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1 Number

Answers
Exercise 1.1
1 a) Integers: –7, 27, 1534, 0, –12

b) Natural numbers: 27, 1534

17
2 a) is a fraction, so it is rational
20

b) 0.46 is a terminating decimal, so it is rational

2 2 2
c)  and 2 is irrational, so is irrational
25 5 25

d) π is irrational, so 5 is irrational

e) 3.14159 is a terminating decimal, so it is rational

. .
f) 0.234 is a recurring decimal, so it is rational

4 2
g)  which is a fraction, so it is rational
25 5

h) 225  15 which is a integer, so it is rational

i) 2 3  3  3 3 and 3 3 is irrational, so 2 3  3 is irrational

3 a) 169  13 which is a integer, so it is rational

b) 0.49 is a terminating decimal, so it is rational

c) 3 is irrational, so 5  3 is irrational

d) 2.718 is a terminating decimal, so it is rational

e) π is irrational, so 5  2 is irrational

4 4
f)  which is a fraction, so it is rational
3 3

g) 27  3 3 and 3 3 is irrational, so 27 is irrational

7 16 4
h) 1   which is a fraction, so it is rational
9 9 3
i) 2 is irrational, so 6 2 is irrational

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1 Number

4 a) π is an example of an irrational number between 3 and 4

b) 110 is an example of an irrational number between 10 and 11

c) 390 is an example of an irrational number between 19 and 20

Exercise 1.2
1 a) 1, 2, 4, 8

b) 1, 3, 5, 15

c) 1, 3, 9, 27

d) 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 27, 54

2 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29

3 a) 2, 3

b) 2, 5

c) 5, 11

d) 2, 3, 7

4 a) 24 × 3

b) 23 × 32

c) 2×3×5×7

d) 2 × 52 × 7

e) 3 × 52

f) 52 × 11

g) 23 × 3 × 5

h) 2 × 32 × 11

5 a) 32 × 5 × 11

b) 22 × 5 × 13

c) 22 × 33 × 52

d) 2 × 72 × 11

e) 22 × 3 × 5 × 7

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1 Number

f) 32 × 53

g) 24 × 7

h) 2 3 × 5 × 72

6 a) i) 52

ii) 22 × 32

iii) 22 × 52

iv) 24 × 32

b) Prime factors are all in pairs

7 a) 25 × 3

b) k=6

8 a) 23 × 72

b) k=7

Exercise 1.3
1 a) i) 18 = 2 × 32, 24 = 23 × 3

ii) HCF = 6

iii) LCM = 72

b) i) 64 = 26, 100 = 22 × 52

ii) HCF = 4

iii) LCM = 1600

c) i) 50 = 2 × 52, 350 = 2 × 52 × 7

ii) HCF = 50

iii) LCM = 350

d) i) 72 = 23 × 32, 126 = 2 × 32 × 7

ii) HCF = 18

iii) LCM = 504

2 a) HCF = 9, LCM = 189

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1 Number

b) HCF = 10, LCM = 100

c) HCF = 12, LCM = 336

d) HCF = 2, LCM = 1600

e) HCF = 7, LCM = 294

3 a) i) 260 = 22 × 5 × 13, 300 = 22 × 3 × 52

ii) HCF = 20

iii) LCM = 3900

b) i) 340 = 22 × 5 × 17, 425 = 52 × 17

ii) HCF = 85

iii) LCM = 1700

c) i) 756 = 22 × 33 × 7, 2100 = 22 × 3 × 52 × 7

ii) HCF = 84

iii) LCM = 18 900

d) i) 1980 = 22 × 32 × 5 × 11, 2376 = 23 × 33 × 11

ii) HCF = 396

iii) LCM = 11 880

4 a) HCF = 252, LCM = 49 896

b) HCF = 504, LCM = 42 336

5 a) 15

b) 900

6 12 mm by 12 mm

7 10:02:56 p.m.

8 10:15 a.m.

