Which of the following is NOT evidence of the

Bigbang theory?
A. The universe is expanding.
B. Abundance of Hydrogen and Helium
C. Stars that are blue shifted
D. CMBR (Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation)
in the universe.

• The CMBR is the remnant radiation leftover from the Big

Bang.
• Redshift indicate that the astronomical body being observed is
moving away very fast relative to an observation, for example
station on earth.
 Early in history, people believed that the solar
system is __________.
A. Epicentric
B. Geocentric
C. Heliocentric
D. Flat

Ptolemy and Aristotle believed that the center of the solar system is
the earth. This model was called Geocentric. Nicolaus Copernicus
believed that sun is the center of the solar system.

• Geocentric- earth as the center of he universe.

• Heliocentric-sun is at the center of the universe.
The size of a planets orbit determines the
number of _______ in a planet’s __________.
A. Months, Year
B. Hours, day
C. Days, Year
D. Years, Century

• The number of days in a year is determined by how long a

planet can revolve around the Sun. For the earth it takes
364.25 days to do so.
• Planet’s Rotation determines the day.
What is the phenomenon that is usually called as
falling stars?
a. Asteroid
b. Meteors
c. Comets
d. Moon
 When a meteoroid is pulled by gravity enters the Earth’s atmosphere, it gets
burned lighting up the night sky.
 Comets-a body of ice, rocks and dust that can be several miles in diameter and orbits the
sun.
 Asteroid-an object larger than a meteoroid that orbits the sun and is made of rock and
metal.
 Meteoroid-A small rocky or metal object that orbits the sun. It originates from a comet
or asteroid.
 Meteors-a meteroid that enters the earth’s atmosphere. Also called a “shooting star”.
 Meteorite- A meteor that enters the earth’s atmosphere without burning up in the
atmosphere.
 Meteor shower- a collection of meteors burning up in the sky.
 Star- a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity.
(Rogers, 2013)
On Sun’s surface, magnetic storms are called _______.
A. Solar Flares
B. Solar Prominences
C. Corona
D. Sunspots

 A sunspot is approximately 1500 degrees Celsius that

it’s surrounding area. It is a magnetic storm on the sun’s
surface that appears as dark areas, thus the name.
• Solar flares- is a sudden flash of increased Sun's brightness,
usually observed near its surface. Flares eject clouds of
electrons, ions and atoms.
• The corona is the outermost atmosphere of the Sun,
consisting of highly rarefied gas.
• A solar prominence- also known as a filament when viewed
against the solar disk is a large, bright feature extending
outward from the Sun's surface.
• Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the
photosphere, and extend outwards into the Sun's hot outer
atmosphere, called the corona.
• Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the Sun's
photosphere that appear as spots darker than the
surrounding areas. They are regions of reduced surface
temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux
that inhibit convection.
Point in the moon’s orbit farthest from the
earth is called _________.
A. Perigee
B. Aphelion
C. Apogee
D. Perihelion
 Perigee- point in the orbit of an object (moon) orbiting the earth that is
nearest to the center of the earth.

 Apogee- point in the orbit of an object (moon) orbiting the earth that is
greatest distance from the center of the earth.

 Perihelion- point in the orbit of a planet nearest to the center of the sun.

 Aphelion-farthest distance of a planet to the center of the sun in an orbit.

What do you call the dark inner part of the
moon during an eclipse?
A. Umbra
B. Penumbra
C. Lunar
D. Solar

 Umbra- the innermost and darkest part of a shadow where light

source is completely blocked by the occluding body.
 Penumbra-the region in which only the portion of the light source is
obscured.
What Is a Lunar Eclipse?
• The moon moves in an orbit around Earth, and at the same time,
Earth orbits the sun. Sometimes Earth moves between the sun and
the moon. When this happens, Earth blocks the sunlight that
normally is reflected by the moon.
• (This sunlight is what causes the moon to shine.) Instead of light
hitting the moon’s surface, Earth's shadow falls on it. This is an
eclipse of the moon -- a lunar eclipse.
• A lunar eclipse can occur only when the moon is full.
What is a Solar Eclipse?
• Sometimes when the moon orbits Earth, it moves between the sun and
Earth. When this happens, the moon blocks the light of the sun from
reaching Earth. This causes an eclipse of the sun, or solar eclipse. During a
solar eclipse, the moon casts a shadow onto Earth.
• During a solar eclipse, the moon casts two shadows on Earth. The first
shadow is called the umbra. This shadow gets smaller as it reaches Earth.
It is the dark center of the moon’s shadow.
• The second shadow is called the penumbra. The penumbra gets larger as
it reaches Earth. People standing in the penumbra will see a partial
eclipse. People standing in the umbra will see a total eclipse.
You are sent to find less dense and volatile planets.
Where in the solar system should you look?
a. Only in the middle
b. Beyond the Oort cloud
c. Very far from the sun
d. Close to the sun

• Asteroid (iron and nickel) belt is a circumstellar disc

located between the orbit of mars and Jupiter, where
it is a home for large number of asteroid in the solar
system.
• Kuiper belt is a ring of icy objects beyond the orbit of
Neptune. It is a reservoir of comets.
• Oort cloud -it is spherical halo of comets surrounding
the solar system
The term LPA or Low Pressure Area is usually
mentioned during a weather forecast. How is this
important?
a. LPA’s are areas where typhoons might form
b. LPA’s are areas where earthquake might form
c. LPA’s are areas where an storm surge might happen
d. LPA’s are areas where tsunamis might happen

