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53 views18 pagesUnit 6 PDF
Uploaded by
Rani VijayCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 18
1 ps
i DNITE 6: poe) Ua 2 Mie wOYsAMMCA Convo
|
SyNabus, :
Pees
> Fndamental Concephs
> Regt Tromafans J
— Pexforming an Avittmebic ww Logie Operaction
> fering a Wed brow memory
7 Execution of 4 Coumplele Tartruchion ¥~
—> Hawdwired Cowbef /
> Mics ~ Programmed Combet
— Nico Trstiuchons
> Micvo progam Seqpenci + v 6
— Wide- branch padseating
> MiceoTustractions with Next: dae ield
© Fundamental concspe, \>"
> exenlT a Progsam, the prod ome twxbyuction dt a time
OMA ponds the operations ed.
— Testructions are Letched Accemive memory Locations Until q branch
©) Tump instruction 33 sed,
| The prow: Keeps A the addre of the amemory Docotions
Conkaiming, the “& ction to be fetched Wiig The program ceuntey,
as 1
> Potion key — Ji the procenser ik the Trutruchion Raginter, TR:
> Suppde th, imthyucion compvises 1 byt amd that at is Stored ty
me mem Osa +
To ex ‘an imitvuchon, Ihe procestos has te Poxform the follesing,
te Axeps +
¥ Fetch the content cf tte memory, dacation pointed to by th Pe. Thay.
ak Joaded intd tte TR.
rR <— [cee]
ae Assuming that the rnemony Js bylz addvemable, Increment the Contents
Of the Pe by
Pc Chel +4
# Corny ouk the ackiont Apecifed by Me mstrucion iM the IR. \
> Heve, Ficat too akeps nepratents beteh phase , Third Atep roperects
exceution iphone.
> Sinplecbus Ovgonigation df the datapally inside o peotetr, 1 Aepicha og
ne on ay Mee de os FFOCEH L
Taternal Proce
Bus,
4s Combet Siyads
bade deceden and
Conte logic
ALD
Sony Loaded ita HDR either fom “the memory but Cd Gum the
futernal protcemor bus.
> The inpuk MAR 33 Connected To the (dexnal bus cmd Le output de
Conneded to tie extevnel bus.
> The multiplexer Hux elec either the oukpt of xegiator y es) @ Coston
Value 4 to be provided oS Taped A of the ALU: a [Ask-co- 6.2
@) Requater Hamster e
| ;
a Tortruction execution involves a Aeqpente el ateps in which dala one
|
Fromsjorsd kom one nagiter to another.
| —> Fin endl maqattr, ton contol signals ona wed o flate Re contends of
that regu om the bus (8) load the dala onthe bus Tah the Heguiten.
|
roped aod cay gong 4S MOS Ue dapited 22,
| ss
Tudernal Procenser
Bud,
ro ul olf neg Re arte. Connected to the bus Via Awitche|
Conteelledd by the Aiguals Rigg OM Rice , nespectivelyy, oe
ap wshen Rip, ab fel te 1 the dala om the bus 7 Looded ‘vt Soe
> Siatleady , when Rfour Js xek tod, the Conkerds of Reqidin
laced ou the bus. a iug dala
See Brey 38 eetal BO, the bus Cam be ued 42) Lyamnbeoring
fpew ottey ros
Example >
ter te vegister Ry, ©O
To tranaler the Contents of vogisler Rte vegis , g
— Enable the curpul of Yeqitir Ri ag ty Selling Riot 100, |
This places tte Contents of Ron the procwer
—Frable tia taput ofr vegister Roy by Acthip Gyan te 1,
This loads dala from “the pyocetoy my eqivtin Ry.
> Bopt sod Outre gating yh owe YoY ONES MAS cpa at,
>The inet and cup
\S"