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2 Set Language and Notation

Exercise 2.1

1 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18

2 2, 3, 5, 7, 11

3 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

4 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48

5 a, e, i, o, u

Exercise 2.2

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2 Set Language and Notation

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2 Set Language and Notation

Exercise 2.3

1 a) {1, 3, 9}

b) {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19}

2 a) Ø

b) {2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24}

3 a) Ø

b) {a, b, e, f, g, l, m, o}

4 a) {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}

b) {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}

5 a) {Sunday}

b) {Sunday, Monday, Friday, Saturday}

6 a) {3, 9}

b) {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 27, 33, 36, 39, 45}

Exercise 2.4

1 a) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20

b) 4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20

2 a) 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24

b) 1, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22

3 a) c, d, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, n, o

b) c, d, h, i, j, k, n

4 a) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19

b) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19

5 a) Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday

b) Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday

6 a) 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48

b) 24, 30, 42, 48

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2 Set Language and Notation

Exercise 2.5

1 a)

b)

c)

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2 Set Language and Notation

2 a)

b)

c)

3 a)

b) {squares}

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2 Set Language and Notation

4 a) i) and ii)

b) They are the same

5 a) i) and ii)

b) They are the same

Exercise 2.6

1 Ø, {p}, {q}, {r}, {p, q}, {p, r}, {q, r}, {p, q, r}

2 64

3 a)

b) 13
c) 10
4 a) 17

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2 Set Language and Notation

b)

5 a)

b) 25

6 12

7 39

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2 Set Language and Notation

10

11 –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3

Exercise 2.7

1 a)

b) i) 7

ii) 5

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2 Set Language and Notation

2 i) – iv)

3 a) B ∩ C ∩ A'

b) (P ∩ R) ⋃ (Q ∩ R) or (P ⋃ Q) ∩ R

4 a) T∩F

b) E

5 a) 9

b) 1

6 or

7 a) P∩Q=Ø

b) R ⊂ Q

c) ⋃Q=Q

d) n(R ∩ Q) = n(R)

e) n(P) + n(R) = n( ⋃ R)

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3 Squares, Square Roots, Cubes and Cube Roots

Exercise 3.1
3 a) 169
1 a) 49
b) 121
b) 144
c) 196
c) 25
d) 36
d) 100
e) 81
e) 81
4 a) 9
f) 64
b) 12
g) 121
c) 4
h) 9
d) 10
i) 36
e) 8
j) 16
5 a) 23
2 a) 7
b) 16
b) 11
c) 18
c) 9
d) 29
d) 6
e) 28
e) 5
6 a) 400
f) 13
b) 625
g) 12
c) 169
h) 15
d) 576
i) 10

j) 14 e) 1089

7 a) 11

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3 Squares, Square Roots, Cubes and Cube Roots

b) 13 c) 8000

c) 33 d) 15 625

d) 5 e) 3.375

e) 41 f) 19.683

f) 27 g) 157.464

g) 0 4 a) 7

h) 63 b) 9

8 a) 360 c) 11

b) 525 d) 100

c) 185 e) 6

d) 1325 f) 12

g) 8
Exercise 3.2
1 a) 64 5 a) 3.83

b) 125 b) 6.13

c) 27 c) 8.09

d) 1000 d) 10.32

e) 512 e) 19.60

2 a) 1 6 3.56 cm

b) 4

c) 10

3 a) 343

b) 729

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4 Directed Numbers

Exercise 4.1
1
Start temperature/°C Move/°C End temperature/°C

a) 4 Up 3 7

b) −2 Down 4 −6

c) 10 Down 14 −4

d) −5 Down 3 −8

e) −10 Up 8 −2

f) 10 Down 19 −9

g) −4 Up 6 2

h) 3 Up 7 10

i) −3 Down 6 −9

j) −10 Up 2 −8

2 a) Floor 4

b) Floor 2

3 a) 18 °C

b) 20 °C

c) 14 °C

d) 48 °C

e) 18 °C

f) 25 °C

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4 Directed Numbers

g) 18 °C

h) 50 °C

4 147 °C

5 −$166

6 19 855 m

7 64.6°C

8 66.2°C

9 9.9 m

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5 Vulgar and Decimal Fractions and Percentages

Exercise 5.1
15
1 a) Improper fraction c)
4

b) Mixed number
11
d)
2
c) Proper fraction

29
d) Mixed number e)
9

e) Proper fraction
12
f)
5
2 a) 1 83

11
b) 2 15 g)
3

c) 2 14 21
h)
10
d) 3 12
19
i)
8
e) 2 17
34
j)
f) 3 13 7

g) 2 83
Exercise 5.2
1 a) 48
h) 5 34

b) 64
i) 3 103
c) 25
j) 4 19
d) 144
9
3 a) e) 165
8

2 468
21
b)
8
3 15 630

4 $126

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5 Vulgar and Decimal Fractions and Percentages

7 7 2
5 of $120 = $84 and of $104 = $91; e)
10 8 3

7
so of $104 is more 5
8 f)
6

3 2
6 of $192 = $72 and of $180 = $72; 1
8 5 g)
2
so they are both the same
3
h)
5
Exercise 5.3
2
1 2 3 5 i)
1 a)    3
4 8 12 20

