Gondwana Research: De-Bin Yang, Wen-Liang Xu, Guo-Chun Zhao, Teng-Fei Huo, Jiang-Peng Shi, Hao-Tian Yang

Gondwana Research 38 (2016) 220–237
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Gondwana Research
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Tectonic implications of Early Cretaceous low-Mg adakitic rocks

generated by partial melting of thickened lower continental crust at the
southern margin of the central North China Craton
De-Bin Yang a,b,c,⁎, Wen-Liang Xu a, Guo-Chun Zhao b, Teng-Fei Huo a, Jiang-Peng Shi a, Hao-Tian Yang a
a
College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, PR China
b
Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
c
State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: This paper reports new whole-rock geochemical, Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic, and zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic data for
Received 14 April 2015 Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks in the Sanmenxia–Houma area of central China, and uses these data to constrain
Received in revised form 5 August 2015 the petrogenesis of low-Mg adakitic rocks (LMAR) and the spatial extent of the influence of the deeply subducted
Accepted 18 November 2015
Yangtze slab during the Triassic evolution of this region. New zircon laser-ablation inductivity coupled plasma
Available online 5 January 2016
mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb data indicate that the early- and late-stage southern Quli, Qiligou, and
Handling Editor: S.J. Liu Gaomiao porphyritic quartz diorites, the Canfang granodiorite, and the northern Wangmao porphyritic quartz
monzodiorite were emplaced during the Early Cretaceous (~130 Ma) and the late Early Cretaceous (~116 Ma).
Keywords: These rocks are characterized by high Na2O/K2O, Sr/Y, and (La/Yb)n ratios as well as high Sr concentrations,
Early Cretaceous low Mg# [molar 100 × Mg/(Mg + Fe2+tot)] values, and low heavy rare earth element and Y concentrations, all
Low-Mg adakitic rocks of which indicate an LMAR affinity. The samples have relatively high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7054–0.7095),
Thickened lower continental crust and low εNd(t) (− 11.90 to − 22.20) and εHf(t) (− 16.7 to − 32.7) values, indicative of a lower continental
The Yangtze Craton crust origin. The presence of Neoproterozoic (754–542 Ma) and inherited Late Triassic (220 Ma) metamorphic
Southern North China Craton
zircons within the late Early Cretaceous LMAR and the relatively high 206Pb/204Pb ratios of these rocks suggest
that they formed from primary magmas derived from partial melting of Yangtze Craton (YC) basement material
that had undergone ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. In contrast, the presence of Paleoproterozoic and
Archean inherited zircons within early Early Cretaceous LMAR in this area and the relatively low 206Pb/204Pb
ratios of these rocks are indicative of derivation from primary magmas generated by partial melting of the
thickened lower continental crust of the North China Craton (NCC). These rocks may have formed in an
extensional environment associated with the upwelling of asthenospheric mantle material. The presence of YC
basement material within the NCC in the Sanmenxia–Houma area suggests that the deeply subducted
Yangtze slab influenced an area of ~ 100 km in lateral extent within the southern margin of the central NCC
during the Triassic.
© 2015 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction (HREE) and Y concentrations (Defant and Drummond, 1990). These