Since air moves horizontally from a high pressure area

to a low pressure area, a Low Pressure Area is an area
where wind may accumulate and form typhoons.
What is the relationship between
altitude and atmospheric density?
A. Directly proportional
B. Plane proportion
C. Inversely proportional
D. Indirectly proportional

 As you go up the atmosphere the air

molecules decreases.
 The ozone layer is located on what layer of the
atmosphere?
A. Troposphere
B. Stratosphere
C. Exosphere
D. Mesosphere

Troposphere: weather happens

here, we live here, thinnest layer,
lowest layer.
Stratosphere: ozone layer and jet
stream are here.
Mesosphere: coldest layer,
shooting stars happen here.
Thermosphere: thickest, hottest
layer. Radiation is absorbed.
Auroras and satellites.
Vincent noticed that the clouds were thin and
feathery. What type of clouds is she seeing?
A. Cumulus
B. Cirrus
C. Nimbus
D. Stratus

The following are the description of cloud types.

• Cirrus- thin and feathery
• Stratus- low, flat sheets, steady rain
• Cumulus- flat bottomed white and puffy
• Nimbus- Dark rain clouds
 Cumulus clouds are the puffy clouds that
look like puffs of cotton. Cumulus clouds Types of clouds
are indicators of fair weather. If they do
grow tall, they can turn into
thunderstorms. The bottom of cumulus
clouds are fairly close to the ground.
 Stratus clouds look like flat sheets of
clouds. These clouds can mean an overcast
day or steady rain.
 Cirrus clouds are high feathery clouds.
They are up so high they are actually made
of ice particles. They are indicators of fair
weather when they are scattered in a clear
blue sky.
 Nimbus is another word associated with
clouds. Adding “nimbus” means
precipitation is falling from the cloud
 Cumulonimbus clouds are the
“thunderheads” that can be seen on a
warm summer day and can bring strong
winds, hail, and rain.
 Nimbostratus clouds will bring a long
steady rain.
 Fog is a cloud on the ground
_________ is the measure of water vapor in the air
relative to temperature.
A. Specific humidity
B. Absolute humidity
C. Actual humidity
D. Relative humidity

• Absolute humidity is the water content of the air.

• Relative humidity is absolute humidity relative to the current
temperature.
• Specific humidity is water content of the air on a mass basis.
Which layer of the earth is a solid
and why?
A. The inner core because of the movement of
the outer core
B. The outer core because of the low pressure
and below freezing point
C. The outer core because of balance between
hot and cold temperatures
D. The inner core because the pressure is high
exceeds high temperature
 The Layers of the Earth
• The Earth has layers that have
specific conditions (states) and
composition (made up of).
Chemical composition
Physical properties such as
density and state of matter.
 The Layers of the Earth

Each of these 3 layers is

CRUST, composed of same types of
substance (element or compound)
MANTLE,
CORE Crust- Silica, Oxygen
Mantle- Magnesium, Oxygen
Core- Iron, Nickle
The Layers of the Earth

• Lithosphere
• Asthenosphere
• Mesosphere
• Outer core
• Inner core
 The solid top layer
Lithosphere of the Earth.

•Includes the crust and the upper mantle.

•The cool, solid lithosphere floats on top of the
asthenosphere.

The term lithosphere has been used

to describe the entire solid earth.
However, the term also been used in
a separate structural sense to refer to
the brittle outer shell of earth,
including the crust and the rigid,
uppermost mantle layer.
 Asthenosphere
Asthenosphere
•Thin layer of mantle under the lithosphere.
•This zone is composed of hot, semi-solid
material, not liquid but act like a plastic.
•More fluid than rest of the mantle-“low viscosity”

A 180km-thick layer of the upper mantle that

responds to stress by deforming and flowing
slowly.

tectonic forces is responsible for mountain

building which comes from movement within the
asthenosphere. This movements is produced by
thermal convection currents in the rest of the
mantle below the asthenosphere.
 The Layers of the Earth
MESOSPHERE
 The rest of the
mantle
 This layer is solid and
rigid compared to the
asthenosphere because
the temperature is not
high enough to
overcome the high
pressure.
 “high viscosity”
 The Layers of the Earth
OUTER CORE INNER CORE
•Liquid- low viscosity
 Solid due to
•Believed to be the pressure
cause of Earth’s
magnetic field.
The best groundwater reservoir have____________?
A. Low permeability and high porosity
B. High permeability and low porosity
C. High permeability and high porosity
D. Low permeability and low porosity

Porosity- the total

amount of empty space
in rock. It determines the
amount of groundwater
that an aquifer can hold.
Permeability- the ability
of rock or sediments to
allow water to pass
through it.
 The process by which moisture is carried through plants
from roots to leaves, where it changes to vapor and is
released to the atmosphere is called ____________.
A. Transpiration
B. Evapotranspiration
C. Infiltration
D. Sublimation
• Evaporation, the changing of water from a liquid to a vapor
• Condensation, the changing of water from a gas to a liquid
• Sublimation, the changing of water from a solid to a gas
• Precipitation, the process by which water molecules condense to form
drops heavy enough to fall to the earth's surface
• Transpiration, the process by which moisture is carried through plants
from roots to leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the
atmosphere
• Surface runoff, the flowing of water over the land from higher to lower
ground
• Infiltration, the process of water filling the porous spaces of soil.
Subjected to heat, what rocks are formed by
cooling from a molten state above the
surface of the earth?
A. Extrusive igneous rocks
B. Intrusive igneous rocks
C. Metamorphic rock
D. Sedimentary rock
• Volcanic or extrusive rocks result from magma
reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta,
forming rocks (ex. pumice or basalt).
• Plutonic or intrusive rocks(after Pluto the God of the
underworld) result when magma cools and crystallizes
slowly within the Earth's crust (ex. granite).
What do you call the phenomenon of eruption of
molten rock onto the surface of the Earth?
A. Magmatism
B. Volcanism
C. Eruption
D. Expulsion

