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tk/

INTRODUCTION TO
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING

ANNACIVIL BLOG
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NOTES SENT BY AISHWARYA
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Outline
• Introduction to NDT
• Overview of Six Most
Common NDT Methods
• Selected Applications
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Definition of NDT
The use of noninvasive
techniques to determine
the integrity of a material,
component or structure
or
quantitatively measure
some characteristic of
an object.

i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm.

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Methods of NDT

Visual
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What are Some Uses
of NDT Methods?
• Flaw Detection and Evaluation
• Leak Detection
• Location Determination
• Dimensional Measurements Fluorescent penetrant indication

• Structure and Microstructure Characterization

• Estimation of Mechanical and Physical Properties
• Stress (Strain) and Dynamic Response
Measurements
• Material Sorting and Chemical Composition
Determination
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When are NDT Methods Used?

There are NDT application at almost any stage
in the production or life cycle of a component.
– To assist in product development
– To screen or sort incoming materials
– To monitor, improve or control
manufacturing processes
– To verify proper processing such as heat
treating
– To verify proper assembly
– To inspect for in-service damage
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Six Most Common NDT
Methods
• Visual
• Liquid Penetrant
• Magnetic
• Ultrasonic
• Eddy Current
• X-ray
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Visual Inspection
Most basic and common
inspection method.

Tools include
fiberscopes,
borescopes, magnifying
glasses and mirrors.

Portable video inspection

unit with zoom allows
inspection of large tanks
and vessels, railroad tank
cars, sewer lines.
Robotic crawlers permit
observation in hazardous or
tight areas, such as air
ducts, reactors, pipelines.
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Liquid Penetrant Inspection
• A liquid with high surface wetting characteristics
is applied to the surface of the part and allowed
time to seep into surface breaking defects.
• The excess liquid is removed from the surface
of the part.
• A developer (powder) is applied to pull the
trapped penetrant out the defect and spread it
on the surface where it can be seen.
• Visual inspection is the final step in the
process. The penetrant used is often loaded
with a fluorescent dye and the inspection is
done under UV light to increase test
sensitivity.
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Magnetic Particle Inspection

The part is magnetized. Finely milled iron particles coated with a
dye pigment are then applied to the specimen. These particles
are attracted to magnetic flux leakage fields and will cluster to
form an indication directly over the discontinuity. This indication
can be visually detected under proper lighting conditions.
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Magnetic Particle Crack Indications

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Radiography
The radiation used in radiography
testing is a higher energy (shorter
High Electrical Potential
wavelength) version of the
electromagnetic waves that we
see as visible light. The radiation can Electrons
come from an X-ray generator or a + -
radioactive source.
X-ray Generator
or Radioactive
Source Creates
Radiation

Radiation
Penetrate
the Sample

Exposure Recording Device

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Film Radiography
The part is placed between the
radiation source and a piece of film.
The part will stop some of the
radiation. Thicker and more dense
area will stop more of the radiation.
The film darkness
(density) will vary with
the amount of radiation
X-ray film reaching the film
through the test object.
= less exposure
= more exposure
Top view of developed film
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Radiographic Images
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Eddy Current Testing

Coil's
Coil magnetic field

Eddy current's
magnetic field
Eddy
currents

Conductive
material
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Eddy Current Testing
Eddy current testing is particularly well suited for detecting surface
cracks but can also be used to make electrical conductivity and
coating thickness measurements. Here a small surface probe is
scanned over the part surface in an attempt to detect a crack.
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Ultrasonic Inspection (Pulse-Echo)
High frequency sound waves are introduced into a
material and they are reflected back from surfaces or
flaws.
Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, and
inspector can visualize a cross section of the specimen
f
showing the depth of features that reflect sound.

initial
pulse

back surface
echo
crack
echo

crack

0 2 4 6 8 10 plate

Oscilloscope, or flaw
detector screen
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Ultrasonic Imaging
High resolution images can be produced by plotting
signal strength or time-of-flight using a computer-
controlled scanning system.

Gray scale image produced using Gray scale image produced using the
the sound reflected from the front sound reflected from the back surface
surface of the coin of the coin (inspected from “heads” side)
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Common Application of NDT

• Inspection of Raw Products

• Inspection Following Secondary
Processing
• In-Services Damage Inspection
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Inspection of Raw Products

• Forgings,
• Castings,
• Extrusions,
• etc.
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Inspection Following
Secondary Processing
• Machining
• Welding
• Grinding
• Heat treating
• Plating
• etc.
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Inspection For
In-Service Damage

• Cracking
• Corrosion
• Erosion/Wear
• Heat Damage
• etc.
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Power Plant Inspection

Periodically, power plants are
shutdown for inspection.
Inspectors feed eddy current
probes into heat exchanger
tubes to check for corrosion
damage.

