same heating,
blades curved or configuration as airfoil except peak efficiency ventilating, and air-
Backward-Inclined
Backward-Curved

inclined away from design. slightly conditioning

direction of rotation. lower. applications as airfoil
• Efficient for same • Curved blades are fan.
reasons as airfoil fan. slightly more efficient • Used in some
than straight blades. industrial applications
where environment
may corrode or erode
airfoil blade.
13

Air Handling and Psychrometrics

 Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Table 1.11 Types of Fans [2016S, Ch 21, Tbl 1] (Continued)

14

Performance
Type Impeller Design Housing Design Applications
Characteristics
• Higher pressure • Scroll similar to and • Higher pressure • Primarily for materials
characteristics than often identical to other characteristics than handling in industrial
airfoil, backward- centrifugal fan airfoil and plants. Also for some
Centrifugal Fans (continued)

curved, and backward- designs. backward-curved fans. high-pressure

inclined fans. • Fit between wheel and • Pressure may drop industrial
• Curve may have a inlet not as critical as suddenly at left of requirements.
break to left of peak for airfoil and peak pressure, • Rugged wheel is
Radial (R)

Tip (Rt)

pressure. backward-inclined but this usually causes simple to repair in the

Radial

fans. no problems. field. Wheel

• Power rises sometimes coated with
continually to free special material.
delivery, which is • Not common for
an overloading HVAC applications.
characteristic.
• Curved blades are
slightly more efficient
than straight blades.
 Table 1.11 Types of Fans [2016S, Ch 21, Tbl 1] (Continued)
Performance
Type Impeller Design Housing Design Applications
Characteristics
• Flatter pressure curve • Scroll similar to and • Pressure curve less • Primarily for low-
and lower peak often identical to other steep than that of pressure HVAC
efficiency than the centrifugal fan backward-curved fans. applications, such as
airfoil, backward- designs. Curve dips to left of residential furnaces,
Centrifugal Fans (continued)

curved, and backward- • Fit between wheel and peak pressure. central station units,
inclined. inlet not as critical as • Highest efficiency and packaged air
for airfoil and occurs at 40 to 50% of conditioners.
backward-inclined wide-open volume.
Forward-
Curved

fans. • Operate fan to right of

peak pressure. Use
caution when selecting
left of peak pressure,
because instability is
possible.
• Power rises
continually to free
delivery which is an
overloading
characteristic.
15

Air Handling and Psychrometrics

 Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Table 1.11 Types of Fans [2016S, Ch 21, Tbl 1] (Continued)

16

Performance
Type Impeller Design Housing Design Applications
Characteristics
• Plenum and plug fans • Plenum and plug fans • Plenum and plug fans • Plenum and plug fans
typically use airfoil, are unique in that they are similar to are used in a variety of
Centrifugal Fans (continued)

backward inclined, or operate with no comparable housed HVAC applications

backward curved housing. The airfoil/backward- such as air handlers,
impellers in a single equivalent of a curved fans but are especially where
inlet configuration. housing, or plenum generally less efficient direct-drive
Plenum/

Relative benefits of chamber (dashed line), because of inefficient arrangements are

Plug

each impeller are the depends on the conversion of kinetic desirable.

same as those application. energy in discharge • Other advantages of
described for scroll • The components of the airstream. these fans are
housed fans. drive system for the • They are more discharge
plug fan are located susceptible to configuration
outside the airstream. performance flexibility and
degradation caused by potential for smaller-
poor installation. footprint units.
• Low efficiency. • Simple circular ring, • High flow rate, but • For low-pressure,
• Limited to low- orifice plate, or very low pressure high-volume air-
pressure applications. venturi. capabilities. moving applications,
• Usually low-cost • Optimum design is • Maximum efficiency such as air circulation
Axial Fans