a fou |
A. Ri, {
> b tug multiplexey bs
Age —brigged D- fue flee
> the fo x a
ia pe cote pal Ring 3 eypral te 1, the multiplexer selects tte,
when Ri, opal tO the mull
see ae een! plxer heeds back Iki Value Ceomente
PARI Rog Sa Sahel 0, th gatel owhiak da tog ee
Acerca anateatay 3iZae
|
wed to Acleck the dat applied ‘le tha fapad |
|
| when Rie et, te gett dwives the bus t 01, depending on th
5 Value dQ.
| ) Performing, an Arithmetic Ox) Logic Operation :
| >The ALU Ja a combinational civeutt that hat uo iwdernel fto¥a:
| yt Performs avithmetic ond Logic operations ow the Stoo BN
cxpplad to sls A ond 6 inp G
> One of Me Operands J the output ek the multiple oud Th
Off) Operaud Ja Obtained directly from the a0
>The jem produced by the ALU Js Bored Agrp anily Tw wegiden
L: 0
a Theupre, a Aeqeute ef operations aah conten ef vegivn
Ry to theke of vemos R2 and Alore wronulk in egies Re nis ,
lout 7 Yin NO a
te Row , Sect y ed, Zi
3. Lor, Rig)
(€) Fetching a wos
memory 1
To beth a Word oly information fern memory , tha paocersor has ts
Aged de the memory, Ancedion whens this information vig
BOveX magpart a Read operation
i Vict wheter tte infoxmation to be fetched nepriert ay,
BUCION im PYOZFAM (Or) CU Cperawnd Apecibied
Pwoemor branes the
a
dry a inatruction
TOT Senet ow conte lagers ifr reyinten ADE is dap ag Memory “bus
wtexnal Procewol
Beka ss bug
MDRouke MDRour
MoR
X La XQ
6
MORE Mbre.
Tt Wes Content Signals
MOR G4 AeA MOREL Conbol Sie te te
—MORige OA MOR Ge Co:
ihevina) bus.
the extesnal bug
Yrs: Connection to
pt om example ea sand poli
Move (Rk
OM, Connicley the inabeuction,
how the Memory bug
5 R2 < CHpey | © Exeation olf A Completi Trstouction ,
Se eee
> Considen the instoucton
which addy te Contents of a memory Locakion pointed to oy R3 to
Yegitn K+
5 Fxeanting, tas watvuction qunpaines the blowing OcHoug,
— Fetch tie instruction
= Fetch tte fist operand (the Content br the memovy ae
Pointed to by R3)
— Perform tre addition
— Load the vesulk into Ry.
> The Coubsot ju co LAr ene udion of tke imatr Na (Ray, Ry de
given as
Step | Ketoy OS
1 | Poor» MAR “Radin, A,
| Zour, Poy Mead 7 WHE
3 | MOR KBR,
& HARiq » Read
Gre Yin 7p AHEC
MDRouwr 7 SelectY , AAR, Lin
Zour » Plin , End
S. Step], We inatvaction fetch operation uz Witiaded doy Norading.
the Cowlenls ofthe Pe iWto the HAR oud Seuwding « Rood nespert
‘tb the
>The Sloe igual 4 get to Sek . ;
HU% 40. ah Coustout reel ae {ep maelbieer
PTS Volue Js cdded ty the Openand, ot iupat 8, which athe ; 4, wala
contends oh the PC, amd the xesull ib Mosed in mee SS
Te wedaled Yolus Ja qroved rem geqister Z back inte the Fi “f
Brepr, while woiting fh the memory. to ea eee
Tn Hep3, the Word, fetched brow the ynemory- draded
re.
> From Heel Ang 3 vetted (ustruction 4H pt
The Cantina of tegints Re coe trowsfemed Te the MAR tn & y
ond a waemonyy Yead operation 18 fuitiated .
— Then the Couteus of Q) ana tramiened to Neqister Sees
te pwepaxe the addition operation »
> When the Read operation is Completed, the Mento fom it
available in Yeqwte MOR, and the addition On se performed
iM Beeb.
>The fun is Atoved iy “ses hae T , the xved +o RI ty
BF
> From Atopy tbh vers, en a >
dy BRANCH Taxtructouss or
ea ee
>A branch instsuckion raphe Sinbad Othe PO Witt the branch
ctonget Addnom . .
9 Th addres is ud Cosine bby oudding aw effet X, which ix
given tte byancy i vuction, to He Updated value of- the Pe
> Cobol Se Om Uncouditional Brauch iustsuchou Jy gives ox
Pout » MAR,
Zour , Fe,
1 Read, Selecdy, Mad, 775
m1 Yin y WHEE ASK Co-6.9)
© Hordwired Cobol
>To exeowke ingtyuchou the Procetsoy rout have Some means ob qroomaticg
‘the Contre. Bi
snecded vithe papper Seupenee
ras two Categenes
4 tond wired Cowhel
de Micno- programmed Combe!