• Magmatism is the emplacement of magma within and at the

surface of the outer layers of a terrestrial planet, which eventually
solidifies as igneous rocks.
• Volcanism refers to the extrusion of rock matter from Earth’s
subsurface to the exterior and the creation of surface terrain
features as a result.
• Plutonism- A great variety of shapes and sizes of magma bodies
result from intrusive igneous activity.
• Volcanism refers to phenomena
associated to discharge of molten
rock into the earth’s surface. Which of
the following settings where active
volcanism does not occur?
a. Mid-oceanic ridge
b. Rift valleys
c. Hotspots
d. Along every fault line
e. Along divergent plate boundaries
Which of the following does NOT describe a mineral?
A. It is an organic substance in solid form
B. Exist naturally
C. Composed of one or more elements
D. A crystalline structure

Now I Can Define Surely what mineral is!

Natural
Inorganic
Crystalline
Definite chemical composition
Specific Atomic structure
Which property determines the true color of
mineral?
A. Hardness
B. Streak
C. Cleavage
D. Fracture
• Streak- The TRUE color of a mineral
• Hardness- a mineral’s resistance to being scratched
• Hardness depends on how “tightly packed” the
atoms are.
• Cleavage- describes how a mineral tends to break
along preferred planes.
• Fracture- refers to irregular breaks not along the
preferred planes.
Mt. Mayon which is built from alternate
layers of lava and ash with many little
craters on its slope is what kind of
volcano?
A.Cinder
B. caldera
C. Shield
D.Composite
Types of Volcano
• Shield Volcano- forms very broad
dome with gentle slope that covers a
very wide area.
• Made with alternating basaltic lava
and cinder accumulation.
• Cinder cone volcano- have a bowl-
shaped crater made from basaltic
lava flows.
• Composite Volcano or
Stratovolcanoes are composed of
alternating layers of lava and
pyroclastic materials.
• Composed of granitic rocks and tend
to build large and high volcanic
edifice.
• Mt Mayon and Mt. Pinatubo.
Volcanoes that have no record of eruption for at least 10,000
years and is not expected to erupt again in a comparable time
scale of the future is classified as _________________
volcanoes.
A. Active
B. dormant
C. Extinct
D. passive
• Active Volcano- is a volcano that has had at least one
eruption during the past 10,000 years. An active volcano
might be erupting or dormant.
• Dormant Volcano- is an active volcano that is not erupting,
but supposed to erupt again.
• Extinct Volcano- has not has an eruption for at least 10,000
years and is not expected to erupt again in a comparable time
scale of the future.
Types of Volcano
• Cinder Cone- consist of small cone
formed by spattering of lava.
• Composed of mafic rocks.
• Binitiang Malaki in located within
Taal Volcano
• Smith Volcano in Babuyan Island.

Composite Volcano or Stratovolcanoes

Mid ocean ridges are result of what plate
activity?
A. Converging plates
B. Diverging plates
C. Spreading plates
D. Inverting plates

• Convergent-when two lithospheric plates moving towards

each other collide, they form a convergent boundary.
• Subduction- the less dense plate overrides the denser one.
• Trenches are formed on oceanic crust
Divergent
Boundaries
• These are locations where
plates move away from one
another.
• The rising on convection
currents pushes up on the
bottom of the lithosphere,
lifting it and flowing laterally
beneath it.
Divergent
Boundaries
• This lateral flow causes the
plate material above to be
dragged along in the
direction of flow. At the crest
of the uplift, the overlying
plate is stretched thin,
breaks and pulls apart.
TYPES of Divergent
Boundaries
• What happens when two plates diverge depends
on the two types of plates involved:

• Oceanic Plates -
(Composed of basaltic rocks)
•Continental Plates -
(Composed of granitic rocks)
Oceanic Divergent Plate Boundaries

• Most divergent boundaries in

the world today are between two
oceanic plates.

• When these plates separate, the

magma rushes up to fill the gap
and creates underwater
volcanoes. This also results to the
formation of a new crust.
Oceanic Divergent Plate Boundaries
• This new crust can
remain deep under the
oceans, creating
underwater ridges, or it
can rise to the surface
over time to form islands.
Mid – Atlantic Ridge (Oceanic Plate)
Continental Divergent Plate Boundaries

• Continental plates are far

thicker than oceanic ones.
Because of this, what usually
happens instead is that a
continent will gradually break
apart, as water from the sea
rushes in to fill the gap.
Continental Divergent Plate
Boundaries
• By the time magma has a
gap to fill, that gap is already
deep underwater in a brand
new ocean. This starts out as
as an enormous rift valley
across the land, until that
valley fills with water.
 East African Rift
(Continental Plate)
Continental – Oceanic
• When one continental and
one oceanic plate diverge,
there can be features of both.
It is more a matter of
whether the boundary itself
lies over an ocean or land
than whether the plates are
continental or oceanic.
Divergent Boundaries Form:
• Volcanoes