Propeller

impellers have two or close to blade tips and reached near free in a space or
more blades of single forms smooth airfoil delivery. ventilation through a
thickness attached to into wheel. • Discharge pattern wall without
relatively small hub. circular and airstream ductwork.
• Primary energy swirls. • Used for makeup air
transfer by velocity applications.
pressure.
 Table 1.11 Types of Fans [2016S, Ch 21, Tbl 1] (Continued)
Performance
Type Impeller Design Housing Design Applications
Characteristics
• Somewhat more • Cylindrical tube with • High flow rate, • Low- and medium-
efficient and capable close clearance to medium pressure pressure ducted HVAC
of developing more blade tips. capabilities. applications where air
useful static pressure • Pressure curve dips to distribution
Tubeaxial

than propeller fan. left of peak pressure. downstream is not

• Usually has 4 to 8 Avoid operating fan in critical.
blades with airfoil or this region. • Used in some
single- thickness cross • Discharge pattern industrial applications,
section. circular and airstream such as drying ovens,
• Hub is usually less rotates or paint spray booths,
Axial Fans (continued)

than half the fan tip swirls. and fume exhausts.

diameter.
• Good blade design • Cylindrical tube with • High-pressure • General HVAC
gives medium- to close clearance to characteristics with systems in low-,
high-pressure blade tips. medium-volume medium-, and high-
capability at good • Guide vanes upstream flow capabilities. pressure applications
efficiency. or downstream from • Pressure curve dips to where straight-through
• Most efficient have impeller increase left of peak pressure. flow and compact
Vaneaxial

airfoil blades. pressure capability Avoid operating fan in installation are

• Blades may have and efficiency. this region. required.
fixed, adjustable, or • Guide vanes correct • Has good downstream
controllable pitch. circular motion air distribution.
• Hub is usually greater imparted by • Used in industrial
than half fan tip impeller and improve applications in place
diameter. pressure of tubeaxial fans.
characteristics and • More compact than
efficiency of fan. centrifugal fans for
same duty.
17

Air Handling and Psychrometrics

 Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Table 1.11 Types of Fans [2016S, Ch 21, Tbl 1] (Continued)

18

Performance
Type Impeller Design Housing Design Applications
Characteristics
• Combination of axial • The majority of • Characteristic pressure • Similar HVAC
and centrifugal mixed-flow fans are in curve between axial applications to
Mixed-Flow

characteristics. Ideally a fans and centrifugal centrifugal fans or in

Mixed-

suited in applications tubular housing and fans. Higher pressure applications where an
Flow

in which the air has to include outlet turning than axial fans and axial fan cannot
flow in or out axially. vanes. higher volume flow generate sufficient
Higher pressure • Can operate without than centrifugal fans. pressure rise.
characteristic than housing or in a pipe
axial fans. and duct.
• Impeller with forward- • Special designed • Similar to forward- • Low-pressure HVAC
curved blades. During housing for 90°or curved fans. Power systems such as fan
rotation the flow of air straight through rises continually heaters, fireplace
passes through part of airflow. to free delivery, which inserts, electronic
the rotor blades into is an overloading cooling, and air
the rotor. This creates characteristic. curtains.
(Tangential)
Cross-Flow
Cross-Flow

an area of turbulence • Unlike all other fans,

which, working with performance curves
the guide system, include motor
deflects the airflow characteristics.
through another • Lowest efficiency of
section of the rotor any fan type.
into the discharge duct
of the fan casing.
Lowest efficiency of
any type of fan.
 Table 1.11 Types of Fans [2016S, Ch 21, Tbl 1] (Continued)
Performance
Type Impeller Design Housing Design Applications
Characteristics
• Performance similar to • Cylindrical tube • Performance similar to • Primarily for low-
backward-curved fan similar to vaneaxial backward-curved fan, pressure, return air
except capacity and fan, except capacity and systems in
pressure are lower. except clearance to pressure are lower. HVAC applications.
Centrifugal

• Lower efficiency than wheel is not as close. • Lower efficiency than • Has straight-through
Tubular

backward-curved fan. • Air discharges radially backward-curved fan flow.