> Ts ofp
=e Coeteh weit Ogata Oats
Gaternal
Coin a: anc nl Bigquals
step
Tmt Aeqpemce Js Completed th one clock period.
countin may be Used to Keep track of tlie Cowbol ates,
=> Each Stale, @r coud, of this counter corresponds -ko one Conhel Step.
a Ths neqpirad Combet signals ane determined log Ite fotlersing afesmection -
— Contents oftte Combet 2tep Counter
— Content of the Tnstyuction vequter
— Conkew dy tte condition Code Kags
— Eke jap Biquas , juch at MFC and icbonupt veya: ASR-CO-b-I0)
CIA Complde Procemor
———
ot is depicted ag
>The Bhek diagram ch a Complete Procemey
pairs oi apnlleeas tee
wit that fetches iwttyucting, pow ay ToStruchion
Wain Memory when the derined Nettruchou ane.
“im the Cache
>t erate Peocemivg unity ta deat with Tlige, data aid
point data.
=> Sepals caches 427 instyuction aud daly th Common Prackice,
in Many proeMors todey «
>The proceor us Connected
OF the Compulin, by meant ot a but inkirfan
te the System bux aud | hence ,t0 tke vert @ Micsopsoysammed Conboh ;
a
The conhrel Riquals one gevweeted by a progam Binilento machine
Language propant neprusents a Acheme calk.d Hiom programmed
Cownt ;
> A Conbet Word (CW) Ag a word whee judividucl bits
‘tke Various Cound 31
> A Beqpemtte of Chis coxves ponding to tke Cowhol reqpen
machine ibiuction Constitules the micovodine 407 that Gatsudion,
ond tte individual cowhel words in this micwroudine
te 03 micyorustsuctions .
She micwvoukines fe all imstrucions fu the wasalh Aek ck
Compan ome posed 14 a Apecial memory Combrel_Atoxe -
The Basic organization oh a mitropsog ya! Combet uni Jt
spiced of, a oa
te Control words eoprrudtally rom the Conrhel stose, a
CAO — progxam Counter(APe) is Wed ,
Eveugtioe a new instvuttion is Lnaded its th TR, the oudpatot the
Blk labeled “starting Addn Genmatoc" ii Loaded fits ‘the JLPe
IT UPC is then oustomatically incvementid by the clock, couring
Auccasive micwdinstructiong te be guad Pom tte couhel stove.
—FHene, the comet siquals ane delivewd te Variout perk of- the
PROGMOK Tn the Conreck Aeqpence . areal
\
aditionl brovelivg jw the
: wise\ uss to allows Cor
Organization vk ta Cow
micro program iB depicled af
>
@) Micro instructions ; XS
a The Couhsl lord belewyis Cowhel Unik poem certain
instruction, , Wsus eos Micdivstyuchiony |
> Eodk Hicwoival Hye WEL Microopenations to the Syrtinn
>A mica waa hes Gon be Atruckuntd ae mowy wos Dre of
thew ose
Ae
Ss a bit péition to each Coubel Aiqual This Arbus iy
Ford rwugh , as dk mewdla im lowg inatyuckion, Aud ali
becomre of owl few bits oe sett 1) ak oer net we attr
bit space progesby.
— Emtode the micinivuitsuch od, Wing bits, with asumphiag.
— Group the nukuolly Oycluadve Conbet Aiquals iwcto fields,
— Enumercde the patter of raqpirad Aiquals {a all microinstruchong \
\ Trent ode two types of micvoimstsuction folate +
& Hovizental Hicsdinttructon Formal
(b Vertical Hier imation Forraadt”
inatyacion Formal,
Jump Condition
Credinccr bit,
Zexp overflow,
Uncoudition)
> Hovigentad Micwvinstruction Forest Puppets Q
— bong jhweals
= ex prens (op serort to bigh loli,
Low deg d- encoding information
b) vertical Hicwivutsaor foes: S"
+ i%
Fac [mn nari
Cotes |
OO
= vericn) roninaa ret prepovts
— lew ‘ole porlleiam fa corr of mitroopenetios.
iggy entoding Gu Cate O Couhel teformetion.
é Short Fost
w& Program,
microprogsam 8% pet oh mnicevinttruck os
Sq micwoprograny Sependy, pricmoingtr actions ore execuliel tu the Avipetiol
orden.
Sy Tue Hicroprogsam Seapemeer qemerates te ordan ek exceatinty iticrvivshuchins
Jpew the Coudrel Atove +
Exempla.