rocks have frequently been cited as possible examples of partial melts
The petrogenesis of adakites and adakitic rocks remains controver- derived from subducted young oceanic crustal material within subduc-
sial (Defant and Drummond, 1990; Atherton and Petford, 1993; tion zones (Defant and Drummond, 1990). Nevertheless, alternative
Castillo et al., 1999; Gao et al., 2004; Topuz et al., 2005; Xu et al., 2006, models for the petrogenesis of adakitic rocks with geochemical features
2008, 2012; Guo et al., 2007; Streck et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2007; similar to adakites have also been proposed, including the assimilation
Chiaradia et al., 2009). Primitive adakites are defined as andesitic to and fractional crystallization (AFC) of basaltic magmas in arc settings
felsic igneous rocks characterized by high Sr concentrations, Sr/Y (Castillo et al., 1999; Chiaradia et al., 2009), mixing between basaltic
(N 20), and (La/Yb)n (N10) values, and low heavy rare earth element and felsic magmas (Guo et al., 2007; Streck et al., 2007), and the partial
melting of newly underplated basaltic lower crustal material (Atherton
and Petford, 1993; Topuz et al., 2005).
⁎ Corresponding author at: College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, 2199 Jianshe Street,
Although most adakites are generally associated with intra-oceanic
Changchun, Jilin 130061, PR China. Tel.: +86 431 88502080; fax: +86 431 88502080. island arc settings and continental arcs (Defant and Drummond, 1990;
E-mail address: [email protected] (D.-B. Yang). Atherton and Petford, 1993; Rapp et al., 2002), these rocks have also
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.11.013
1342-937X/© 2015 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
D.-B. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 38 (2016) 220–237 221
been reported from cratons, for example within the North China Craton controversial. In addition, the majority of previous research in this
(NCC; Zhang et al., 2001; Gao et al., 2004; Xu et al., 2006, 2008, 2009a; area has focused on the eastern NCC and the Dabie orogen, meaning
Wang et al., 2007). The adakitic rocks in the NCC have Mg# [molar that little research has been undertaken on the southern margin of the
100 × Mg/(Mg + Fe2+tot)] values that classify them as both high-Mg central NCC.
adakitic rocks (HMAR; Mg# N 50) and low-Mg adakitic rocks (LMAR; The fact that the southern margin of the central NCC is adjacent to
Mg# b 50). However, the petrogenesis of both HMAR and LMAR remains the Qinling–Dabie orogen to the south indicates that it may have
controversial (Zhang et al., 2001; Gao et al., 2004; Xu et al., 2006, 2008, been influenced by deeply subducted Yangtze Craton (YC) basement
2012). The majority of research to date suggests that the HMAR are de- material. The spatial variations in the Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic composi-
rived from partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust (LCC) tions of Early Cretaceous mafic igneous rocks in the western
material, with the melts generated during this process interacting with Shandong area (Yang et al., 2012a), together with the Pb isotopic
peridotitic material during ascent prior to emplacement (Rapp et al., composition of Mesozoic mafic–ultramafic complexes in the southern
1999; Gao et al., 2004; Xu et al., 2006, 2008; Wang et al., 2007). In com- Liaoning and southern Jilin areas (Pei et al., 2011), suggest that deeply
parison, the LMAR are thought to be derived from melts generated by subducted YC material has a spatial influence of some ~200 km within
partial melting of thickened LCC material containing residual eclogite the southeastern margin of the NCC lithospheric mantle (Yang et al.,
and with no interaction between melts and peridotite (Zhang et al., 2012a); however, the extent of this influence on the southern margin
2001; Wang et al., 2007). However, a number of researchers also have of the NCC remains unclear.
proposed that HMAR may be produced by the mixing of LMAR-type Here, we focus on Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks at the south-
magmas with underplated mantle-derived magmas (Guo et al., 2007; ern margin of the central NCC and report new zircon U–Pb and
Xu et al., 2012), suggesting that LMAR may be derived from amphibo- geochemical data, with the aim of constraining the petrogenesis of
lite, granulite, or gneissic source rocks (Zhang et al., 2001; Ge et al., LMAR in this area and the spatial influence of the deeply subducted
2002; Xu et al., 2013). These conflicting models indicate that the petro- YC slab on the southern margin of the central NCC during the Triassic
genesis and tectonic setting of adakitic rocks in the NCC remain evolution of this area.
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic map showing the location of the major tectonic units of the Qinling–Dabie–Sulu Orogenic belt, the NCC, and the Early Cretaceous intrusions in the southern margin of
the central NCC. Geological maps of the (b) Gaomiao, Qiligou, and Quli, (c) Wangmao, and (d) Canfang areas, including sample locations; WB, TNCO, and EB denote the three-fold division
of the NCC into the Western Block, the Trans-North China Orogen, and the Eastern Block, respectively (Zhao et al., 2001, 2005; Zhao and Guo, 2012). S-NCC = southern North China Craton,
TLFZ = Tancheng–Lujiang Fault Zone.
222 D.-B. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 38 (2016) 220–237
2. Geological setting and sample descriptions accessory magnetite and zircon (Fig. 2a–d). The porphyritic quartz
monzodiorites are also porphyritic, are massive, and contain
The NCC is bordered by the Central Asian Orogenic Belt to quartz (5%–10%), plagioclase (35%–40%), orthoclase (25%–30%),
the north, the Qinling–Dabie–Sulu orogenic belts, and the YC to hornblende (15%–20%), and accessory magnetite and zircon (Fig. 2e–f).
the south (Fig. 1a). The craton is subdivided by age, lithological The granodiorites are medium- to coarse-grained, have a granular
assemblages, tectonic evolution, and P–T–t paths into Eastern and texture, are massive, and contain quartz (25%–30%), plagioclase
Western blocks that are separated by the Trans-North China Orogen (45%–50%), and alkali feldspar (10%–15% including perthite and
(TNCO; Zhao et al., 2001, 2005; Zhao and Guo, 2012). Recent orthoclase), minor biotite (1%–2%) and hornblende (1%–3%; Fig. 2g–h),
research into these Paleoproterozoic tectonic belts has led to a and accessory zircon, apatite, and magnetite.
broad agreement that the Khondalite Belt formed by the amalgam-
ation of the Yinshan and Ordos blocks to form the Western Block 3. Analytical methods
at ~ 1.95 Ga (Santosh et al., 2007, 2012; Yin et al., 2009), and the
united Western Block collided with the Eastern Block along the 3.1. Cathodoluminescence imaging
TNCO at ~ 1.85 Ga to form the coherent basement of the NCC (Zhao
et al., 2000, 2008). The basement of the NCC is dominated by The internal morphology of the zircons was imaged using
Archean to Paleoproterozoic tonalitic–trondhjemitic–granodioritic cathodoluminescence (CL) at the State Key Lab of Isotope
(TTG) gneisses and greenschist- to granulite-facies volcanosedimentary Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese
rocks (Zhao et al., 2001, 2008; Wilde et al., 2002), which Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China, using a JEOL JXA-8100
are covered by a sequence of Mesoproterozoic to Ordovician Electron Probe Microanalyzer with a Mono CL3 CL system.
volcanosedimentary rocks and platform carbonates, Carboniferous
to Permian terrestrial clastic rocks, and Mesozoic basin sediments. 3.2. Zircon U–Pb dating
The TNCO consists of several low to high grade metamorphic
basement terranes, including Taihua, Dengfeng, Zhongtiao, Lüliang, Zircon U–Pb dating was performed by laser-ablation inductivity
Zanhuang, Fuping, Wutai, Hengshan, Huai'an, Xuanhua, Northern coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) at the State Key
Hebei and Chengde complexes (Zhao et al., 2008). The basement Lab of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,
rocks predominately manifest as Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic Guangzhou, China, using a GeoLas 2005 laser system coupled with an
TTG gneisses, meta-supracrustal rocks, granitoids, and mafic to Agilent 7500 ICP-MS instrument. During analysis, sample mounts
ultramafic rocks (Santosh et al., 2015). The lithospheric mantle of were placed in a 2-volume sample cell flushed with Ar and He as carrier
the NCC underwent intensive thinning from a thickness of ~ 200 km gases, with ablation using a constant laser energy of 80 mJ, a frequency
during the middle Ordovician to 60–80 km in the Cenozoic of 8 Hz, and a spot diameter of 32 μm. An Agilent Chemstation was uti-
(Menzies et al., 1993). lized for the acquisition of each individual analysis. Off-line selection
The Sanmenxia–Houma area is located within the southern and integration of background and analyte signals, time-drift correction,
margin of the central NCC (Fig. 1a). The basement in this region and quantitative calibration for trace element analyses and U–Pb dating
is dominated by granitoid plutons and supracrustal rocks of the were undertaken using ICPMSDataCal software (Liu et al., 2010).
Archean Sushui Complex and Jiangxian Group and Paleoproterozoic A TEMORA (417 Ma) standard zircon was analyzed every fifth analysis,
Zhongtiao Group (Sun et al., 1990). Early Cretaceous intrusions are and common Pb was corrected using measured 204Pb values. The
widespread throughout this region, including the Quli, Qiligou, uncertainties for individual analyses are reported at 1σ levels, and
Gaomiao, Wangmao, Canfang, and Wanrong intrusions (Fig. 1b–d; uncertainties on weighted mean ages are quoted at 2σ values and 95%
HBGMR, 1989; SBGMR, 1989). These intrusions are dominated by confidence levels.
porphyritic quartz diorite, porphyritic quartz monzodiorite, and
granodiorite phases (Fig. 2). 3.3. Zircon Lu–Hf isotopes
The Quli porphyritic quartz diorite crops out in the village of Quli
near Sanmenxia (early-stage sample 13H17, N34°49′19″, E111°26′45″; In situ zircon Hf isotope analysis was undertaken using a Geolas
sample 13H18, N34°49′52″, E111°26′23″; late-stage sample X-15-1, 193 laser system coupled with a Neptune multi-collector ICP-MS
N34°49′53″, E111°27′16″), and forms a stock with an area of ~ 3 km2 instrument at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese
(Fig. 1b). It intrudes into the Ordovician and Late Paleozoic strata. Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. External calibration was under-
The Qiligou porphyritic quartz diorite (sample SMX5, N34°48′40″, taken by analyzing a 91500 standard zircon with the unknowns to
E111°21′17″) crops out near Qiligou in the Sanmenxia area (Fig. 1b), evaluate the reliability of the analytical data, yielding a weighted
and the Gaomiao intrusion (sample SMX4, N34°49′33″, E111°20′34″) mean 176Hf/177Hf ratio of 0.282307 ± 0.000031. The isobaric interfer-
crops out over ~ 6 km2 near Gaomiao in the Sanmenxia area and is ence of 176Yb on 176Hf was corrected using an interference-free 172Yb
dominated by a porphyritic quartz diorite phase (Fig. 1b). They isotope and a 176Lu/172Yb ratio of 0.5886 (Wu et al., 2006). This analysis
both occur as an irregular stock, intruding into the Ordovician and used a laser diameter of 63 μm, a frequency of 8 Hz, and an energy of
Late Paleozoic strata. The Wangmao intrusion (sample WM1, N35°10′ 80 mJ. Detailed analytical procedures and interference corrections are
37″, E111°45′55″) crops out in the Wangmao area of Yuanqu county, as described by Wu et al. (2006).
covers some 2 km 2 and is dominated by a porphyritic quartz
monzodiorite phase (Fig. 1c). It intrudes into the Early Paleozoic 3.4. Whole-rock major and trace elements
Ordovician strata and is overlain by Cenozoic (Quaternary) sediments.
The Canfang granodiorite (sample CF1, N34°54′43″, E110°56′2″) crops Whole-rock major and trace element concentrations were deter-
out in the Canfang area of Xiezhou (Fig. 1d), occurring as a nearly mined at the State Key Lab of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou
E–W extending irregular stock, and forms a stock with an area of Institute of Geochemistry, Guangzhou, China. Prior to analysis, samples
~ 18 km2. This pluton intrudes into the Archean Sushui Group and is were crushed to 60 mesh in a corundum jaw crusher before ~60 g was
cross-cut by late-stage dikes. powdered in an agate ring mill to 200 mesh. Major element concentra-
Porphyritic quartz diorites in the Sanmenxia–Houma area tions were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of fused
are porphyritic, contain quartz, plagioclase, and hornblende pheno- glass disks, and trace element concentrations were determined by
crysts, and consist of quartz (5%–10%), plagioclase (60%–65%), ICP-MS using a Perkin-Elmer Sciex ELAN 6000 ICP-MS instrument
and hornblende (20%–25%), with minor biotite (1%–2%) and after samples were digested using HF + HNO3 in Teflon bombs
Fig. 2. Field occurrences and petrography of selected samples from the Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks at the southern margin of the central NCC. (a) Early-stage Quli porphyritic quartz diorite
within drill core. (b) Late-stage Quli porphyritic quartz diorite. (c) Qiligou porphyritic quartz diorite showing typical blocky structure. (d) Gaomiao porphyritic quartz diorite. (e–f) Wangmao
porphyritic quartz monzodiorite. (g–h): Canfang Granodiorite with blocky structure. Abbreviations: Bi = biotite, Hb = hornblende, Or = orthoclase, Pl = plagioclase, Qtz = quartz.
(Ma et al., 2007). Analytical uncertainties are in the range of 1%–3% for AVG-2) indicate that the analytical precision of major element concen-
both techniques, and analyses of the United States Geological Survey trations is better than 5%, and the precision of trace element concentra-
(USGS) reference tandards (GSR-1, GSR-2, GSR-3, BHVO-2, W-2, and tions is generally better than 10%.
3.5. Whole-rock Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope analyses CL imaging (Fig. 3c–d), with the latter suggesting a magmatic origin
(Koschek, 1993). Thirty analyses of zircons from this intrusion yielded
206
The powdered whole-rock samples used for Sr and Nd isotopic Pb/238U ages of 118–114 Ma and a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age
analyses were dissolved in Savillex Teflon screw-top capsules after of 116 ± 1 Ma (Fig. 4c). This age is interpreted to be the crystallization
being spiked with mixed 87Rb–84Sr and 149Sm–150Nd tracers prior to age of the intrusion and is consistent with a previously published
HF + HNO3 + HClO4 dissolution. Rb, Sr, Sm, and Nd were separated SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age (118 ± 2 Ma, n = 11; Yang et al., 2004).
using the classical two-step ion exchange chromatographic method Most of the ages obtained for inherited zircon cores cluster around a
before being analyzed using a Finnigan MAT262 multi-collector thermal 227–213 Ma concordia, yielding a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of
ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS) at the Institute of Geology 220 ± 4 Ma (n = 9; Fig. 4c). These inherited zircons appear structure-
and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Total less in CL images (Fig. 3d) and have low Th/U values (generally
procedural blanks were b 300 pg for Rb–Sr and b100 pg for Sm–Nd. 0.01–0.16, although a value of 0.24 was also obtained), indicating a
Isotopic ratios were corrected for mass fractionation by normalizing metamorphic origin (Hoskin and Schaltegger, 2003). In addition, some
to 88Sr/86Sr = 8.375209 and 146Nd/144Nd = 0.7219, respectively. inherited zircon cores yielded concordant 206Pb/238U concordant ages
NBS-987 and JNdi-1 samples were used to evaluate instrument stability of 525, 542, 620, and 754 Ma (Yang et al., 2004). These cores contain os-
during data collection (Li et al., 2012). Whole-rock Pb was separated cillatory zoning (Fig. 3c) and have high Th/U ratios (0.52–1.10) that are
by anion exchange using HCl–Br columns, and 30 measurements indicative of an igneous origin, suggesting that they record a previous
of NBS981 during analysis yielded mean values of 206Pb/204Pb = magmatic event, most likely the formation age of the source material
16.937 ± 1 (1σ), 207Pb/204Pb = 15.491 ± 1, and 208Pb/204Pb = for the magma that formed this porphyritic quartz diorite. The other
36.696 ± 1. Analysis of a BCR-2 standard yielded values of five analyses yielded ages of 131–130, 178, and 188 Ma (Fig. 4c),
206
Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.742 ± 1 (1σ), 207 Pb/204 Pb = 15.620 ± 1, and representing the crystallization ages of inherited or captured zircons.
208
Pb/204Pb = 38.705 ± 1, with total procedural Pb blanks yielding
values of 0.1–0.3 ng. 4.1.3. Qiligou porphyritic quartz diorite
The majority of zircons from the Qiligou porphyritic quartz diorite
4. Results have inherited cores and rims with oscillatory growth zoning visible
during CL imaging (Fig. 3e), with the latter suggesting a magmatic origin
4.1. Zircon U–Pb dating (Koschek, 1993). With the exception of 4 spots that yielded 207Pb/206Pb
ages of 2315, 2510, 2630, and 2724 Ma, the other 10 analyses yielded a
The results of the LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of zircons from Early weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 128 ± 2 Ma (Fig. 4d), representing the
Cretaceous intrusive rocks in the Sanmenxia–Houma area are given in emplacement age of the intrusion.
Table S1, Table 1, and Figs. 3 and 4.
4.1.4. Gaomiao porphyritic quartz diorite
4.1.1. Early-stage Quli porphyritic quartz diorite Zircons from the Gaomiao porphyritic quartz diorite contain core–
Zircons from the early-stage Quli porphyritic quartz diorite (samples rim structures with oscillatory zoning visible during CL imaging
13H17 and 13H18) have inherited cores and rims containing oscillatory (Fig. 3f). A total of 24 analyses yielded 206Pb/238U ages of 133–126 Ma
growth zoning visible during CL imaging (Fig. 3a–b), with the and a weighted mean age of 129 ± 2 Ma (Fig. 4e). In addition, the
latter being indicative of a magmatic origin (Koschek, 1993), as also inherited cores of some zircons from this intrusion define a discordia
supported by their Th/U values (0.46–1.66 for sample 13H17 and line (ages of 2485 to 2308 Ma) with an upper intercept age of 2374 ±
0.33–1.66 for sample 13H18). Magmatic zircons from samples 13H17 22 Ma and a lower intercept age of 129 ± 2 Ma (Fig. 4e). The latter
and 13H18 have 206Pb/238U ages of 138–124 and 134–123 Ma, respec- age is consistent with the age of zircons with rims containing oscillatory
tively, yielding weighted mean ages of 130 ± 2 (n = 18) and 129 ± zoning (129 Ma), suggesting that the source material for the magmas
2 Ma (n = 11), respectively (Fig. 4a–b). This indicates that the that formed this intrusion underwent major Pb loss at ~129 Ma.
early-stage Quli porphyritic quartz diorite formed during the Early
Cretaceous. Several inherited zircons yield Paleoproterozoic to 4.1.5. Wangmao porphyritic quartz monzodiorite
Neoarchean ages (2340–2203 and 2586–2507 Ma for sample Zircons from the Wangmao porphyritic quartz monzodiorite are
13H17; 2458–2244 and 2644–2512 Ma for sample 13H18; Fig. 4a–b), euhedral to subhedral and contain rims with oscillatory growth zones
some of which define a discordant line, suggesting that they have visible during CL imaging (Fig. 3g), indicating a magmatic origin
undergone major Pb loss (Fig. 4b). (Koschek, 1993). Nineteen analyses yielded 206Pb/238U ages from 135
to 126 Ma and a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 130 ± 2 Ma, and
4.1.2. Late-stage Quli porphyritic quartz diorite the other 24 analyses of zircons from this sample yielded ages of
Zircons from the late-stage Quli porphyritic quartz diorite have 1801–1719, 2452–2238, and 3468–2583 Ma (Fig. 4f), representing the
inherited cores and rims with fine-scale oscillatory zoning visible during ages of inherited zircon cores.
Table 1
Summary of geochronological and Hf isotopic data for Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks on the southern margin of the central NCC.
Location Sample Rock type Magmatic zircons Hf isotopic compositions Inherited zircons
no.
Quli — early stage 13H17 Porphyritic quartz diorite 130 ± 2 Ma, n = 18 −24.8 to −31.5, avg. −28.1 2340–2203 Ma, 2586–2507 Ma
Quli — early stage 13H18 Porphyritic quartz diorite 129 ± 2 Ma, n = 11 −25.9 to −32.1, avg. −28.2 2458–2244 Ma, 2644–2512 Ma
131–130 Ma, 188–178 Ma, 227–213 Ma, 542 Ma,
Quli — later stage X-15-1 Porphyritic quartz diorite 116 ± 1 Ma, n = 30 −18.4 to −26.4, avg. −22.4
754 Ma
Qiligou SMX5-1 Porphyritic quartz diorite 128 ± 2 Ma, n = 10 – 2315 Ma, 2724–2510 Ma
Gaomiao SMX4-1 Porphyritic quartz diorite 129 ± 2 Ma, n = 24 −21.5 to −32.7, avg. −26.8 1795–1553 Ma, 2485–2308 Ma, 2707–2501 Ma
Wangmao WM1-1 Porphyritic quartz monzodiorite 130 ± 2 Ma, n = 19 −16.7 to −21.8, avg. −18.5 1801–1719 Ma, 2452–2238 Ma, 3468–2583 Ma
Canfang CF1-1 Granodiorite 130 ± 2 Ma, n = 26 −23.2 to −29.7, avg. −26.7 1789–1873 Ma, 2149–2349 Ma
Fig. 3. Representative CL images of selected zircons showing variations in size and morphology; scale length is 50 μm.
4.1.6. Canfang granodiorite (15.00–17.11 wt.%), Na2O (3.38–4.83 wt.%), and K2O (2.97–4.42 wt.%)
Zircons from the Canfang granodiorite contain inherited cores concentrations, relatively high Na2O/K2O ratios (0.97–1.56), and relative-
and rims with oscillatory growth zoning visible during CL imaging ly low MgO concentrations (0.35–1.38 wt.%), Mg# values (24–46), and
(Fig. 3h), with the latter indicating a magmatic origin (Koschek, 1993). TiO2 concentrations (0.17–0.49 wt.%; Table 2). These intrusions are
Twenty-six analyses of magmatic zircons from this intrusion yielded subalkaline and are high-K and calc-alkaline (Fig. 5a–b).
206
Pb/238U ages from 137 to 126 Ma and a weighted mean age The southern intrusive rocks have similar trace element composi-
of 130 ± 2 Ma (n = 26). Several inherited zircons also yielded tions to the northern intrusive rocks (Table 2) and are enriched in
Paleoproterozoic ages of 1873–1789 and 2349–2149 Ma (Fig. 4g). the light rare earth elements (LREE) and the large ion lithophile
These zircon U–Pb ages, together with previously published geo- elements (LILE), are depleted in the HREE and the high field
chronological data for the Sanmenxia–Houma area (Yang et al., 2004), strength elements (HFSE; Nb, Ta, and Ti; Fig. 6a–b), and have
suggest that the Early Cretaceous magmatism in this region occurred δEu [(Eu)n /[(Gd) n + (Sm) n ]/2] values of 0.86–1.07, similar to the
in two separate stages during the early Early Cretaceous (~ 130 Ma) Wanrong granodiorite (Qi et al., 2011; Huo et al., 2015) that
and the late Early Cretaceous (~ 116 Ma; Fig. 4h). The early Early also crops out in the study area. In addition, these rocks have
Cretaceous intrusive rocks can be subdivided into a southern group high Sr (772–1384 ppm) and low Y (10.3–35.03 ppm) and Yb
(e.g., the early-stage Quli, Qiligou, and Gaomiao porphyritic quartz (0.67–2.99 ppm) concentrations, high (La/Yb)n values (10.5–53.2),
diorites, and the Canfang granodiorite) and a northern group (e.g., the and high Sr/Y ratios (22.1–134). In comparison, the northern
Wangmao porphyritic quartz monzodiorite). Wangmao porphyritic quartz monzodiorite samples contain rela-
tively low ΣLREE concentrations (31.5–40.0 ppm), have positive Eu
4.2. Major and trace elements anomalies (δEu = 1.83–2.29; Fig. 6c), are depleted in the HREE and
the HFSE (Fig. 6c–d), have higher Sr (1753–1905 ppm), and lower
Major and trace element data for Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks in Y (9.26–10.1 ppm) and Yb (1.09–1.12 ppm) concentrations than
the Sanmenxia–Houma area are listed in Table 2, and are shown in the southern rocks, and have high Sr/Y ratios (185–191; Table 2).
Figs. 5 and 6. The results of major and trace element analyses of the
USGS reference materials are listed in Table S2. 4.2.2. Late Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks
The late Early Cretaceous porphyritic quartz diorites in the
4.2.1. Early Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks study area contain 62.58–62.65 wt.% SiO2 , 0.44–0.46 wt.% TiO 2 ,
The major element compositions of the southern and northern intru- 16.24–16.31 wt.% Al2O3, 4.01–4.11 wt.% Na2O, 2.43–3.48 wt.% K2O,
sive rocks in the study area indicate that they have diorite, quartz monzo- 0.88–0.92 wt.% MgO, have Mg# values of 32–33, and have Na2O/K2O
nite, and granodiorite compositions, and they contain SiO2 concentrations ratios of 1.27–1.33 (Table 2). These samples are enriched in both the
of 60.65–67.62 wt.% (Fig. 5a). These rocks have relatively high Al2O3 LREE and the LILE, are depleted in the HREE and the HFSE, and have
Fig. 4. Concordia diagrams (a–g) and relative probability diagram (h) showing zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages for Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks in the study area; ages are in Ma and
ellipses indicate 1σ uncertainties.
δEu values of 0.92–1.04 (Fig. 6e–f), similar to the Xuhuai HMAR and samples have high Sr (886–893 ppm) and low Y (22.0–22.2 ppm) and
granites in the southern NCC (Fig. 6e–f; Xu et al., 2006; Li et al., 2013). Yb (1.99–2.07 ppm) concentrations, as well as high (La/Yb)n values
In addition, these late Early Cretaceous porphyritic quartz diorite (19.4–19.9) and Sr/Y ratios (40.0–40.5).
Table 2
Major (wt.%) and trace element (ppm) compositions of Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks analyzed during this study.
Sample 13H17-1 13H17-2 13H17-3 13H17-4 X-15-1 X-15-2 X-15-3 SMX5-1 SMX5-2 SMX5-3 SMX5-4 WM1-1 WM1-2 WM1-6 X-14-1 SMX4-1 SMX4-2 SMX4-8 CF1-1 CF1-2 CF1-5 X-16-1
Lithology Quli — early stage Quli — later stage Qiligou Wangmao Gaomiao Canfang
Rock type Porphyritic quartz diorite Porphyritic quartz diorite Porphyritic quartz diorite Porphyritic quartz monzodiorite Porphyritic quartz diorite Granodiorite
SiO2 62.85 62.92 62.62 62.05 62.65 62.58 62.61 60.65 63.25 62.28 62.40 64.30 65.29 64.26 65.00 62.91 63.39 63.43 67.62 67.50 67.18 65.96
D.-B. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 38 (2016) 220–237