• Ocean Ridges

• Rift Valleys

• New Crust
VOLCANO
• A volcano is an opening in the
Earth’s crust that allows molten
rock, gases, and debris to escape
to the surface.
• The divergent boundaries pull
apart from each other creating a
weak spot in the crust, allowing
magma to come through and
reach the surface.
OCEANIC RIDGE
• A mid-ocean ridge is an
underwater mountain
range, formed by divergent
plate boundaries. This
uplifting of the ocean floor
occurs when convection
currents rise in the mantle
beneath the oceanic crust
and create magma where
two tectonic plates meet at
a divergent boundary.
RIFT VALLEY
• A rift valley is a linear shaped
lowland between several
highlands or mountain ranges
created by the action of a
geologic rift or fault. A rift
valley is formed on a divergent
plate boundary, which is the
crustal extension or spreading
apart of the surface.
CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL
Neither mass is subducted; plate
edges are compressed, folded, and
uplifted resulting in the formation
of major mountain range or folds.
CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL
GEOLOGIC FEAUTURES

HIMALAYAN MT. APO

MOUNTAIN
RANGE
 OCEANIC-OCEANIC
Older, cooler, denser plate slips beneath
less dense plate, trench forms
on subducting plate side and island arc on
overriding plate; band of earthquakes
becoming deeper in the direction of
subduction.
 OCEANIC-OCEANIC
GEOLOGIC FEAUTURES

PHILIPPINE TRENCH AND MARIANA

TRENCH
 OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL
Dense oceanic plate slips beneath less dense
continental plate; trench forms on the
subducting plate side and extensive volcanism
on the overriding continental plate;
earthquake foci becoming deeper in the
direction of subduction.
OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL
GEOLOGIC FEAUTURES

ANDES MOUNTAINS OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA

 A curved chain of volcanoes in the
overriding tectonic plate of a
subduction zone. Volcanic arcs form as
the result of rising magma formed by
the melting of the downgoing plate.

 Indicates volcanic activity where the

oceanic lithosphere is descending into
the earth’s interior
• Volcanic mountain chains

 Volcanic Arc – formed in a Oceanic-

Continental type of boundary.

 Island Arc - formed in a Oceanic-

Oceanic type of convergent boundary.
The deepest parts of the ocean floor.
 a.k.a Fold Mountains

 A mountain range is a
series of mountains or hills
ranged in a line and
connected by high ground
formed by a variety of
geological processes, but
most of the significant ones
on Earth are the result of
plate tectonics
• Atlantic Ocean basin is currently
expanding. In the Wilson cycle, what
stage does this activity observed?
a. Stage 1-embryonic stage
b. Stage 2-Juvenile stage
c. Stage 3 Mature stage
d. Stage 4- Terminal stage
e. Stage 5- Suturing stage
1. Rifting splits the continent

2. New ocean basin and new oceanic

crust are created.

3. As the spreading continues, passive

margin cooling occurs and sediment
accumulates
4. Oceanic crust subdues beneath a
continent creating a volcanic mountain
belt at the active margin.

5. Fragments carries by the subducting

plate accretes and welds material to
the continent
6. As continents continue to collide, the
crust thickness and builds mountains.

7. As the continent erodes, the crust

becomes thinner, restarting the process.
 STAGES OF EVOLUTION
Characteristics
Stages Examples Dominant features
motions

Embryonic East African rift Crustal extension Rift valleys

valleys and uplift

Young Red Sea, Gulf of Subsidence and Narrow seas with

California spreading parallel coasts
and a central
depression
Mature Atlantic Ocean Spreading Ocean basin with
active mid-ocean
ridge
 STAGES OF EVOLUTION
Stages Examples Dominant Characteri
motions stics
features
Declining Pacific Ocean Spreading and Ocean basin with
active spreading
Shrinking
axes; also numerous
island arcs and
adjacent trenches
around margins

Terminal Mediterranean Shrinking and Young mountains

Sea uplift

Suturing Indus suture in Shrinking and Young mountains

the Himalayas uplift
Regional metamorphism is associated with
A. Convergent plate boundaries
B. Divergent plate boundaries
C. Transform boundaries
D. All plate boundaries
Which of the following is NOT a result of the divergence of plate
boundaries?
A. Marianas trench
B. Atlantic Ocean ridge
C. East African Rift Valley
D. Red Sea
Majority of the islands in the Philippines is a product of volcanism
due to_________
A. Collision
B. hot spot
C. Rifting
D. Subduction
Which of the following measures an earthquake's intensity
based on the observed effects on people and structures?
A. Richter scale
B. Modified Mercalli scale
C. The Centigrade scale
D. The moment magnitude scale

• The Richter Scale is used to express earthquake magnitude.

• Earthquake size is a quantitative measure of the size of the earthquake at its
source.
• Mercalli Scale: It measures the intensity of how people and structures are
affected by the seismic event.
• In essence, it measures damaged caused by an earthquake and the degree of its
impact on people and their property.
• It uses a categories numbered from I to XII to describe the effects of an
earthquake on humans and the spatial variation of those impacts.
• The moment magnitude scale is newly devised scale for measuring the
size of an earthquake relative to the energy released by the earthquake.
The point on the crust of the
Earth, directly above the
focus.
a. Epicenter
b. Hypocenter
c. Fault
d. Tsunami
• Hypocenter- the underground focus
point of an earthquake.
What do you call the strength of the
earthquake shaking that is determined
by energy released at the certain
point?
a. Magnitude
b. Seismic wave
c. Intensity
d. Epicenter
e. Focal point
Magnitude vs Intensity
• Intensity: The severity of earthquake
shaking is assessed using a descriptive
scale – the Modified Mercalli Intensity
Scale.
• Magnitude: Earthquake size is a
quantitative measure of the size of the
earthquake at its source. The Richter
Magnitude Scale measures the amount of
72
seismic energy released by an
earthquake.
Sedimentary rocks are formed particle by particle and bed by bed,
and the layers are piled one on top of the other. In any sequence of
layered rocks, a given bed must be older than any bed on top of it.
This is the idea of what law?
A. Law of layering
B. Law of horizontality
C. Law of original horizontality
D. Law of superposition