> bowsidn hive i i
Connie Ao instruction thar adds Ry od Ra ard Atoves tte
[Radke Ral
> lwhene, Re 28 thy Source operomd Tegittey ond Re 33 th destinechion opereand veqiater” placket fe a wierpriggan 40 the Add re, Rae inttaacion
Aepicka as,
MAR [PCE Reads 2 «= (PC) +4
oor
revert,
erring
ceeetra ti) Wide -Branch Addwising
> Gewnating
Caley § Prom addonies ment thet tke cyeathy. becomes indie
| => Example , Ke Mockine instruction fetch Js Compleled , oud on appropriale
Micw Toudine Aluruld be selected According 40 addrurting woods
— Ho, te OPcode. of macline ingtruber Js tyowifaked ivdo 0 Atosti
oAdus .
—> Tt ss pdtible te imuc a woit fey MEC Command in a branch
instyadtion. nF) oO
THe WME Siqual mens thelr Hie micoinatyuehion may. te Srere|
Check cycles -to Compl «
Exavaple | wi so
= For ta instruction NO
AAA (Reve) +, Rese 0)
7m raat ee EE dee ay NO
Hoda
(iv) Micvoimstwueh at Adana Field ;
The pups micainste Jb te find the addres of the vext
sitmaiwstough s be fetched,
Tet wmeaiay they do not perform avy Wiebul operation U4 tte Anti pat
2 af the operbting spond ofthe System »
ar ifuation becomes worse when the proursor shored Common parta ty
sdivstruttions using branch micminttrucken in order to execute
Aespoutiol instructioug «
Tus, exeenon of owe Rimple instruction needs gevercl branch intbuchog,
Which badly aledi tte Sytemts Operating sysinn (08).
POs wos to overcems tte clove paobleu st te wods! the Acgptncé
techuique bared o% incrementabl ppc. Mt 8
om clternotive ists inckde a special addnors field Called “Nexbaddrass field"
iw ead mleapiuatnachion iy orden to Agee tke addNEM d- tha Veit OATC¥O fafa 9 The Micrinstrnchou Serysmabing Orgewigationl is dapicld at,
Aa verde, each micro instruchioy qeemalas the effect cba branch
wmicrinstruction and alo performs UG Tvteudad function,
—$ Se, there is mo weed ta Aeperale Pepe to stove the addrert of
vert iuttrudion » Co - UNiTb— Shoxt fruwer Quertiow
————_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—s:aeem
© what is veqiater trawler? Discus . «
paye 62 '
© Briefly disco wncoudtonat ‘brame instruction, ,
Page bo
® Explain Hardvired Control >
page c&
© Explain Mice programed Covert wwhle x
Page bu
© Define gticw-operation &) Meo program 2 borat
SA Micsopretion prefers te a Simple @H a omy oporstion thet produces
Certain culpur, Which dy stored fa meme Mecation @r) veqivtn. «
» Mereprogrann: NS"
> Hiow progsam velou toa peach mice iustyuchiovs. red
> Tt suede Atored inc nek miewiory «
A Hicmprogsam Ja 2xe, by a micn pr0gsamanaed Conbel ait |
©) MiewoTastrucdion: NY
Me Cowhst word 4 hug te o Coubel Unik potters Certain
iMstructions , pafored Js of micnivstrucha -
—> Each ewes) OW Specifies micrvoperahous ter the, Sytter
© wri Ned iast ration Formats,
ee
a) Mi Cavoperation .
eae %) Hovizoutal icroinstyucheu Ferued by Vertical
N Atemirctrucbien Geral
exon
@ Difteventis® behveen tHardwived Cowhel ound Mica prog retained
Cobol. Micmprogramentd Cowbel Ont
Hayd wited_Cowhel wth
be Te has tlowor exenstion Speed
2-H Cowhrl fumctind ane
Tepleuanted ta Sebhoare
ITt hos foster exeustiod
2 TA Cowbe) puuubiad oe
implemestid iy’ hardware
3+ Tt com easily accommodate
Champs surat wero piyion
Specificadiod (or) yery imttyuckious
~edesiqn
GiThs deriqn, pyocem As hyttomile
3. Tt ia ot Ponible toagdp
Changes QO 7
Godt, dex tae
Sb ws Arsgpovts more than
too inst yuckions -
8 rt com easily 4
x support 0
AyMlems amd diagnertic
TBE Cam eatily howdle
Complex la tem fe Ke
tyuution oe
OME Comme carly on OF
and aac tone
Ts: Th Commd eonily heudtle Li.
Couples imtyucten fet. at
Ld Hiewpre 4