• Performance curve from wheel and turns because air turns 90°.
may have a dip to the 90° to flow through • Performance curve of
left of peak pressure. guide vanes. some designs is
similar to axial
flow fan and dips to
left of peak pressure.
Other Designs

• Low-pressure exhaust • Normal housing not • Usually operated • Centrifugal units are
systems such as used, because air dis- without ductwork; somewhat quieter than
general factory, charges from impeller therefore, operates axial
kitchen, warehouse, in full circle. at very low pressure flow units.
Power Roof Ventilators

and some commercial • Usually does not and high volume. • Low-pressure exhaust
installations. include configuration systems, such as
Centrifugal

• Provides positive to recover velocity general

exhaust ventilation, pressure component. factory, kitchen,
which is an advantage warehouse, and some
over gravity-type commercial
exhaust units. installations.
• Centrifugal units are • Low first cost and low
slightly quieter than operating cost give an
axial units. advantage over
gravity-flow exhaust
systems.
19

Air Handling and Psychrometrics

 Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Table 1.11 Types of Fans [2016S, Ch 21, Tbl 1] (Continued)

20

Performance
Type Impeller Design Housing Design Applications
Power Roof Ventilators (continued) Characteristics
• Low-pressure exhaust • Essentially a propeller • Usually operated • Low-pressure exhaust
systems such as fan mounted in a without ductwork; systems, such as
Other Designs (continued)

general factory, supporting structure. therefore, operates general factory,

kitchen, warehouse, • Air discharges from at very low pressure kitchen, warehouse,
and some commercial annular space at and high volume. and some commercial
installations. bottom installations.
• Provides positive of weather hood. • Low first cost and low
Axial

exhaust ventilation, operating cost give an

which is an advantage advantage over
over gravity-type gravity-flow exhaust
exhaust units. systems.
• Hood protects fan
from weather and acts
as safety guard.
Fan System Effect

Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Figure 1.5 Deficient Fan/System Performance

Figure 1.5 illustrates deficient fan/system performance. System pressure losses have been
determined accurately, and a fan has been selected for operation at point 1. However, no allow-
ance has been made for the effect of system connections to the fan on fan performance. To com-
pensate, a fan system effect must be added to the calculated system pressure losses to determine
the actual system curve. The point of intersection between the fan performance curve and the
actual system curve is point 4. The actual flow volume is, therefore, deficient by the difference
from 1 to 4. To achieve design flow volume, a fan system effect pressure loss equal to the pres-
sure difference between points 1 and 2 should be added to the calculated system pressure losses,
and the fan should be selected to operate at point 2.
For rated performance, air must enter a fan uniformly over the inlet area in an axial direction
without prerotation.
Fans within plenums and cabinets or next to walls should be located so that air may flow
unobstructed into the inlets.

21
Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Figure 1.6 Psychrometric Chart for Normal Temperature, Sea Level [2017F, Ch 1, Fig 1]

22
Air-Conditioning Processes

Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Figure 1.7 Direct Expansion or Chilled Water Cooling and Dehumidification

Figure 1.8 Direct Expansion or Chilled Water Cooling and Dehumidification

23
Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Figure 1.9 Direct Expansion or Chilled Water Cooling and Dehumidification

Figure 1.10 Direct Expansion or Chilled Water Cooling and Dehumidification

24
 Air Handling and Psychrometrics
Figure 1.11 Direct Expansion or Chilled Water Cooling and Dehumidification

Figure 1.12 Direct Expansion or Chilled Water Cooling and Dehumidification

25
 Table 1.12 Specific Enthalpy of Moist Air
Air Handling and Psychrometrics

at Standard Atmospheric Pressure, 14.696 psia

[2017F, Ch 1, Tbl 2, Abridged]