TiO2 0.46 0.46 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.48 0.46 0.48 0.18 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.39 0.34 0.32 0.38
Al2O3 16.53 16.27 16.22 16.22 16.24 16.31 16.26 15.98 16.31 16.43 16.20 16.51 17.11 16.82 16.71 16.71 16.65 16.54 15.46 15.00 15.44 16.01
TFe2O3 4.39 4.07 4.12 3.42 4.12 4.18 4.11 4.18 4.27 4.16 4.25 1.56 1.77 1.50 2.46 4.48 4.38 4.21 3.38 3.22 2.92 3.13
MnO 0.08 0.08 0.33 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.06
MgO 1.38 1.36 1.14 1.26 0.88 0.91 0.92 1.08 1.01 1.00 1.04 0.61 0.48 0.59 0.35 1.11 1.03 1.15 0.73 0.68 0.64 0.60
CaO 3.36 3.29 3.33 3.76 3.85 3.81 3.79 4.21 3.82 3.83 3.94 2.47 2.94 2.51 2.96 4.08 3.98 3.90 2.69 2.46 2.67 3.00
Na2O 3.68 3.65 3.45 3.38 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.74 4.29 4.70 4.29 4.20 4.83 4.58 4.64 4.21 4.27 4.18 4.54 4.08 4.16 4.68
K2O 3.38 3.42 3.14 3.49 3.08 3.11 3.15 3.04 3.15 3.05 3.06 4.29 3.98 4.42 3.98 2.97 3.01 3.07 3.46 3.48 3.47 3.01
P2O5 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.20 0.24 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.17
LOI 3.08 3.80 3.46 5.18 4.29 4.05 4.18 6.35 3.05 3.73 3.92 5.72 3.28 4.98 3.51 2.73 2.48 2.75 1.45 2.96 2.93 2.97
Total 99.71 100.10 100.88 99.85 100.01 99.97 100.02 100.03 99.98 99.95 99.91 99.97 100.01 99.96 99.96 100.04 100.03 100.02 99.98 99.95 99.95 99.96
Na2O/K2O 1.09 1.07 1.10 0.97 1.33 1.30 1.27 1.23 1.36 1.54 1.40 0.98 1.21 1.03 1.17 1.41 1.42 1.36 1.31 1.17 1.20 1.56
Na2O + K2O 7.06 7.07 6.59 6.87 7.19 7.16 7.16 6.79 7.44 7.75 7.35 8.49 8.81 9.00 8.61 7.18 7.28 7.25 8.00 7.56 7.64 7.68
Mg# 41 42 38 45 32 32 33 36 34 35 35 46 37 46 24 35 34 38 32 32 33 30
Be 1.90 1.87 1.57 1.74 1.88 1.78 1.92 1.96 2.03 1.98 1.88 1.80 1.93 1.68 1.89 1.82 1.96 1.84 2.24 2.06 1.98 1.73
Sc 5.49 5.25 5.21 4.79 6.41 6.03 5.98 6.42 6.32 6.40 5.97 2.10 2.20 1.94 2.24 7.05 6.68 6.14 4.77 4.37 3.95 3.23
V 38.3 36.6 32.7 38.1 40.6 40.1 40.0 41.4 45.2 42.0 43.7 26.9 28.4 26.4 29.8 44.9 43.8 41.6 38.1 37.7 33.4 32.5
Cr 1.13 0.86 1.14 1.76 1.53 1.69 1.74 1.10 1.52 1.33 1.35 2.41 2.55 1.95 2.25 2.32 1.42 1.23 1.61 1.85 1.10 1.05
Co 5.58 4.30 3.78 4.34 4.64 4.76 4.52 4.19 5.34 4.93 4.74 1.65 1.22 1.17 1.59 5.31 5.15 4.89 3.83 3.93 3.08 3.80
Ni 1.12 0.85 1.29 1.08 1.07 1.15 0.98 1.00 1.38 1.06 1.23 1.56 1.25 1.35 1.23 1.67 1.30 1.21 1.21 1.36 1.44 1.22
Cu 5.24 7.09 7.69 5.86 4.05 4.35 4.69 5.17 3.84 4.62 3.96 1.06 1.40 1.78 1.54 4.35 3.92 6.25 18.6 13.0 12.9 5.03
Zn 50.8 48.1 43.8 49.5 72.3 71.3 70.7 78.3 74.4 72.4 73.0 19.3 31.7 18.4 36.6 72.2 69.1 77.3 54.4 59.0 36.6 87.3
Ga 20.2 19.8 17.3 19.4 20.3 20.2 20.0 20.2 20.9 20.7 20.5 18.3 18.4 17.8 18.7 20.9 21.0 20.6 21.0 20.3 19.5 21.6
Rb 72.4 70.8 68.6 76.0 71.8 72.4 70.3 73.2 73.0 69.1 70.3 74.9 75.8 77.5 83.9 67.3 69.4 70.3 73.7 79.0 66.8 50.7
Sr 815 799 774 772 893 886 890 1036 1058 1051 1060 1753 1755 1792 1905 1125 1132 1090 1015 985 1034 1384
(continued on next page)
227
228
Table 2 (continued)
Sample 13H17-1 13H17-2 13H17-3 13H17-4 X-15-1 X-15-2 X-15-3 SMX5-1 SMX5-2 SMX5-3 SMX5-4 WM1-1 WM1-2 WM1-6 X-14-1 SMX4-1 SMX4-2 SMX4-8 CF1-1 CF1-2 CF1-5 X-16-1
Lithology Quli — early stage Quli — later stage Qiligou Wangmao Gaomiao Canfang
Rock type Porphyritic quartz diorite Porphyritic quartz diorite Porphyritic quartz diorite Porphyritic quartz monzodiorite Porphyritic quartz diorite Granodiorite
Y 20.8 20.6 35.0 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.0 22.3 18.6 19.9 18.2 9.26 9.48 9.40 10.1 22.4 20.6 20.5 17.3 14.2 13.7 10.3
Zr 164 180 169 186 158 162 160 149 132 150 129 117 113 125 114 144 144 137 132 129 111 134
Nb 11.6 11.6 10.3 11.6 11.7 11.7 11.8 11.2 11.6 11.5 11.3 13.0 12.4 13.5 12.9 11.6 11.7 11.3 13.4 10.8 10.5 11.4
Cs 0.69 0.67 0.71 0.74 1.15 1.09 1.12 1.14 0.84 0.98 0.86 0.54 1.20 0.54 1.60 0.87 0.88 0.99 1.14 1.45 0.71 0.47
Ba 1888 1877 1706 1934 1639 1737 1699 1691 1687 1648 1659 4488 4043 4791 4220 1624 1679 1669 1551 1678 1798 2129

