Ch4 PDF
Ch4 PDF
#4:
Diodes
from
Microelectronic
Circuits
Text
by
Sedra
and
Smith
Oxford
Publishing
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Smith
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IntroducLon
§ a
powerful
technique
for
the
applica:on
and
modeling
of
the
diode
(and
in
later
chapters,
transistors):
dc-‐biasing
the
diode
and
modeling
its
opera:on
for
small
signals
around
the
dc-‐opera:ng
point
by
means
of
the
small-‐signal
model
§ the
use
of
a
string
of
forward-‐biased
diodes
and
of
diodes
opera:ng
in
the
breakdown
region
(zener
diodes),
to
provide
constant
dc
voltages
(voltage
regulators)
§ applica:on
of
the
diode
in
the
design
of
rec:fier
circuits,
which
convert
ac
voltages
to
dc
as
needed
for
powering
electronic
equipment
§ a
number
of
other
prac:cal
and
important
applica:ons
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4.1.1.
Current-‐Voltage
CharacterisLc
of
the
Ideal
Diode
figure
4.1.
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4.1.1.
Current-‐
Voltage
CharacterisLc
IF
vA
=
5V
THEN
diodeA
will
IF
vA
=
0V
THEN
diodeA
will
conduct
AND
vY
=
vA
=
5V
conduct
AND
vY
=
vA
=
0V
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Example
4.2:
If
answer
to
either
of
these
is
no,
More
Diodes then
the
solu:on
is
not
physically
realizable.
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4.2.1.
The
step%#1:%consider%two%cases%(#1%and%#2)
! ####"####$
Forward-‐Bias
V1 /VT
I1 = IS e !and!!I2 = IS e
V2 /VT
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4.2.2.
The
Reverse-‐
Bias
Region
this&expression
applies&for
negative&voltages
!#"#$
§ The
reverse-‐bias
region
of
− v /VT
opera:on
is
entered
i = −IS e
when
v
<
0.
action:!invert!exponential
!# #"## $
§ I-‐V
rela:onship,
for
" 1 %
i = −IS $$ v /V ''
nega:ve
voltages
with
|
e T&
#!"#
v|
>
VT
(25mV),
is
closely
approximated
by
≈0$for$larger
voltage
magnitudes
equa:ons
to
right.
i = −IS
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4.2.2.
The
Reverse-‐
Bias
Region
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4.2.3.
The
Breakdown
Region
V
=
10VT
V
=
-‐VZK
V = -‐VT
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4.3.
Modeling
the
Diode
Forward
CharacterisLc
§ The
previous
slides
define
a
robust
set
of
diode
models.
§ Upcoming
slides,
however,
discuss
simplified
diode
models
be\er
suited
for
use
in
circuit
analyses:
§ exponen:al
model
§ constant
voltage-‐drop
model
§ ideal
diode
model
§ small-‐signal
(lineariza:on)
model
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4.3.1.
The
ExponenLal
Model
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4.3.1.
The
ExponenLal
Model
§ Pro’s
§ Intui:ve
§ b/c
of
visual
nature
§ Con’s
§ Poor
Precision
§ Not
Prac:cal
for
Figure
4.11:
Graphical
analysis
of
Complex
Analyses
the
circuit
in
Fig.
4.10
using
the
§ mul:ple
lines
required
exponen:al
diode
model.
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4.3.3.
IteraLve
Analysis
Using
ExponenLal
Method
§ step
#1:
Start
with
ini:al
§ step
#4:
Repeat
these
guess
of
VD.
steps
un:l
VD(k+1)
=
VD(k).
§ VD(0)
§ Upon
convergence,
the
§ step
#2:
Use
nodal
/
mesh
new
and
old
values
of
analysis
to
solve
ID.
VD
will
match.
§ step
#3:
Use
exponen:al
model
to
update
VD.
§ VD(1)
=
f(VD(0))
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4.3.3.
IteraLve
Analysis
Using
ExponenLal
Method
§ Pro’s
§ High
Precision
§ Con’s
§ Not
Intui:ve
§ Not
Prac:cal
for
Complex
Analyses
§ 10+
itera:ons
may
be
required
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4.3.
Modeling
the
Diode
Forward
CharacterisLc
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4.3.5.
The
Constant
Voltage-‐
Drop
Model
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4.1.1:
Current-‐Voltage
Characteris:c
of
the
Ideal
Diode
mode
#2:
reverse
mode
#1:
bias
=
open
ckt.
forward
bias
=
short
ckt
§ ideal
diode:
is
most
fundament
device
scircuit
nonlinear
ymbol
element
with
two
§ two
nodes
terminal
device
with
circuit
symbol
to
right
§ operates
in
two
modes
forward
and
reverse
bias
figure
4.1.