Any rock or fragments that’s included inside of another rock is

older than the rock in which it is included.
A. Law of Inclusion
B. Law of Cross-cutting Relationships
C. Law of Superposition
D. law of lateral continuity
• Law of Superposition
• states that at the time when any given stratum
was being formed, all the matter resting upon
it was fluid, and , therefore, at the time when
the lower stratum was being formed, none of
the upper strata existed.
• In an undisturbed sequence of rocks, the
oldest rocks are on the bottom and the
youngest rocks are on top.

• Law of Cross-cutting Relationships

• States that if a body or discontinuity cuts
across a stratum it must have formed after
that stratum.
• According to this law, any rock, fault or
structure that cuts another rock or structure
is younger than the rock or structure it cuts.
• An example are layers of sedimentary rocks cut
across by an igneous intrusion such as dike.
The igneous intrusion is younger than the
sedimentary rocks.
• Law of Lateral Continuity
• States that material forming any stratum were
continuous over the surface of earth unless
some other solid bodies stood in the way.
• According to the law of lateral continuity, the
layers of rock are continuous until they
encounter other solid bodies that block their
deposition or until they are acted upon by
agents that appeared after deposition took
place such as erosion and fault movements.

• Law of Inclusion
• Any rock or fragments that’s included inside of
another rock is older than the rock in which it
is included.
• Rock layers are older than folds found in them
• Layers were there before they were folded

This is logical: you can’t break a rock if it does not exist;

so rock containing a fault must be older than the fault
When magma forces its way into cracks or
crevices in crustal rock and solidifies, it forms a
mass of igneous rock called an intrusion.
When lava solidifies at the surface it forms a
mass of igneous rock called an extrusion.
The handle of the metal spoon dipped in a cup of hot
water becomes warm. What is the method of heat
transfer?
A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Radiation
D. Insulation

Heat transfer
• Conduction is heat transfer through direct contact.
• Convection is heat transfer between a solid object and the liquid or gas
that is passing by it.
• Radiation is heat transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves that carry
energy from one object to another. There is no physical medium needed
for radiation to occur; it will even work in a vacuum.
• Insulators- does not easily transfer and resist energy in a form electricity
while conductors allows electricity to pass through
Why does mercury in a thermometer rise when in
contact with hot water?
A. Heat increases the number of molecules
B. Heat makes molecules bigger and farther apart
C. Heat makes molecules move faster and farther apart
D. Heat makes the molecules move slower

What happens when air is heated?

A. It expands and it rises
B. It contracts and rises
C. It expands and sinks
D. It contracts and sinks
Chemistry
Which of the following is NOT a pure
substance?
A. Tap water
B. Ammonia
C. Brass
D. Diamond
ATOM- smallest amount of matter.
 - atom of different types is called an
element.
 ELEMENT- a substance consisting of atoms which all
have the same number of protons and has the same
atomic number.
 a substance that cannot be broken down into
simpler components by non-nuclear chemical
reaction.
 MOLECULE-atoms combine together forming
molecules.
 -Two or more atoms held together by chemical
force.
 COMPOUND-is a molecule that contains at least two
different elements.
 Pure Water is always 11.2% Hydrogen
and 88.8% Oxygen by mass
Substance
PURE SUBSTANCE – Matter
that with both definite and
constant composition with
distinct chemical properties.

• ELEMENT-a substance there is

only one type of atom.
• COMPOUNDS – two or more
elements joined together by
chemical force. Compounds both
have definite and constant
composition. It has the same
chemical and physical
composition under the same
composition.
 Mixtures
Mixture – Two or more pure
substances mixed together
combined physically in variable
proportion.
 Each substance in the mixture
retains its own set of chemical
and physical properties.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE is mixture that has the same proportions
of its components throughout a given sample.

 Components are evenly mixed. Meaning if you

divide the a glass of seawater by half. It will have
the same proportion of salt and water.
 It has one phase because you cannot see the
parts.
 Components of homogenous mixture still retains
its chemical and physical properties.
 SOLUTION
Solution is a homogenous mixture because the ratio of solvent to
solute remains the same all throughout the sample.
 It has one phase. You cannot simply differentiate solute from the
solvent easily.
 The solution is stable, meaning it will not settle down in a given
time.
 The properties of each components in a solution will have different
properties.
 Solution does not allow the beam of light to scatter (does not
exhibit Tyndall effect).
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE is mixture that does not have a uniform composition.
The distribution of components vary throughout the sample.