Hf 4.30 4.55 4.20 4.61 4.25 4.15 4.34 3.96 3.69 4.13 3.50 3.08 3.04 3.13 2.96 3.83 3.91 3.74 3.58 3.58 3.15 3.42
Ta 0.56 0.55 0.48 0.55 0.61 0.62 0.55 0.57 0.61 0.61 0.59 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.60 0.63 0.61 0.68 0.55 0.56 0.59
Pb 16.5 15.9 14.5 14.8 20.5 20.1 19.9 22.7 20.4 22.7 20.1 16.5 21.8 15.9 25.8 20.9 18.5 20.2 17.5 18.4 15.1 18.5
Th 8.58 8.53 7.26 8.58 7.96 8.03 8.12 7.58 7.57 8.28 7.05 2.07 2.41 2.00 2.38 7.42 7.50 7.56 10.80 8.21 7.13 5.14
U 1.88 1.72 1.50 1.74 1.58 1.63 1.59 1.55 2.01 2.06 1.91 1.05 1.18 1.02 1.20 1.61 1.65 1.76 2.18 1.73 1.43 0.93
La 46.4 48.5 46.4 49.4 60.0 59.4 57.3 53.5 52.5 61.1 53.6 8.02 9.32 7.40 9.50 55.4 57.1 56.8 52.9 49.7 44.2 53.0
Ce 88.3 90.7 90.7 90.1 103 103 101 93.6 92.6 101 93.4 13.6 15.8 12.7 16.7 98.0 99.8 96.7 89.6 82.9 75.7 91.6
Pr 9.60 9.82 10.2 9.5 11.3 11.0 11.1 10.4 10.4 11.0 10.4 1.79 2.12 1.77 2.24 11.0 11.2 10.8 9.97 8.89 8.28 9.97
Nd 35.1 35.9 38.0 34.2 41.9 41.0 41.0 37.7 38.8 40.1 38.8 7.20 8.44 7.02 8.73 40.6 40.9 40.1 36.6 31.8 30.8 36.7
Sm 6.09 5.92 7.42 5.81 7.06 6.56 6.79 6.31 6.72 6.69 6.50 1.53 1.82 1.53 1.75 6.80 6.88 6.73 6.07 5.21 4.96 5.59
Eu 1.63 1.64 2.00 1.60 1.98 2.03 1.91 1.85 1.95 1.92 1.95 1.08 1.06 1.14 1.12 2.00 2.04 1.92 1.65 1.46 1.52 1.76
Gd 4.56 4.79 6.46 4.52 5.81 5.03 5.44 5.29 5.29 5.38 5.31 1.50 1.66 1.49 1.65 5.62 5.59 5.50 4.88 4.10 4.02 4.19
Tb 0.62 0.63 0.98 0.63 0.79 0.71 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.23 0.25 0.24 0.26 0.75 0.75 0.70 0.61 0.52 0.50 0.47
Dy 3.76 3.67 5.90 3.66 4.11 3.99 4.06 3.95 3.75 3.63 3.71 1.47 1.54 1.48 1.59 3.99 3.87 3.71 3.08 2.61 2.56 2.01
Ho 0.72 0.69 1.16 0.74 0.81 0.79 0.83 0.70 0.68 0.70 0.65 0.30 0.31 0.29 0.32 0.71 0.72 0.69 0.57 0.50 0.46 0.33
Er 1.92 1.94 3.19 2.03 2.20 2.09 1.99 2.12 1.89 2.01 1.85 0.91 0.94 0.91 0.96 2.09 2.12 1.97 1.60 1.38 1.31 0.85
Tm 0.28 0.29 0.47 0.30 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.31 0.28 0.29 0.27 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.12
Yb 1.93 1.95 2.99 2.04 2.07 2.01 1.99 1.92 1.76 1.88 1.77 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.98 1.86 1.86 1.52 1.28 1.24 0.67
Lu 0.32 0.31 0.46 0.32 0.33 0.31 0.35 0.30 0.27 0.29 0.26 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.11
∑LREE 187 193 195 191 225 237 234 203 203 222 205 33.2 38.5 31.5 40.0 214 218 213 197 180 165 199
∑HREE 14.1 14.3 21.6 14.2 16.5 15.2 15.7 15.3 14.6 14.9 14.5 5.82 6.14 5.87 6.24 15.7 15.5 15.0 12.7 10.8 10.5 8.74
∑REE 201 207 216 205 242 253 250 219 218 237 219 39.1 44.7 37.4 46.2 230 233 228 209 191 176 207
L/H 13.3 13.5 9.0 13.4 13.7 14.6 13.9 13.3 13.9 14.9 14.1 5.71 6.27 5.37 6.41 13.6 14.1 14.2 15.5 16.7 15.8 22.7
(La/Yb)N 16.2 16.8 10.5 16.3 19.5 19.9 19.4 18.8 20.1 21.9 20.4 4.95 5.72 4.46 5.71 18.9 20.6 20.6 23.5 26.2 24.0 53.2
Sr/Y 39.1 38.8 22.1 35.1 40.4 40.0 40.5 46.5 56.9 52.8 58.4 189 185 191 189 50.2 54.9 53.2 58.8 69.4 75.4 134
YbN 9.22 9.32 14.3 9.76 9.91 9.62 9.52 9.18 8.44 9.00 8.48 5.23 5.25 5.36 5.37 9.47 8.92 8.88 7.26 6.11 5.95 3.21
δEu 0.91 0.91 0.86 0.92 0.92 1.04 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.95 0.98 2.15 1.83 2.29 1.98 0.96 0.98 0.93 0.90 0.93 1.01 1.07
Y/Yb 10.81 10.58 11.72 10.77 10.66 11.02 11.04 11.61 10.54 10.58 10.24 8.48 8.64 8.40 8.98 11.32 11.07 11.04 11.37 11.13 11.03 15.39
(Ho/Yb)N 1.13 1.06 1.17 1.09 1.17 1.18 1.25 1.09 1.16 1.12 1.10 0.84 0.84 0.79 0.86 1.08 1.17 1.12 1.12 1.17 1.12 1.47
LOI, loss on ignition. Mg# = 100 × Mg/(Mg + ΣFe2+) atomic ratio. δEu = (Eu)n/[(Gd)n + (Sm)n]/2.
12 Alkaline Quli early-stage(13H17)