Specific Specific
Temp., Temp.,
Enthalpy, Enthalpy,
°F °F
Btu/lbda Btu/lbda
–80 –19.213 79 42.634
–70 –16.804 80 43.701
–60 –14.390 81 44.794
–50 –11.966 82 45.914
–40 –9.524 83 47.062
–30 –7.052 84 48.239
–20 –4.527 85 49.445
–15 –3.234 86 50.682
–10 –1.915 87 51.950
–5 –0.561 88 53.250
0 0.835 89 54.584
5 2.286 90 55.952
10 3.803 91 57.355
15 5.403 92 58.795
20 7.106 93 60.272
25 8.934 94 61.787
30 10.916 95 63.343
35 13.009 96 64.939
40 15.232 97 66.578
45 17.653 98 68.260
50 20.306 99 69.987
55 23.229 100 71.761
60 26.467 110 92.386
65 30.070 120 119.615
70 34.097 130 156.077
71 34.959 140 205.828
72 35.841 150 275.493
73 36.744 160 376.736
74 37.668 170 532.269
75 38.615 180 793.142
76 39.584 190 1303.297
77 40.576 200 2688.145
78 41.593

26
 Table 1.13 Standard Atmospheric Data for Altitudes to 30,000 ft

Air Handling and Psychrometrics

[2017F, Ch 1, Tbl 1]
Altitude, ft Temperature, °F Pressure, psia
–1000 62.6 15.236
–500 60.8 14.966
0 59.0 14.696
500 57.2 14.430
1,000 55.4 14.175
2,000 51.9 13.664
3,000 48.3 13.173
4,000 44.7 12.682
5,000 41.2 12.230
6,000 37.6 11.778
7,000 34.0 11.341
8,000 30.5 10.914
9,000 26.9 10.506
10,000 23.4 10.108
15,000 5.5 8.296
20,000 –12.3 6.758
30,000 –47.8 4.371
Source: Adapted from NASA (1976).

Table 1.14 Moisture and Air Relationships*

ASHRAE has adopted pounds of moisture per pound of dry air as standard nomenclature.
Relations of other units are expressed below at various dew-point temperatures.
Equiv. Lb H2O/ Parts Grains/ Percent
Dew Pt. °F lb dry air per million lb dry aira Moisture%b
100 0.000001 1 0.0007 —
–80 0.000005 5 0.0035 —
–60 0.000002 21 0.148 0.13
–40 0.000008 79 0.555 0.5
20 0.00026 263 1.84 1.7
10 0.00046 461 3.22 2.9
0 0.0008 787 5.51 5.0
10 0.0013 1315 9.20 8.3
20 0.0022 2152 15.1 13.6
30 0.0032 3154 24.2 21.8
40 0.0052 5213 36.5 33.0
50 0.0077 7658 53.6 48.4
60 0.0111 11080 77.6 70.2
70 0.0158 15820 110.7 100.0
80 0.0223 22330 156.3 —
90 0.0312 31180 218.3 —
100 0.0432 43190 302.3 —

a. 7000 grains = 1 lb
b. Compared to 70°F saturated.
* NUMBERS, 1985, Altadena, CA, by Bill Holladay and Cy Otterholm.

27
 Space Air Diffusion
Air Handling and Psychrometrics

Room air diffusion methods can be classified as one of the following:

• Fully mixed systems produce little or no thermal stratification of air within the space.
Overhead air distribution is an example of this type of system.
• Fully (thermally) stratified systems produce little or no mixing of air within the occu-
pied space. Thermal displacement ventilation is an example of this type of system.
• Partially mixed systems provide some mixing within the occupied and/or process
space while creating stratified conditions in the volume above. Most underfloor air dis-
tribution and task/ambient conditioning designs are examples of this type of system.

Air distribution systems, such as thermal displacement ventilation (TDV) and underfloor air
distribution (UFAD), that deliver air in cooling mode at or near floor level and return air at or
near ceiling level produce varying amounts of room air stratification. For floor-level supply, ther-
mal plumes that develop over heat sources in the room play a major role in driving overall floor-
to-ceiling air motion. The amount of stratification in the room is primarily determined by the
balance between total room airflow and heat load. In practice, the actual temperature and con-
centration profile depends on the combined effects of various factors, but is largely driven by the
characteristics of the room supply airflow and heat load configuration.

28