Pipe with damage Probe

Signals produced
by various
amounts of
corrosion
thinning.
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Wire Rope Inspection
Electromagnetic devices
and visual inspections are
used to find broken wires
and other damage to the
wire rope that is used in
chairlifts, cranes and other
lifting devices.
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Storage Tank Inspection
Robotic crawlers
use ultrasound to
inspect the walls of
large above ground
tanks for signs of
thinning due to
corrosion.

Cameras on
long
articulating
arms are used
to inspect
underground
storage tanks
for damage.
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Aircraft Inspection
• Nondestructive testing is used
extensively during the
manufacturing of aircraft.
• NDT is also used to find cracks
and corrosion damage during
operation of the aircraft.
• A fatigue crack that started at
the site of a lightning strike is
shown below.
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Jet Engine Inspection

• Aircraft engines are overhauled
after being in service for a period
of time.
• They are completely disassembled,
cleaned, inspected and then
reassembled.
• Fluorescent penetrant inspection
is used to check many of the parts
for cracking.
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Crash of United Flight 232
Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989
A defect that went
undetected in an
engine disk was
responsible for
the crash of
United Flight 232.
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Pressure Vessel Inspection
The failure of a pressure vessel
can result in the rapid release of
a large amount of energy. To
protect against this dangerous
event, the tanks are inspected
using radiography and
ultrasonic testing.
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Rail Inspection
Special cars are used to
inspect thousands of miles
of rail to find cracks that
could lead to a derailment.
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Bridge Inspection
• The US has 578,000
highway bridges.
• Corrosion, cracking and
other damage can all
affect a bridge’s
performance.
• The collapse of the Silver
Bridge in 1967 resulted in
loss of 47 lives.
• Bridges get a visual
inspection about every 2
years.
• Some bridges are fitted
with acoustic emission
sensors that “listen” for
sounds of cracks growing.
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Pipeline Inspection
NDT is used to inspect pipelines
to prevent leaks that could
damage the environment. Visual
inspection, radiography and
electromagnetic testing are some
of the NDT methods used.

Remote visual inspection using

a robotic crawler.

Magnetic flux leakage inspection.

This device, known as a pig, is
placed in the pipeline and collects
data on the condition of the pipe as it
is pushed along by whatever is being
transported.
Radiography of weld joints.
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Special Measurements
Boeing employees in Philadelphia were given the privilege of
evaluating the Liberty Bell for damage using NDT techniques.
Eddy current methods were used to measure the electrical
conductivity of the Bell's bronze casing at various points to
evaluate its uniformity.
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For More Information on NDT

The Collaboration for

NDT Education

www.ndt-ed.org

The American Society

for Nondestructive
Testing

www.asnt.org
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Windsor HP Probe
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• The Windsor HP Probe system rapidly and

accurately determines the concrete
compressive strength of a structure by
driving a probe into the concrete with a
known amount of force.

• Fast and economical use Determines the

developing strength of concrete

• improves safety, ensures quality and reduces

costs Monitors the strength for rehabilitation
as concrete ages
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Concrete Rebound Hammer

Indicates the compressive strength of

hardened concrete.
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HR Rebar Locator

The exact position and orientation of rebars can be measured

quickly and accurately. Rebar-free areas can be identified for
coring, grinding, resurfacing or insertion of new machinery
mountings.

HR Rebar Locator can be used to inspect new structures for

compliance with specifications as well as old structures under
modification
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Ultrasonic Concrete Testing

The E-Meter MK II is used to test and determine the resonant frequencies

of the three modes of vibration. Material characteristics such as Youngs
Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rigidity, Poissons Ratio and the
Damping Constant can be calculated.
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Corrosion Testing
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• The Ohmcor and Cormap systems represent

more economical methods of evaluating steel
reinforcement corrosion. The Cormap
Systems use half cell potential mapping in
order to identify areas of probably corrosion.
• The Ohmcorr System is typically used in
conjunction with the Cormap system n order
to verify the presence of steel reinforcement
corrosion. This older technology is still
widely used in the field.