Quartz- Quli late-stage(X-15)
Subalkaline Gaomiao(SMX4)
10 monzonite 5 Shoshonite
Qiligou(SMX5)
Monzonite Granite Wangmao(WM1)
N a 2O + K 2O ( w t . % )
Canfang(CF1)
K 2O ( w t . % )
8 4 Wanrong granodiorite
Monzo S-NCC granite
diorite Bengbu granite
Xuhuai high-Mg
6 3 e
adakitic rock lin
Fushan high-Mg l ka
a
adakitic rock lc-
4 Granodiorite 2 ca alin
e
Diorite h-
K
alc -alk
g
Gabbro Hi m- K) c
2 Gabbro -diorite 1 diu
(Me
Low-K tholeiitic
0
a 0
b
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 40 50 60 70 80
SiO 2 (wt.%) SiO 2 (wt.%)
Fig. 5. Geochemical variation diagrams for Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks in the study area. (a) Total alkali-silica diagram (Le Bas et al., 1986). (b) SiO2 vs. K2O diagram (Peccerillo and
Taylor, 1976), with Wanrong granodiorite data from Qi et al. (2011) and Huo et al. (2015), S-NCC granite data from Li et al. (2013), Bengbu granite data from Yang et al. (2010), Xuhuai
HMAR data from Xu et al. (2006), and Fushan HMAR data from Chen et al. (2004) and Xu et al. (2009a).
4.3. Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes 4.3.1. Early Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks

The southern intrusive rocks have high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios
The whole-rock Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data for Early Cretaceous (0.7069–0.7095) and low εNd(t) values (− 16.7 to − 18.9; Table 3)
intrusive rocks from the study area are given in Table 3; the initial that are similar to the Dabie LMAR (Xu et al., 2013) and granites
isotope ratios were calculated based on the age data in Table 1. in the southern NCC (Li et al., 2013; Fig. 7). Individual samples
Fig. 6. Chondrite-normalized REE and primitive-mantle-normalized trace element multi-element variation diagrams for Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks in the study area normalized to
chondrite and primitive mantle compositions of Boynton (1984) and Sun and Mc Donough (1989), respectively. Data sources are as in Fig. 5.
230
Table 3
Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks analyzed during this study.
87
Sample Rb/86Sr 87
Sr/86Sr 2σ (87Sr/86Sr)i 147
Sm/144Nd 143
Nd/144Nd 2σ εNd(0) εNd(t) fSm/Nd TDM1 TDM2 206
Pb/204Pb 207
Pb/204Pb 208
Pb/204Pb (206Pb/204Pb)i (207Pb/204Pb)i (208Pb/204Pb)i
Quli — early stage porphyritic quartz diorite

13H17-1 0.2563 0.709252 8 0.708778 0.1050 0.511594 4 −20.37 −18.85 −0.47 2173 2456 – – – – – –
13H17-2 0.2558 0.709404 6 0.708931 0.0997 0.511595 3 −20.35 −18.74 −0.49 2072 2449 – – – – – –
13H17-3 0.2558 0.710021 6 0.709548 0.1181 0.511601 3 −20.23 −18.93 −0.40 2458 2456 – – – – – –
13H17-4 0.2839 0.709857 4 0.709332 0.1028 0.511602 4 −20.21 −18.66 −0.48 2120 2441 – – – – – –
Quli — later stage porphyritic quartz diorite

X-15-1 0.2321 0.708346 14 0.707920 0.1019 0.511635 14 −19.57 −18.01 −0.48 2059 2388 17.415 15.464 38.164 17.318 15.459 38.004
X-15-2 0.2356 0.708936 5 0.708551 0.0969 0.511625 7 −19.76 −18.30 −0.51 1983 2400 17.463 15.489 38.208 17.371 15.485 38.061
X-15-3 0.2278 0.708679 6 0.708307 0.1001 0.511624 8 −19.78 −18.37 −0.49 2041 2404 17.450 15.479 38.195 17.360 15.475 38.045
Qligou porphyritic quartz diorite

SMX5-1 0.2039 0.708356 10 0.707982 0.1011 0.511594 15 −20.37 −18.80 −0.49 2098 2452 17.353 15.431 38.019 17.267 15.427 37.882
SMX5-2 0.1991 0.708145 14 0.707780 0.1048 0.511605 12 −20.15 −18.64 −0.47 2155 2438 17.357 15.414 37.969 17.233 15.408 37.816
SMX5-3 0.1896 0.708284 10 0.707936 0.1009 0.511622 10 −19.82 −18.25 −0.49 2057 2408 17.371 15.416 37.995 17.257 15.411 37.845
SMX5-4 0.1915 0.708069 9 0.707718 0.1013 0.511647 13 −19.33 −17.77 −0.49 2031 2369 17.326 15.382 37.797 17.207 15.376 37.654
Gaomiao porphyritic quartz diorite

SMX4-1 0.1726 0.708101 10 0.707785 0.1014 0.511624 13 −19.78 −18.22 −0.48 2064 2405 17.339 15.409 37.943 17.242 15.405 37.797
SMX4-2 0.1771 0.708126 9 0.707801 0.1019 0.511631 11 −19.64 −18.09 −0.48 2063 2395 17.351 15.409 37.957 17.239 15.404 37.791
SMX4-8 0.1862 0.708149 13 0.707808 0.1015 0.511420 15 −23.76 −22.20 −0.48 2339 2727 17.350 15.419 37.987 17.241 15.414 37.833
Wangmao porphyritic quartz monzodiorite

WM1-1 0.1233 0.705807 11 0.705579 0.1287 0.511940 14 −13.62 −12.49 −0.35 2160 1931 17.334 15.431 37.543 17.255 15.427 37.492
WM1-2 0.1247 0.705608 9 0.705378 0.1306 0.511938 14 −13.65 −12.56 −0.34 2214 1936 17.264 15.432 37.519 17.196 15.429 37.474
WM1-6 0.1248 0.70579 11 0.705559 0.1318 0.511934 15 −13.73 −12.66 −0.33 2254 1943 17.324 15.420 37.510 17.244 15.416 37.459
X-14-1 0.1271 0.705624 12 0.705389 0.1211 0.511964 13 −13.15 −11.90 −0.38 1945 1886 17.214 15.370 37.320 17.156 15.368 37.282
Canfang granodiorite
CF1-1 0.2095 0.707806 10 0.707419 0.1004 0.511693 13 −18.43 −16.84 −0.49 1954 2296 17.436 15.440 37.892 17.278 15.433 37.638
CF1-2 0.2314 0.707884 9 0.707456 0.0991 0.511688 14 −18.53 −16.92 −0.50 1938 2302 17.415 15.436 37.876 17.296 15.430 37.691
CF1-5 0.1865 0.707765 11 0.707420 0.0975 0.511689 14 −18.51 −16.87 −0.50 1911 2299 17.437 15.431 37.854 17.318 15.425 37.660
X-16-1 0.1058 0.707085 14 0.706889 0.0921 0.511692 10 −18.45 −16.72 −0.53 1822 2290 17.252 15.420 37.608 17.189 15.417 37.494
Chondrite uniform reservoir (CHUR) values (87Rb/86Sr = 0.0847, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7045, 147Sm/144Nd = 0.1967, 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512638) are used for the calculation; Rb = 1.42 × 10−11 year−1; Sm = 6.54 × 10−12 year−1 (Lugmair and Harti, 1978);
initial isotopic ratios were calculated using the ages; initial Pb isotopic ratios were calculated using single Pb isotopic evolutional model (Zartman and Doe, 1981); U238 = 1.55125 × 10−10 year−1; U235 = 9.8485 × 10−10 year−1; Th232 = 4.9475 ×
10−11 year−1 (Steiger and Jager, 1977).
low εNd(t) values (−18.0 to −18.4; Table 3). The late-stage Quli por-
phyritic quartz diorite samples have initial Sr–Nd isotopic compositions
that define a trend that corresponds to the evolution of the upper crust
(Fig. 7), with TDM2 values between 2.40 and 2.39 Ga.
The late Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks have initial 206Pb/204Pb
values of 17.318–17.371, 207Pb/204Pb values of 15.459–15.485, and
208
Pb/204Pb values of 38.004–38.061 (Fig. 8) that are higher than those
of the early Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks. The initial Pb isotope ratios
of the late Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks plot within the field defined
by basement material from the eastern segment of the northern margin
of the YC and the South Qinling area (Fig. 8), similar to the compositions
of the Early Cretaceous Xuhuai HMAR (Yang et al., 2008) and granites
from the southern NCC (Li et al., 2013).
4.4. Zircon Hf isotope data
The results of the zircon Hf isotope analyses are given in Table S3 and
are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 9.
Fig. 7. εNd(t) vs. (87Sr/86Sr)i values of Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks in the study area.
Dabie LMAR data are from Xu et al. (2013), Early Cretaceous Ji'nan gabbro data are
from Yang et al. (2012a and references therein), S-NCC granite data are from Li et al. 4.4.1. Early Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks
(2013), and lower continental crust and upper continental crust compositions are from Magmatic zircons from the southern intrusive rocks have similar Hf
Jahn et al. (1999). isotope compositions to each other (Fig. 9), with 176Hf/177Hf ratios of
0.281768–0.282084, εHf(t) values from − 21.5 to − 32.7, and TDM2
(e.g., sample SMX4-8) from the Gaomiao porphyritic quartz diorite values of 2.89–2.27 Ga, similar to the composition of the Early Creta-
also have lower ε Nd (t) values than is typical for these rocks ceous Wanrong granodiorite (Fig. 9; Huo et al., 2015). Mesoproterozoic
(e.g., − 22.2; Fig. 7). These samples have Nd two-stage model ages to Archean zircons (2.51–1.55 Ga) within these intrusions have highly
(T DM2 ) of 2.73–2.29 Ga, suggesting an old source for the adakitic variable εHf(t) (− 9.4 to + 6.0) and TDM2 (2.96–2.09 Ga) values. In
magmas that formed these units. The initial Sr–Nd isotopic composi- addition, the northern intrusive rocks have relatively high εHf(t) values
tions of the early-stage Quli porphyritic quartz diorite samples define (−16.7 to −21.8) but relatively young TDM2 ages (2.28–2.00 Ga).
a clear trend that corresponds to the evolution of the upper crust (Fig. 7).
In addition, the northern porphyritic quartz monzodiorite have lower ini- 4.4.2. Late Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks
tial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7054–0.7056) and higher εNd(t) values (−11.9 Zircons from late Early Cretaceous intrusions in the study area have
to −12.7; Table 3) than other rocks in the study area, but are similar to 176
Hf/177Hf ratios of 0.281959–0.282182, yielding εHf(t) values of −26.4
those reported for the Early Cretaceous Fushan HMAR (Chen et al., to −18.4 and TDM2 ages of 2.53–2.09 Ga. Zircons with U–Pb ages of 542
2004; Xu et al., 2009a; Fig. 7), with TDM2 values from 1.94 to 1.89 Ga. and 620 Ma have εHf(t) values of −3.9 and +1.6, respectively, whereas
The southern and northern intrusive rocks have 206Pb/204Pb Triassic metamorphic zircons have negative εHf(t) values from −12.5
values of 17.156–17.318, 207Pb/204Pb values of 15.368–15.433, and to −13.3, similar to zircons from the Dabie–Sulu Orogenic belt (Zheng
208
Pb/204Pb values of 37.282–37.882 (Table 3). The initial Pb isotope et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2008a; Fig. 9).
ratios for the southern and northern intrusive rocks plot within the
field of Pb isotopic compositions of the basement material within the
5. Discussion
southern margin of the NCC (Fig. 8), similar to the composition of the
Early Cretaceous Fushan HMAR in the central TNCO (Chen et al., 2004;
5.1. Early Cretaceous magmatism at the southern margin of the central NCC
Xu et al., 2009a).
The rocks from the southern margin of the central NCC analyzed
4.3.2. Late Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks during this study were previously thought to have formed during the
The late Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks in the study area have Jurassic (HBGMR, 1989; SBGMR, 1989), but this tentative age has not
relatively high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7079–0.7086) and relatively been confirmed by any reliable isotopic geochronological data, although
Fig. 8. (a) Initial 207Pb/204Pb and (b) 208Pb/204Pb vs. initial 206Pb/204Pb for Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks in the study area. Data for the basement of the eastern segment of the northern
margin of YC and the South Qinling area, and for the southern margin of the NCC are from Zhang et al. (1996), Xuhuai HMAR data are from Yang et al. (2008), and data for the Early
Cretaceous Ji'nan gabbro are from Yang et al. (2012a). Data sources are as in Fig. 5.
20 These rocks plot in the adakite field of commonly used discrimination

