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Csma

CSMA with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a network protocol that operates at the MAC layer and uses carrier sensing and collision detection to regulate access to a shared channel. It detects collisions by sensing transmissions from other stations. When a collision is detected, the station stops transmitting and waits a random time before retransmitting.

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43 views5 pages

Csma

CSMA with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a network protocol that operates at the MAC layer and uses carrier sensing and collision detection to regulate access to a shared channel. It detects collisions by sensing transmissions from other stations. When a collision is detected, the station stops transmitting and waits a random time before retransmitting.

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johndoe
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CSMA with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a network protocol for
carrier transmission that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. It senses or
listens whether the shared channel for transmission is busy or not, and defers transmissions
until the channel is free. The collision detection technology detects collisions by sensing
transmissions from other stations. On detection of a collision, the station stops transmitting,
sends a jam signal, and then waits for a random time interval before retransmission.

Algorithms

The algorithm of CSMA/CD is:

 When a frame is ready, the transmitting station checks whether the channel is idle or
busy.
 If the channel is busy, the station waits until the channel becomes idle.
 If the channel is idle, the station starts transmitting and continually monitors the channel
to detect collision.
 If a collision is detected, the station starts the collision resolution algorithm.
 The station resets the retransmission counters and completes frame transmission.

The algorithm of Collision Resolution is:

 The station continues transmission of the current frame for a specified time along with a
jam signal, to ensure that all the other stations detect collision.
 The station increments the retransmission counter.
 If the maximum number of retransmission attempts is reached, then the station aborts
transmission.
 Otherwise, the station waits for a backoff period which is generally a function of the
number of collisions and restart main algorithm.
 Though this algorithm detects collisions, it does not reduce the number of collisions.
 It is not appropriate for large networks performance degrades exponentially when more
stations are added.

The following flowchart summarizes the algorithms:


CSMA with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is a network protocol for
carrier transmission that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. In contrast to
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) that deals with collisions after
their occurrence, CSMA/CA prevents collisions prior to their occurrence.

Algorithm

The algorithm of CSMA/CA is:

 When a frame is ready, the transmitting station checks whether the channel is idle or
busy.
 If the channel is busy, the station waits until the channel becomes idle.
 If the channel is idle, the station waits for an Inter-frame gap (IFG) amount of time and
then sends the frame.
 After sending the frame, it sets a timer.
 The station then waits for acknowledgement from the receiver. If it receives the
acknowledgement before expiry of timer, it marks a successful transmission.
 Otherwise, it waits for a back-off time period and restarts the algorithm.

The following flowchart summarizes the algorithms:


Advantages of CMSA/CA

 CMSA/CA prevents collision.


 Due to acknowledgements, data is not lost unnecessarily.
 It avoids wasteful transmission.
 It is very much suited for wireless transmissions.

Disadvantages of CSMA/CA

 The algorithm calls for long waiting times.


 It has high power consumption.

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