 The distribution of components vary throughout the

sample. Meaning there is uneven distribution of
substances.
 Example, halo-halo, you cannot guarantee that if you divide a
bowl of halo-halo you cannot have the same proportion of ice, of
saging, of gulaman.
 You can see the different parts. It has two or more
phases.
 Suspension

 Is a heterogeneous mixture
containing solid particles that are sufficiently large to
hdhsettle down at the bottom of the mixture.
 Mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but
get suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.
 Scattering of light is variable.
 Solution Colloid

COLLOID

 Consist of a dispersed phase or

the substance that is dissolved or
scattered in which the dispersed phase
is spread.
 The size of the dispersed phase in a colloid is intermediate, in
between the sizes of solution and suspension.
 Colloids exhibit the Tyndal effect, which is the ability to scatter
the beam of light that passed through it.
Homogenous Solution • The properties of each components in a solution will have
different properties.
• Solution is a homogenous mixture because the ratio of solvent
to solute remains the same all throughout the sample.
• It has one phase.
• The solution is stable, meaning it will not settle down in a given
time.
• Solution does not allow the beam of light to scatter (does not
exhibit Tyndall effect).
Heterogeneous Suspension  It contains solid particles that are sufficiently large to
settle down at the bottom of the mixture.
 Mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but get
suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.
 Scattering of light (Tyndall effect) is variable.
Heterogeneous Colloid  Consist of a dispersed phase .
 The size of the dispersed phase in a colloid is intermediate, in
between the sizes of solution and suspension.
 Colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect, which is the ability to scatter
the beam of light that passed through it.
Carbonated water is a mixture of water and
carbon dioxide wherein liquid water dissolves
carbon dioxide? Carbonated water is an example
of ?
A. Homogenous, solution
B. Heterogeneous, solution
C. Homogenous, colloid
D. Heterogeneous, suspension
E. Heterogeneous, colloid
 Element, Compound, Solution,
Pure Substance Suspension,
Material Homogeneous,
or Mixture Colloid
Heterogeneous
Sugar ( C12H22O11 ) +
tap water

iron filings (Fe)

limestone (CaCO3)

Clouds

Carbonated water

Nitrogen gas

Butane C₄H₁₀
Chalk in water
An example of intensive property of matter is?
A. Boiling point
B. Color
C. Malleability
D. Density
Note: all are intensive property

• Extensive Properties - Properties that do depend on

the amount of mass or matter present.
If there is a change in the amount of matter, these
properties changes too. (Volume, Length, Shape)
• Intensive Properties- Properties that DO NOT depend
on the amount of the matter present. If there is a change
in the amount of matter, these properties will still
remains.(Color, Malleability, Ductility, Hardness, Melting
point, Density)
Decide whether each of the following processes is
primarily a physical or a chemical change.
• A match ignites to form ash and a mixture of gases.
• Perspiration evaporates when you relax after jogging.
• A silver fork tarnishes slowly in air.
• Gasoline fumes are ignited by a spark in an automobile engine’s
cylinder.
• Freezing Water
• Sanding a piece of paper
• Cutting your hair
• Crushing an aluminium can
• Bending a paper clip
• Mixing oil and vinegar
• Soured milk
• Breaking a piece of chalk in two
• Turning a lump of clay into a figure.
A certain atom with atomic number 23 and
mass number of 65, will have how many
neutrons?
A. 42
B. 23
C. 88
D. 12
Helium (2He), Neon (10Ne), and Argon
(18Ar) are in the same group. Which
statement best describes all three
elements?
A. They all have the same atomic numbers
and the same atomic mass.
B. They are all in the same group, so they all
have 8 energy level.
C. They all are noble gases in the 8th
period.
D. They are all in group 8 so they all have
the same valence electrons.
• Row- period, is the number of energy level.
• Column-group, for family A, the group number is their
valence electrons
 Valence electrons
 For family A elements, the valence electrons is also equal to the group
number. The highest principal energy level is also equal to its period.
 See the examples: Note that Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium and
Potassium, all belong to group 1 elements hence all has 1 valence
electrons.

1 H- 1s1 3Li -1s2 2s1 11Na- 1s2 22 2p6 3s1 19 K- 1s2 22 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Which is true about the atomic size of the elements in the
periodic table?
a. Atomic size increases along the period
b. Atomic size decreases down the group
c. Atomic size increases up to bottom of the group.
d. Atomic size increases from top to bottom of the
group.
Which of the following is an anion?
A. Cl-
B. NH4+
C. Mg 2+
D. O2
What element most likely to form a negative ion?
A. Li
B. Na
C. Be
D. F___

• Metal elements tend to give off

electrons
• Non-metal tend to gain the
electrons.
Which of the following compounds are
ionic?
A. CO2
B. Al2O3
C. BF3
D. SO2
• Ionic bond-between non-metal and
metal.
• Covalent bond-between 2 non-metal
elements.
• Carbon dioxide is a bond between 2 atoms,
oxygen and hydrogen making it a compound.
What type of molecular force present in Carbon
dioxide?
A. Intermolecular force of attraction (polar)
B. Intramolecular force of attraction (non-polar)
C. Intermolecular force of attraction (covalent)
D. Intramolecular force of attraction (ionic)
• Intramolecular force (inside)- is a force that binds
together the atoms making up a molecule or a
compound.

H2O
• 2 types H H
• Ionic bond
• Covalent bond
Polarity of Molecule
O=O N N Cl-Cl F-F Br-Br I-I

Non polar covalent Polar covalent bond-

bond- electrons are electrons are shared
unequally resulting one atom
equally shared being partially negative and
between two atoms. the other is partially positive.

104
• Intermolecular force(between)- force present between
molecules or compounds.