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When
to
use
these
models?
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CVDM
DC
DC
Total
Steady-‐State
Instantaneous
= Solu:on
+
Solu:on
AC
(vD.)
(VD.)
Time-‐Varying
AC
Solu:on
(vd.)
Figure
4.14:
(a)
C
ircuit
for
Example
4.5.
(b)
Circuit
for
calcula:ng
the
Microelectronic
Cdc
ircuits
o
by
pera:ng
point.
C.
Smith
((c)
Small-‐signal
equivalent
circuit.
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4.3.7.
Small-‐Signal
Model
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4.3.7.
Small-‐Signal
Model
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4.3.7.
Small-‐Signal
Model
vd.
action:!split!this!exponential
using!appropriate!laws
§ step
#6:
Split
this
!## #"### $
V /V v /V
exponen:al
in
two.
(eq4.11))) iD (t) = IS e D T e d T
!"#
§ step
#7:
Redefine
total
ID
!
#"########
because*vd /VT <<1,#these#terms
$
$
are#assumed#to#be#negligible
!####"####$ &
§ step
#9:
Because
vd/
#
# '! $2 * '! $3 * &
# v v 1 v 1 &
(eq4.12a)"" iD (t) = ID #1+ d + )## d && , + )## d && , +…&
VT
<<
1,
certain
terms
#
VT )" VT % 2!, )" VT % 3!,
( + ( + &
may
be
neglected.
##
"%######&######'%
&&
vd /VT
power#series#expansion#of#e
action:!eliminate
negligible!terms!
!##"##$
! v $
(eq4.14)!! iD (t) = ID ##1+ d &&
" VT %
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4.3.7.
Small-‐Signal
Model
!I $
iD (t) = ID + ## D &&vd
§ small
signal
approximaLon
VT %
"!"#
§ Shown
to
right
for
exponen:al
id
$ !#"Δx #
$
−1
! ∂y
y(t) = y0 + #
# ∂x (
& x(t)− x
& )
0
" y=Y %
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4.3.7:
Small-‐Signal
Model
VT
rd =
ID
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Example
4.5:
Small-‐Signal
Model
§ Consider
the
circuit
shown
in
Figure
4.14(a)
for
the
case
in
which
R
=
10kOhm.
§ The
power
supply
V+
has
a
dc
value
of
10V
over
which
is
super-‐imposed
a
60Hz
sinusoid
of
1V
peak
amplitude
(known
as
the
supply
ripple)
§ Q:
Calculate
both
amplitude
of
the
sine-‐wave
signal
observed
across
the
diode.
§ A:
vd.(peak)
=
2.68mV
§ Assume
diode
to
have
0.7V
drop
at
1mA
current.
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Figure
4.14:
(a)
c
ircuit
for
Example
4.5.
(b)
circuit
for
calcula:ng
the
Microelectronic
Cdc
ircuits
o pera:ng
point.
C.
Smith
((c)
small-‐signal
equivalent
circuit.
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4.3.8.
Use
of
Diode
Forward
Drop
in
Voltage
RegulaLon
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Example
4.6:
Diode-‐Based
Voltage
Regulator
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4.4.
OperaLon
in
the
Reverse
Breakdown
Region
–
Zener
Diodes
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prosecuted to the full extent of the law.
Example 4.7
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Example
4.7
(cont.)
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Prob.
4-‐56
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Prob.
4-‐56
(cont.)
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4.5.
RecLfier
Circuits
Figure
4.21:
(a)
Half-‐wave
rec:fier
(b)
Transfer
characteris:c
of
the
rec:fier
circuit
(c)
Input
and
output
waveforms
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4.5.1.
The
Half-‐
Wave
RecLfier
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4.5.1.
The
Half-‐
Wave
RecLfier
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when
instantaneous
source
voltage
is
negaLve,
D2
conducts
while
D1
blocks
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4.5.2.
The
Full-‐Wave
RecLfier
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4.5.3.
The
Bridge
RecLfier
§ An
alterna:ve
implementa:on
of
the
full-‐wave
rec:fier
is
bridge
recLfier.
§ Shown
to
right.
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4.5.4.
The
RecLfier
with
a
Filter
Capacitor
Figure
Oxford
4.24
(
a)
Publishing
University
A
simple
circuit
used
to
illustrate
the
effect…
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4.5.4.
The
RecLfier
with
a
Filter
Capacitor
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4.5.4.