Magmatic and detrital Magmatic and detrital
zircons in the Dabie-Sulu
Metamorphic zircons
zircons in the NCC diagrams such as the Sr/Y vs. Y and (La/Yb)n vs. Ybn diagrams shown
in the Dabie-Sulu
10 in Fig. 10a–b.
Ga
2.0 We suggest that the Early Cretaceous adakitic magmas in the study
0 area were generated directly from partial melting of a thickened region
Ga of the LCC, as inferred from the evidence outlined below. Firstly, the
3.5
(t)
Early Cretaceous adakitic rocks in this area are unlikely to have formed
-10
Hf
15 by partial melting of a subducted region of the oceanic crust, as the

0.0
17
7
Hf= relatively high K2O concentrations (2.97–4.42 wt.%, generally N 3 wt.%),
/ Quli early-stage(13H17)
17
6
Lu
-20
c rus
t Quli early-stage(13H18) initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7054–0.7095), low MgO (0.35–1.38 wt.%),
ge Quli late-stage(X-15-1)
Cr (0.86–2.55 ppm), and Ni (0.85–1.67 ppm) concentrations, and low
e r a -20
Av Gaomiao(SMX4-1)
-30 Wangmao(WM1-1) εNd(t) (−11.9 to −22.2) and εHf(t) (−16.7 to −32.7) values of these
-30 Canfang(CF1-1) intrusive rocks significantly differ from the geochemical characteristics
Wanrong granodiorite
of Cenozoic slab-derived adakites (εNd(t) N6, (87Sr/86Sr)i b 0.7045;
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Defant and Drummond, 1990; Wang et al., 2007). This conclusion
U-Pb age(Ma) is also supported by the presence of inherited Paleoproterozoic and
Archean zircons in these rocks. In addition, the Early Cretaceous intrusive
Fig. 9. Correlation between Hf isotopic compositions and the ages of zircons from rocks in the southern margin of the central NCC formed in a typical
Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks in the study area. The fields of zircon Hf isotopic intra-continental setting but were not related to the subduction of
compositions are from Yang et al. (2012b, 2013 and references therein), and data for the young oceanic slab material.
Wanrong granodiorite are from Huo et al. (2015). Data sources are as in Fig. 5.
Secondly, the effect of AFC processes on a basaltic magma, the partial
melting of newly underplated basaltic crust, or mixing between basaltic
these intrusions were emplaced into Paleozoic and Archean units. and felsic magmas are also unlikely to have produced the melts that
Recent LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb age dating indicates that the Quli and formed the Early Cretaceous adakitic rocks in the study area, primarily
Gaomiao porphyritic quartz diorites within the Sanmenxia area formed as no co-existing Early Cretaceous mantle-derived mafic rocks have
during the Early Cretaceous (118 and 135 Ma, respectively; Yang et al., been found in this region (HBGMR, 1989; SBGMR, 1989; Yang et al.,
2004; Wang et al., 2013a), although the ages of other intrusive rocks 2004; Hu et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2013a). Moreover, the lack of correla-
in the study area remain unknown. tion between major elements and SiO2 concentrations, and the presence
Zircons within the samples analyzed during this study are euhedral of weak Eu negative anomalies in these rocks also indicate that they
to subhedral and contain rims with typical oscillatory growth zoning were not derived by either the AFC of mafic magmas or by fractional
visible during CL imaging (Fig. 3), suggesting a magmatic origin that is crystallization (Castillo et al., 1999). Furthermore, the fact that these
also supported by their Th/U ratios (generally 0.10–1.66; Koschek, rocks have relatively high SiO2 (60.65–67.62 wt.%) but low MgO, Cr,
1993). The early-stage Quli, Qiligou, and Gaomiao porphyritic quartz and Ni concentrations indicates that they are unlikely to have formed
diorites, the Canfang granodiorite, and the Wangmao porphyritic quartz from melts generated by the melting of basaltic crust or mixing between
monzodiorite were emplaced during the early Early Cretaceous. The basaltic and felsic magmas (Martin et al., 2005).
southern intrusions were emplaced at 130–129, 128, 129, and 130 Ma, Thirdly, the Early Cretaceous adakitic rocks in the study area are
and the northern intrusions were emplaced at 130 Ma, all of which unlikely to have formed by partial melting of delaminated LCC material
are consistent with a previously published zircon U–Pb age (127 Ma) as they contain relatively low MgO (0.35–1.38 wt.%), Cr, and Ni concen-
reported for the Early Cretaceous Wanrong granodiorite (Huo et al., trations, and have low Mg# (24–46) values. The partial melting of
2015). The late-stage Quli porphyritic quartz diorite was emplaced dur- delaminated LCC material in the mantle produces adakitic magmas
ing the late Early Cretaceous (116 Ma), consistent with a previously that ascend and interact with overlying mantle peridotite material,
published SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age for this intrusion (118 Ma; Yang forming magmas with significantly elevated MgO (N3 wt.%), Cr, and
et al., 2004). These zircon U–Pb ages, together with previously Ni concentrations, and with high Mg# values (N 50; Xu et al., 2008; Hu
published geochronological data (Yang et al., 2004; Qi et al., 2011; et al., 2012), similar to the results of experiments involving the interac-
Wang et al., 2013a; Huo et al., 2015), suggest that the Early Cretaceous tion with melts and peridotite (Rapp et al., 1999) and the composition
magmatism in the study area can be subdivided into two stages: of high-Mg porphyritic diorites in the Xuhuai area (Xu et al., 2006;
early Early Cretaceous stage (~ 130 Ma) and late Early Cretaceous Fig. 11), high-Mg dioritic rocks in the Western Shandong area (Xu
(~ 116 Ma) (Fig. 4h), rather than the suggested Jurassic magmatic et al., 2008), and high-Mg andesites in the Western Liaoning area
event. Widespread granitic and basaltic magmatism is known to have (Gao et al., 2004) of the eastern NCC, all of which are thought to be
occurred at ~ 130 Ma within the NCC and in eastern China, in areas derived from delaminated LCC material.
such as Liaodong, Xuhuai, Bengbu, Taihang, and in the southern NCC Finally, the results of the experimental melting of metabasaltic or
(Wu et al., 2005; Xu et al., 2006, 2009a; Yang et al., 2010, 2012a; Qi eclogitic material suggest that adakitic magmas that are derived directly
et al., 2011; Li et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013a; He and Santosh, 2014; from the partial melting of a thickened region of the LCC with no
Huo et al., 2015), and the ~ 116 Ma magmatic event has also been interaction between melts and peridotite should have relatively low
identified in the Liaodong and Bengbu areas of the NCC (Yang et al., MgO concentrations (b 3 wt.%), relatively low Mg# values (b 50), and
2004, 2010; Wu et al., 2005). relatively high K2O concentrations (N3 wt.%; Rapp et al., 2002; Wang
et al., 2007; Xu et al., 2013). For example, the Early Cretaceous LMAR
5.2. Petrogenesis of the Early Cretaceous LMAR in the Dabie orogen (Xu et al., 2013) are thought to have formed from
melts generated by the partial melting of a thickened region of the
5.2.1. Partial melting of thickened LCC LCC. Consequently, the geochemical data presented here indicate that
Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks at the southern margin of the cen- the Early Cretaceous intrusive LMAR in the study area were derived
tral NCC have high Al2O3 (≥15 wt.%) and Sr (N400 ppm) concentrations, directly from melts generated by the partial melting of a thickened
high Na2O/K2O (generally N1), Sr/Y (N 20), and (La/Yb)n (generally N 10) region of the LCC.
ratios, are depleted in the HREE, and have low Yb (generally b 2.0 ppm) This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the samples analyzed
and Y (mostly b 21 ppm) concentrations, all of which are indicative of during this study plot in the field of adakitic rocks derived from
formation from adakitic magmas (Defant and Drummond, 1990). melts generated by the partial melting of thickened LCC material in
Fig. 10. (a) Sr/Y vs. Y (Defant and Drummond, 1990) and (b) (La/Yb)n vs. Ybn (Martin, 1986) diagrams for samples from the study area, including curves showing calculated partial melting
trends. Data sources are as in Fig. 5.
MgO vs. SiO2 and TiO2 vs. SiO2 diagrams, a feature that is inconsistent generated from a source with only minor contamination by mantle-
with derivation from adakites generated by the partial melting of derived material.
subducted oceanic crust or by the partial melting of delaminated LCC Taken together, these lines of evidence suggest that the Early
material (Fig. 11a–b). The Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of the Early Cre- Cretaceous LMAR were derived directly from partial melting of the
taceous LMAR (barring the Wangmao porphyritic quartz monzodiorite) thickened LCC, but the melts formed during this event did not interact
in the study area are similar to those of the Early Cretaceous Dabie LMAR with peridotite.
(Xu et al., 2013) and granites in the southern NCC (Li et al., 2013), but
differ from the compositions of the Fushan HMAR (Chen et al., 2004; 5.2.2. Source characteristics of the Early Cretaceous LMAR
Xu et al., 2009a; Fig. 7). The Early Cretaceous Dabie LMAR (Xu et al., The Early Cretaceous LMAR in the study area have low εNd(t) and
2013) and granites in the southern NCC (Li et al., 2013) may have εHf(t) values and relatively depleted Pb isotopic compositions, suggest-
been formed from melts generated directly from the partial melting ing that they formed from magmas derived from an ancient part of the
of thickened LCC material. The early- and late-stage Quli LMAR have LCC. However, the source of LMAR remains controversial, with previous
relatively high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and define a trend that corresponds research suggesting possible derivation from eclogites, amphibolites,
to the evolution of the upper crust (Fig. 7), suggesting that they and granulites or gneisses (Zhang et al., 2001; Ge et al., 2002; Xu et al.,
assimilated minor amounts of upper continental crustal material. 2006, 2013; Wang et al., 2007). The geochemical data presented here
The northern Wangmao porphyritic quartz monzodiorites have suggest that the Early Cretaceous LMAR in the study area were generat-
relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7054–0.7056) and relatively ed by partial melting of garnet amphibolite and amphibolite material
high εNd(t) (− 11.9 to − 12.7) values compared with other adakitic within a thickened region of the LCC, as discussed below.
rocks, but have high SiO2 (64.26–65.29 wt.%) and low MgO Partial melting of a thickened region of the LCC usually involves
(0.35–0.61 wt.%), total Fe2O3 (1.50–2.46 wt.%), TiO2 (0.17–0.19 wt.%), residual garnet, resulting in melts strongly depleted in Y and the HREE
Cr (1.95–2.55 ppm), and Ni (1.23–1.56 ppm) concentrations, and low (e.g., Yb and Lu), with Y/Yb N 10 and (Ho/Yb)n N 1.2 (Ge et al., 2002;
εHf(t) (−16.7 to −21.8) values, suggesting that the melts that formed Hu et al., 2012). The presence of residual garnet in magma sources
these intrusions were not contaminated by mantle material or were also suggests that partial melting occurred in a thickened region of
7 Adakites derived by partial melting 1.4