Intermolecular force

O O
H2O H2O
H H H H
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMFA)
⬥ Dipole-dipole forces
• Ion-dipole forces
• London Dispersion forces
⬥ Hydrogen Bond

106
Dipole-dipole
• Dipole is a molecule that has two poles or regions with
opposite charges.
Dipole may also referred as polar molecule.
Dipole-dipole
• Dipole-dipole forces are formed between
molecules with permanent dipoles or
between polar molecules
Ion-dipole
Forces
• Ion-dipole intermolecular force of attraction
results from the interaction between ion and a
polar molecules.
• These forces exist when polar molecules (dipole)
are attracted to ions. The positive pole of polar
molecule is attracted to negative ion (anion),
while the negative pole is attracted to a positive
ion (cation). 109
Dispersion Forces
• “London Dispersion Forces or London Forces” named after
physicist Fritz London.
• Sometimes refer to Van der Waals force.
• The London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular
force.
• The London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that
results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy
positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles as such
this is sometimes called an induced dipole attraction

110
Dispersion Forces
• Because of the constant motion of the electrons, an atom or molecule
can develop a temporary (instantaneous) dipole when its electrons
are distributed unsymmetrically about the nucleus.

111
Hydrogen Bond
• Some polar molecules have high electronegativity differences.
This is most especially true fro fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen
bonded to a hydrogen (H-F,H-O,H-N).
• This results to a high partial positive charge on hydrogen and
large partial negative charge for the more electronegative
atom. Because of the very large dipole produced between
these atoms, special IMFA is given- Hydrogen bond

112
Identify the polarity of
molecule
Compound/molecule Polarity
O2 Non-polar
Salt No polarity (ionic
compound)
Water Polar (dipole)
CO2 Non-polar
NH3 Polar dipole)
CH4 Non-polar
H20 Polar (dipole)
Identify the type of intermolecular force
of attraction
Compound/molecule Type of IMFA
O2-O2 LDF
Salt-water (NaCl-H2O) Ion-dipole
CO2-CO2 LDF
Water (Hydrogen) Hydrogen bond
NH3 Hydrogen bond
HCl-HCl Dipole-dipole
Which of the following is NOT a dipole?
A. HF
B. CO2
C. H2O
D. HCl
Water has high melting point. Based on this
statement, water ________
a) is covalent and has stronger intermolecular
attractive force.
b) is covalent and has weak intermolecular
attractive force
c) is ionic and has weak intermolecular attractive
force
d) is ionic and has stronger intermolecular
attractive force.
 Intermolecular Force of
Attraction
Ion-dipole Hydrogen bond Dipole-dipole Dispersion forces

• Interaction of an ion • Strong molecular force • An interaction • An interaction

with charge end of between two polar between molecules
another molecule molecules other with temporary
than N-H, O-H, and dipoles.
• Strong force H-f.
• Very weak force
• Weak Force

117
Properties of Liquid
• Surface tension
• The more resistant the liquid to stretch its surface area
the higher the surface tension.
• The stronger the IMFA present between liquids, the
higher the surface tension.
• Viscosity
• fluid’s resistance to flow.
• The greater the resistance in flowing the more viscous
the liquid is.
• Liquid with strong IMFA have higher viscosities than
those with weak IMFA.
Properties of Liquid
•Vapor pressure and boiling point
• The stronger the IMFA the less
vapour pressure, its more difficult to
boil therefore they have high boiling
point.
• If a liquid molecule has weak IMFA,
even at low temperature liquid will
evaporate easily, they have low
boiling point.
Which of the following will
have the highest boiling point?
A.NaCl
B. H2O
C. CO2
D.MgBr2
Solubility of the Substance
A solute is most likely to be highly soluble in a
solvent if the solute is _____and the solvent is ___
A. Ionic or polar, non-polar
B. Ionic or polar, polar
C. Non-polar, ionic
D. Non-polar, polar

• “Like dissolves Like”

• Polar molecules will dissolve polar molecule
• Non-polar molecules will dissolve non-polar molecule.
In the reaction Na2CO3 → Na2O + CO2. Sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3 )breaks down to form Sodium oxide Na2O and
carbon dioxide (CO2 ) as its by product is an example of
what type of reaction?
A. Synthesis reaction
B. Decomposition reaction
C. Single Displacement reaction
D. Double Displacement reaction

1. Synthesis/ Combination Reaction- a chemical reaction in which two

or more substances react to form a single new substance.
2. Decomposition Reaction- A compound is broken down into simpler
substances which maybe compound or element that make it up.
3. Single Replacement/Displacement- when one element in a
compound reacts by replacing another element in a compound.
4. Double Displacement /replacement Reaction- when there is an
exchange of ions between two compounds. The positive ion of one
compound exchanges with the positive cation of another compound.
Why does an increase in
concentration increase the rate of
reaction?
A. The number of collisions increases.
B. The activation energy decreases.
C. The average kinetic energy increases.
D. When there are more molecules in the
container they all speed up
Rate of Reaction
At high temperature:
• Reactant particles move faster.
• Increase frequency of effective collisions.
• Increase the speed of reaction
At high concentration
• The higher the concentration of a dissolved reactant, the faster the rate of
a reaction.
• At a higher concentration, there are more particles in the same amount of
space. This means that the particles are more likely to collide and therefore
more likely to react.
At high pressure:
• As the pressure increases, the space in which the gas particles are moving
becomes smaller.
• The gas particles become closer together, increasing the frequency of
collisions. This means that the particles are more likely to react.
AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

○ Reactant particles move

faster.
○ Increase frequency of
effective collisions.
○ Increase the speed of
reaction
 AT HIGH CONCENTRATION