The
RecLfier
with
a
Filter
Capacitor
%##&##'
output%voltage%for%state%#2
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Q:
What
happens
when
load
resistor
is
placed
in
series
with
capacitor?
output%voltage%for%state%#1
!#"#$
vO = vI −vD
circuit
state
#1
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Q:
What
happens
when
load
resistor
is
placed
in
series
with
capacitor?
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4.5.4.
The
RecLfier
with
a
Filter
Capacitor
action:"take"Laplace"transform
! ## #"### $ !#### #"#####
action:"eliminate"RC !from!both!sides
$
(* dvO ,* " 1 %
vO = RiL L )vO + RC
dt
= 0-
# RC &
()
RC $ s + 'VO s = RCVO 0 ()
action:"replace
*+ *.
iL !with!&iC action:"solve"for"VO ( s )
!#"# $ !#### action:"take"Laplace"transform
#"##### $ !###"### $
vO = −RiC VO s + RC /0sVO s −VO 0 12 = 0
() () () 1
action:"define"iC %##&##' ()
VO s =VO 0 () 1
!##"##$differentially
transform)of)
dvO s+
dt
" dv % action:"seperate"disalike"/"collect"alike"terms RC
action:"take"inverse"Laplace
vO = −R $$C O '' !#### #"##### $ !#### #"##### $
dt & V s + RCsV s = RCV 0 ( ,
#%&
# # ' %O
## & ## O
'
() ! O () () * 1 *
iC ()
L−1 )VO s =VO 0 () -
action:"change"sides
!##"## $
(1+RCs)VO (s) initial
condition *+ ( )
s +1 / RC *.
action:"pull"out"RC
dvO !### #"#### $ !### "###$
action:"solve
vO + RC = 0 1+ RCs V s = RCV 0( ) () ()
dt %##&## O
' O
−
t
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" 1 %
RC $$ s+ ''VO (s)
()
vO t =VO 0 e () RC
# RC &
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4.5.4.
The
RecLfier
with
a
Filter
Capacitor
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4.5.4.
The
RecLfier
with
a
Filter
Capacitor
output%voltage%for%state%#1
! ##"##$
() ()
vO t = vI t −vD
t
−
v (t ) =V e
O peak
RC
%##&##'
output%voltage%for%state%#2
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output%voltage%for%state%#1
!#"#$
() ()
vO t = v I t
t
−
v (t ) =V e
O peak
RC
%##&##'
output%voltage%for%state%#2
Figure
4.25:
Voltage
and
Current
Waveforms
in
the
Peak
Rec:fier
Circuit
W
ITH
RC
>>
T.
The
diode
is
assumed
ideal.
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A
Couple
of
ObservaLons
§ The
diode
conducts
for
a
brief
interval
(Δt)
near
the
peak
of
the
input
sinusoid
and
supplies
the
capacitor
with
charge
equal
to
that
lost
during
the
much
longer
discharge
interval.
The
la\er
is
approximately
equal
to
T.
§ Assuming
an
ideal
diode,
the
diode
conduc:on
begins
at
:me
t1
(at
which
the
input
vI
equals
the
exponen:ally
decaying
output
vO).
Diode
conduc:on
stops
at
:me
t2
shortly
auer
the
peak
of
vI
(the
exact
value
of
t2
is
determined
by
se\ling
of
ID).
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A
Couple
of
ObservaLons
T !is!discharge!interval
! ##"##$
§ Q:
How
is
ripple
voltage
(Vr)
defined?
Vpeak −Vr = vO (T)
§ step
#1:
Begin
with
transient
$ −T '
response
of
output
during
“off
Vpeak −Vr ≈ Vpeak × && e RC ))
interval.”
%!(
§ step
#2:
Note
T
is
discharge
because'RC>>T ,
we$can$assume...
interval.
e
−
T
RC !≈!1−
T
RC
§ step
#3:
Simplify
using
action:"solve"for
ripple"voltage"Vr
assump:on
that
RC
>>
T.
!##"## $
$T '
§ step
#4:
Solve
for
ripple
voltage
(eq4.28)))Vr ≈ Vpeak & )
Vr.
RC (
%!
T
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RC
4.5.4.
The
RecLfier
with
a
Filter
Capacitor
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Circuits
by
Adel
S.
Sedra
and
Kenneth
C.
Smith
(0195323033)
4.5.4.
The
RecLfier
with
a
Filter
Capacitor
Oxford
University
Publishing
Microelectronic
Circuits
by
Adel
S.
Sedra
and
Kenneth
C.
Smith
(0195323033)
Summary
(3)
Oxford
University
Publishing
Microelectronic
Circuits
by
Adel
S.
Sedra
and
Kenneth
C.
Smith
(0195323033)