of subducted oceanic crust a Adakites derived by partial melting
of subducted oceanic crust
b
6 1.2
Adakitic rocks derived from
Adakitic rocks derived from partial melting of delaminated
partial melting of delaminated 1.0 lower crust
Ti O 2 ( w t . % )
5
MgO (wt.%)
lower crust
4 0.8
3 0.6
2 0.4
Adakitic rocks derived by
1 0.2 partial melting of thickened lower crust
Adakitic rocks derived by
partial melting of thickened lower crust
0 0.0
50 55 60 65 70 50 55 60 65 70
SiO 2 (wt.%) SiO 2 (wt.%)
Fig. 11. (a) MgO vs. SiO2 and (b) TiO2 vs. SiO2 diagrams (Wang et al., 2007; Moyen, 2009) for samples from the study area, including fields for adakites derived by partial melting of
subducted oceanic crust, derived from partial melting of delaminated lower crust, and derived by partial melting of thickened lower crust, after Wang et al. (2007 and references
therein) and Moyen (2009). Data sources and symbols as in Fig. 5.
the LCC (N50 km; Atherton and Petford, 1993; Wang et al., 2007; Xu zircons from the LMAR have εHf(t) values of − 12.5 to − 15.4,
et al., 2013). In addition, the fact that Dy and Ho have the highest similar to Triassic metamorphic zircons from the Dabie–Sulu orogen
hornblende-melt partition coefficients of the REE means that (Fig. 9; Zheng et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2008a). In contrast, the presence
residual hornblende will generate melts with flat HREE patterns of inherited Paleoproterozoic (~ 1800 Ma) and Archean (~ 2500 Ma
with Y/Yb ≈ 10 and (Ho/Yb)n ≈ 1 (Ge et al., 2002; Hu et al., and ~ 3500 Ma) zircons within the early Early Cretaceous LMAR
2012). The Early Cretaceous LMAR have Y/Yb and (Ho/Yb) n (Fig. 4h) suggests that the adakitic magmas that formed these rocks
ratios of 8.40–15.39 (generally 9–11 with a mean of 10.75), were derived from partial melting of ancient NCC basement material.
and 0.79–1.47 (generally 0.9–1.2 with a mean of 1.10; Table 2), respec- Zircons with ages of ~ 2500 Ma have positive εHf(t) values (+ 1.7
tively, indicating that both amphibole and garnet were residual within to +6.0), whereas the majority of the ~1800 Ma zircons have negative
the source of these adakitic magmas, a feature that is consistent with εHf(t) values (−1.7 to −14.4) that are similar to those of Precambrian
the fact that all of the Early Cretaceous LMAR in the study area are magmatic and detrital zircons from the NCC (Fig. 9; Yang et al., 2012b,
HREE depleted. In addition, Early Cretaceous LMAR samples plot 2013). In addition, the northern Wangmao porphyritic quartz
between the partial melting curves for garnet amphibolite and amphib- monzodiorites have relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios, relatively
olite restites in Sr/Y vs. Y and (La/Yb)n vs. Ybn diagrams (Fig. 10a–b), high εNd(t) values, and have TDM2 ages of 1.94 to 1.89 Ga that are similar
suggesting that these rocks formed from melts generated by partial to those of the Early Cretaceous Fushan HMAR in the central TNCO
melting of a basaltic rather than eclogitic source, leaving a garnet (Chen et al., 2004; Xu et al., 2009a; Fig. 7), suggesting that these
amphibolite and amphibolite restite (Defant and Drummond, 1990; monzodiorites were sourced from TNCO basement material.
Atherton and Petford, 1993). Pb isotopic ratios can also be used to distinguish NCC and
It should also be noted that the presence of a substantial amount YC sources, as the latter generally have high initial isotopic
of residual plagioclase in the source would produce negative Eu ratios, whereas the former have relatively low ratios (Fig. 8; Zhang
anomalies, a feature that is not present in the Early Cretaceous et al., 1996; Yang et al., 2010, 2012a). Even if rocks have the same
206
LMAR (Fig. 6a, c, e). This means that the Early Cretaceous LMAR in Pb/204Pb ratios, igneous rocks from the YC have higher 208Pb/204Pb
the study area cannot have been sourced from granulite and gneissic ratios (N38.0) than igneous rocks from the NCC (208Pb/204Pb b 38.0)
material. In addition, the Wangmao LMAR have lower ΣLREE (Zhao and Zheng, 2009). The late Early Cretaceous LMAR in the
(31.5–40.0 ppm) and P 2O 5 (0.08–0.09 wt.%) concentrations than study area have relatively high initial 206Pb/204Pb (17.318–17.371),
207
other LMAR in the study area and also have positive Eu anomalies Pb/204Pb (15.459–15.485), and 208 Pb/204Pb (38.004–38.061)
(δEu = 1.83–2.29; Fig. 6c), with the former potentially relating to values (Table 3; Fig. 8) compared with the early Early Cretaceous
the fractional crystallization of apatite and the latter suggesting LMAR in this area, which have 206Pb/204Pb values of 17.156–17.318,
207
that the source of these rocks either did not leave residual plagio- Pb/204Pb values of 15.368–15.433, and 208Pb/ 204 Pb values of
clase during partial melting or was plagioclase-free. These data sug- 37.282–37.882 (Table 3; Fig. 8). Early Early Cretaceous LMAR initial
gest that the Early Cretaceous LMAR in the study area formed from Pb isotope ratios plot in a field defined by the Pb isotopic composi-
melts generated from garnet amphibolite and amphibolite sources. tions of basement material within the southern margin of the NCC
However, it is still unclear whether the LCC that was the source of (Zhang et al., 1996; Fig. 8), and are similar to the compositions of
these rocks was derived from the NCC or the subducted YC (Yang the Early Cretaceous Fushan HMAR within the central NCC, indicat-
et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2013a), primarily as crustal material ing that both of these rocks formed from magmas generated from
from the YC was subducted beneath the NCC before the Late Jurassic the NCC basement. The Pb isotopic compositions of the late Early
(Xu et al., 2009b; Yang et al., 2010). A number of potential criteria Cretaceous LMAR plot within a field defined by the composition of
can be used to differentiate between the NCC and the YC, as basement material from the eastern segment of the northern margin
discussed below. of the YC and the South Qinling area (Zhang et al., 1996; Fig. 8),
First, the YC records widespread Neoproterozoic magmatism and are similar to the Early Cretaceous Xuhuai HMAR and granites
(750–600 Ma), although Archean and Paleoproterozoic magmatism in the southern NCC (Yang et al., 2008; Li et al., 2013), indicating
has also been reported within the YC (Hacker et al., 1998; Zheng that these LMAR were sourced from magmas derived from YC
et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2008b). In contrast, the NCC is characterized basement material.
by widespread Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic (2700–1800 Ma) This combination of the inherited zircon age data and Pb isotopic
tectonothermal events (Gao et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2008; Xu et al., compositions suggests that the early Early Cretaceous southern and
2009b; Yang et al., 2012b, 2013; Santosh et al., 2015), with only northern LMAR were derived from magmas generated during the
minor Neoproterozoic magmatism (N 890 Ma) recorded in the partial melting of ancient thickened LCC material within the NCC
southeastern NCC (Peng et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2012). This and TNCO basement material, respectively, whereas the late Early
indicates that the Neoproterozoic magmatic ages (754–542 Ma) Cretaceous LMAR were derived from the YC.
obtained for zircons from the late Early Cretaceous LMAR (Fig. 4c)
are consistent with the ages of inherited magmatic zircon cores within 5.3. Spatial extent of the influence of the deeply subducted YC slab on the
ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks of the Qinling–Dabie southern NCC
area (Hacker et al., 1998; Zheng et al., 2006), indicating that the LMAR
in the study area have an affinity with the YC basement. These The Qinling–Dabie–Sulu orogen formed during the Triassic subduc-
Neoproterozoic zircons have εHf(t) values between − 3.9 and + 1.6, tion of the YC beneath the NCC (Li et al., 1993; Hacker et al., 1998;
consistent with Neoproterozoic magmatic and detrital zircons from Zheng et al., 2006), as evidenced by the presence of eclogite xenoliths
the Dabie–Sulu orogen (Fig. 9; Yang et al., 2013 and references therein). in Early Cretaceous HMAR within the Xuhuai area (Xu et al., 2006,
Moreover, inherited zircon cores with ages of 227–213 Ma (mean = 2009b). In addition, YC basement has been identified beneath the NCC
220 ± 4 Ma, n = 9; Fig. 4c) from the late Early Cretaceous LMAR appear in the eastern Shandong and Bengbu areas (Yang et al., 2010; Jiang
structureless during CL imaging (Fig. 3d) and have low Th/U values et al., 2012). These observations indicate that the Triassic subduction
(generally 0.01–0.16), both of which are indicative of a metamorphic of the YC beneath the NCC occurred in a northwestward direction
origin. The presence of Late Triassic metamorphic zircons suggests along the Tan–Lu fault zone (Xu et al., 2009b; Yang et al., 2010). The
that the YC basement was affected by UHP metamorphism at the two blocks progressively collided in a scissor-like fashion as the YC
same time as the Qinling–Dabie UHP metamorphism (245–220 Ma), rotated clockwise relative to the NCC, consistent with previously pub-
an event that is associated with the collision between the YC and the lished paleomagnetic data (Zhao and Coe, 1987; Enkin et al., 1992).
NCC (Li et al., 1993; Hacker et al., 1998; Zheng et al., 2006). Late Triassic In addition, spatial variations in the Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions
of Early Cretaceous mafic igneous rocks in the western Shandong a 245-220 Ma