•More reactants particles per unit

volume.
•Increase frequency of effective
collisions
•Increase the speed of reaction.
 AT HIGH PRESSURE:
• Molecules are closed together, hence more
particles are present per unit volume available to
collide with one another.
• Increase the frequency of effective collisions, thus
increase the speed of reaction.
Types of radioactive decay
•In which decay is the Helium
nucleus emitted?
A. Beta-decay
B. Alpha decay
C. Gamma decay
D. Atomic decay
Three types of radioactive
decay:
1. Alpha decay
2. Beta decay
3. Gamma decay
ALPHA DECAY
• Is disintegration of nucleus into a nucleus
of another element with the emission of
alpha particle (which is the helium
nuclide).
• Therefore alpha decay is radioactive
process in which a particle with 2
neutrons and 2 protons is ejected from
nucleus of an atom.
210 206 4
• Po → Pb + 𝛼
84 82 2
Beta Decay
• Is the disintegration of a nucleus into a nucleus
of another element with the emission of BETA
PARTICLE.
• Where ß (beta) particle is an electron is
assigned a mass number of zero (because it
contains no nucleons) and atomic number -1
(because its electric charge is opposite that of a
proton +charge).
GAMMA DECAY
• Occurs when a nucleus emits a gamma ray and
becomes less energetic form of the same
nucleus.
• A gamma ray is photon of high energy
electromagnetic radiation and has no mass
number and no atomic number.
• Gamma ray are similar to x-ray but more
energetic.
234 234 0
• Th → 𝑇ℎ + 𝛾
90 90 0
Acid and base
• When dissolves in water, a (n)
______donates H+ and a (n) _______
accepts H+.
A. Acid, base
B. base, acid
C. buffer, solute
D. base, buffer
•
• Organic molecule that speeds up a
reaction without being changed by it.
A. buffer
B. enzyme
C. amine
D. ester

• Buffer- Set of chemicals that can keep the pH

of solution stable by alternately donating and
accepting ions that contribute to pH level.
Physics
Velocity is the rate of change of its position with
respect to time. Based on this statement, velocity
is __________.
A. Scalar
B. Vector

• Scalar- is quantity that is described by a

magnitude (numerical value) alone.
• Mass, time, distance, temperature, speed
• Vector- is a quantity that completely described
by both magnitude and direction.
• Acceleration, displacement, velocity
SPEED AND VELOCITY
Allan walks 4 meters in 10 minutes. What is the
speed covered by Allan?
A. 40 m/min
B. 0.4 m/min
C. 4 m/min
Rachel watches a thunderstorm from her window
she sees the flash of lightning bolt and begins
counting the 5 seconds later. Assume that the speed
of sound in air is 340.0m/s. How far away was the
lightning?
A. 1700m
B. 68 m
C. 0.015 m
ACCELERATION
A moving object possesses acceleration if a change in a
velocity is observed. Which of the following does not
illustrate acceleration?
A. A ball thrown upwards
B. A book on the table
C. A car running along a curve
D. A cart moving downhill on a mountain slope
A driver has 5 seconds to stop his car which travelling
at a velocity of 20m/s. what is his average
acceleration?
A. 4 m/s2
B. 0.25 m/s2
C. 1 m/s2
D. 3 m/s2
Which of the following statement about
motion according to Galileo is wrong?
A. The speed of falling body is dependent on its
weight.
B. Heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones.
C. Initial force must be exerted on an object in
order to move.
D. Once an object is set in motion the object will
keep on moving unless acted upon by
unbalanced forces.

Note: disregard the question.

Newton’s 3 laws of Motion
• Law of Inertia
• An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in
motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by
unbalanced force.
• Law of Acceleration
• The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
the net force acting on the object and inversely
proportional to its mass.
Acceleration=Force/mass
• Law of Interaction
• For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
Newton’s 3 laws of Motion
According to Newton's second law of
motion, acceleration is proportional
to force. That means a larger force
A. Produces a smaller acceleration.
B. Produces a larger acceleration.
C. Doesn't affect acceleration.
D. Produces a smaller mass.
Which of the following statements correctly states Newton's
first law of motion?
A. Every object retains its state of rest or its state of accelerated
straight-line motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
B. Every object retains its state of rest or its state of uniform
straight-line motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
C. Every object retains its state of rest or its state of uniform straight-
line motion unless acted upon by a balanced force.
D. None of the above is correct.
A 3.5 kg papaya is pushed across the table. If the acceleration of the
papaya is 2.2m/s2 to the left. What is the net external force?
A. 1.3 N
B. 1.6 kg m/s2
C. 5.7 m/s2
D. 7.7 N
Identify the law of motion that is
illustrated by the following
1. A riffle recoils when fired -3rd law
2. A car stills moves for a short period
even after the brakes have been
applied – 1st law
3. A cigarette vendor has to move with
the bus as he jumps off the bus. -1st law
4. Two rock of different masses fall at the
time. -2nd law
5. A man can lean on the wall without
him falling.-3rd law
Impulse and Momentum
If the velocity of an object is doubled, its momentum
is ___________.
A. Halved
B. Doubled
C. Stays the same
D. Tripled

Momentum – is the “mass in motion” , it is the

quantity of motion that an object has.
• The greater the mass the greater the momentum
• The greater the velocity also has greater momentum.
Impulse- changing the mass or the velocity can
change the momentum.
WORK AND POWER

For WORK to be done, what are the factors that must be

present?
A. Weight and distance
B. Force and acceleration
C. Force and distance
D. Weight and force

This refers to the speed of work done by an object?

A. Velocity
B. Acceleration
C. Power
D. Momentum