area and the Pb isotopic composition of Mesozoic mafic–ultramafic
complexes in the southern Liaoning and southern Jilin areas (Pei et al., NCC Qinling-Dabie Orogen YC
0km Upper crust
2011) suggest that the influence of the deeply subducted YC on the 50 Lower crust
southeastern margin of the NCC lithospheric mantle has a spatial extent 100 Lithospheric mantle
of some 200 km (Yang et al., 2012a). However, the extent of the 150 Asthenophere
influence of the deeply subducted YC slab on the southern NCC is 200
poorly constrained.
The Sanmenxia–Houma area is tectonically part of the NCC (Fig. 1a)
although the zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic compositions of the late b 160-130 Ma
Early Cretaceous LMAR in the study area, within the southern margin Low-Mg Adakitic rocks (130 Ma)
of the central NCC, provide evidence of the presence of abundant Granites in the
High-Mg Adakitic rocks
inherited Triassic metamorphic and Neoproterozoic magmatic zircons S-NCC and Qinling-Dabie
in these rocks (Yang et al., 2004). The former is consistent with the 0km
N S
timing of the Qinling–Dabie UHP metamorphism (Li et al., 1993; 50
Hacker et al., 1998; Zheng et al., 2006), whereas the latter represents 100
the age of YC basement formation (Hacker et al., 1998; Zheng et al., 150
Underplated mafic magmas
2006), suggesting that the primary magmas that formed these LMAR 200
were generated mainly by the partial melting of LCC within the YC break-off of slab
that had been modified by Middle–Late Triassic UHP metamorphism.
Asthenospheric upwelling
This interpretation is consistent with a tectonic model where the YC
underwent northward-directed subduction beneath the NCC (Li et al.,
1993; Hacker et al., 1998; Zheng et al., 2006). Geochemical and
c 125-110 Ma
Quli late-stage (116 Ma)
Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data for Early Cretaceous granitoids within the N S
0km
Xiaoshan Mountain area of the southern NCC indicate that these intru-
50
sions formed from primary magmas generated by the partial melting
of YC basement material (Li et al., 2013), suggesting that YC basement 100
material is present within the LCC of the NCC in the study area, and 150
200
indicating that some ~ 100 km of the southern margin of the central
NCC was affected by the deeply subducted Yangtze slab during
the Triassic. Asthenospheric upwelling
Generally, granites along the southern margin of the NCC can
be divided into two series based on available geochronological Fig. 12. Model of the Mesozoic tectonic and magmatic evolution of the southern margin of
the central NCC. (a) 245–220 Ma: northward subduction and collision of the YC beneath
and geochemical data, i.e., the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous the NCC; (b) 160–130 Ma: the break-off of the subducted YC slab, exhumation of the
(160–135 Ma) adakitic granites and the Early Cretaceous UHP metamorphic rocks, and delamination of the thickened NCC lithosphere caused
(124–114 Ma) normal granites and A-type granites. The former ones upwelling of asthenospheric mantle material, which triggered the partial melting of a
form a roughly northwest–southeast-trending belt, geodynamically thickened region of the NCC LCC, ultimately forming the early Early Cretaceous
(~130 Ma) LMAR; (c) 125–110 Ma: the partial melting of the exhumed LCC within the
interpreted as resulting from the break-off of the subducted YC slab
YC formed the late Early Cretaceous (~116 Ma) LMAR.
and partial melting of overthickened crust (Hu et al., 2012; Li et al.,
2013; Gao et al., 2014). By contrast, the latter and younger ones were
formed due to intra-continental extension and lithospheric thinning
(Gao et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014a, 2014b). Similar magmatic evolution
has also been recognized elsewhere such as in the Qinling–Dabie 6. Conclusions
orogen, where outcrop numerous 158–130 Ma adakitic granites and
younger (120–100 Ma) normal granites (Wang et al., 2007, 2013b; Xu The new whole-rock geochemical, Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic, and in situ
et al., 2013). All above statements consistently indicate that the regional zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic data presented here allow the following
geological setting in North China and the Qinling–Dabie orogen conclusions to be made.
switched dramatically from crustal thickening to thinning at ~130 Ma
(Gao et al., 2014). (1) Early Cretaceous magmatism at the southern margin of the
These data enable the construction of a Mesozoic tectonic model central NCC can be subdivided into early Early Cretaceous
for the southern margin of the central NCC, involving: (1) the (~130 Ma) and late Early Cretaceous (~116 Ma) stages.
Middle–Late Triassic (245–220 Ma) northward subduction and (2) Early Cretaceous intermediate-acidic intrusive rocks are
collision of the YC beneath the NCC, forming a thickened region of classified as LMAR, and formed from magmas generated by
the NCC LCC within the southern margin of the central NCC and the partial melting of a thickened region of the LCC, leaving
UHP metamorphism of the subducted YC slab (Fig. 12a); (2) Late residual garnet amphibolite and amphibolite.
Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (160–130 Ma) the break-off of the (3) The early Early Cretaceous LMAR were generated by the
subducted YC slab, exhumation of the UHP metamorphic rocks, partial melting of ancient NCC basement material, whereas
and delamination of the thickened NCC lithosphere caused upwell- the late Early Cretaceous LMAR were generated by the partial
ing of asthenospheric mantle material, triggering melting of the melting of YC basement material.
lithospheric mantle and the intensive underplating of basaltic (4) The presence of YC basement material within the NCC
magmas beneath the thickened LCC. In turn, this triggered the par- indicates that some ~ 100 km of the southern margin of the
tial melting of a thickened region of the NCC LCC, ultimately forming central NCC was influenced by the deeply subducted Yangtze
the early Early Cretaceous (~ 130 Ma) LMAR (Fig. 12b); and (3) the slab during the Triassic.
Early Cretaceous (125–110 Ma) partial melting of the exhumed
LCC within the YC formed the late Early Cretaceous (~ 116 Ma) Supplementary data to this article can be found online at http://dx.
LMAR (Fig. 12c). doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.11.013.
Acknowledgments Li, C.F., Li, X.H., Li, Q.L., Guo, J.H., Li, X.H., Yang, Y.H., 2012. Rapid and precise determination
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thermal ionization mass spectrometry employing a single-step separation scheme.
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Gondwana Research 38 (2016) 220–237

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gr

Tectonic implications of Early Cretaceous low-Mg adakitic rocks

1. Introduction (HREE) and Y concentrations (Defant and Drummond, 1990). These

D.-B. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 38 (2016) 220–237

(continued on next page)

D.-B. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 38 (2016) 220–237

12 Alkaline Quli early-stage(13H17)

4.3. Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes 4.3.1. Early Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks

Quli — early stage porphyritic quartz diorite

Quli — later stage porphyritic quartz diorite

D.-B. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 38 (2016) 220–237

Qligou porphyritic quartz diorite

Gaomiao porphyritic quartz diorite

Wangmao porphyritic quartz monzodiorite

4.4. Zircon Hf isotope data

20 These rocks plot in the adakite ﬁeld of commonly used discrimination

15 by partial melting of a subducted region of the oceanic crust, as the

7 Adakites derived by partial melting 1.4

of Early Cretaceous maﬁc igneous rocks in the western Shandong a 245-220 Ma

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