1
1 2 4 7 j)
b)    2
5 10 20 35

1
2 4 10 12 k)
c)    6
5 10 25 30

1
2 4 8 6 l)
d)    2
9 18 36 27

4
1 2 5 m)
e)   5
7 14 35

8
4 16 32 n)
f)   9
9 36 72

5
4 o)
2 a) 7
5

2
1 p)
b) 3
6

3
5 3
c) 8
7

8
3 4
d) 15
4

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5 Vulgar and Decimal Fractions and Percentages

9
5 a)
25
Exercise 5.5

૛૚ 1 a) 0.375
b)
૞૙

b) 0.3125
2
c)
5
c) 0.275

Exercise 5.4 d) 0.316

7 e) 0.0375
1
10
.
2 a) 0.6
29
2
100
.
b) 0.83
17
3
20 .
c) 0.083

7
4 .
100 d) 0.26

39 . .
5 e) 0.48
125

2
7 3 a)
6 9
125

3
1 b)
7 9
125

5
1 c)
8 9
50

. .
109 4 a) 0.07 4
9
200
. .
b) 0.185
269
10
2000
. .
c) 0.370

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5 Vulgar and Decimal Fractions and Percentages

. . 3 a) 0.01
d) 0.18

b) 0.17
. .
e) 0.54
c) 0.04

Exercise 5.6 d) 1.6

7
1 a) e) 0.125
20

f) 0.625
13
b)
20
g) 0.15

2
c) h) 0.425
25

i) 0.3125
1
d) 1
5
4 a) 1%

2 a) 0.16
b) 17%

b) 0.27
c) 4%

c) 0.83
d) 160%

d) 0.07
e) 12.5%

e) 0.31
f) 62.5%

f) 0.04
g) 15%

g) 0.17
h) 42.5%

h) 0.02
i) 31.25%

i) 1.5
5 a) 16.7%

j) 2.5
b) 83.3%

k) 0.09
c) 8.3%

l) 0.125 d) 41.7%
e) 4.3%

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5 Vulgar and Decimal Fractions and Percentages

2
6 Any three fractions equivalent to
5

1
7 Any three fractions equivalent to
8

8 a) 1.6

b) 1 53

9 58%

10 22%

3 6
11 Red: 22% = 0.22; Silver: = 0.15; Black:
20 25

= 0.24. So black is the most popular.

3
12 Class A: = 0.428…; Class B: 45% = 0.45. So
7

class B has the higher proportion of boys.

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6 Ordering

Exercise 6.1
1 a) −5°C, −2°C, 0°C, 3°C, 7°C

b) −2°C, −1°C, 1°C, 2°C, 5°C

c) −9°C, −7°C, −3°C, 4°C, 7°C

d) −8°C, −2°C, 4°C, 7°C, 9°C

e) −7°C, −4°C, −2°C, 3°C, 5°C

2 a) 31 cm, 1600 mm, 2.42 m, 284 cm, 9 m

b) 105 mm, 3.2 m, 423 cm, 6100 mm, 804 cm

3 a) 874 g, 1.7 kg, 4000 g, 9.4 kg, 52 000 g

b) 0.174 kg, 2104 g, 2.79 kg, 3.4 kg, 4123 g

4 a) 51 cl, 80 cl, 1600 ml, 2.4 litres, 9 litres

b) 51.5 ml, 1 litre, 1500 ml, 180 cl, 3.1 litres

Exercise 6.2
1 a) >

b) <

c) <

d) >

e) >

f) >

g) >

h) <

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6 Ordering

Exercise 6.3
1 a) 197, 321, 358, 411, 426, 462

b) 4621, 6317, 9981, 39 171, 59 042, 89 125

c) 12, 75, 124, 415, 631, 1792

d) 1611, 4257, 5218, 6641, 7034, 9425

e) 1 010 701, 1 020 504, 1 030 504, 1 040 501, 1 050 403, 1 060 504

2 a) 0.102, 0.123, 0.201, 0.231, 0.456

b) 0.003, 0.01, 0.056, 0.066, 0.1

c) 0.004 04, 0.0044, 0.0404, 0.044, 0.404

d) 0.112, 0.149, 0.2, 0.51, 0.71

e) 0.009 16, 0.090 11, 0.091, 0.0946, 0.913

3 a) 3.001, 3.102, 3.12, 3.201, 3.21

b) 0.12, 1.21, 2.12, 12.1, 121

c) 7.015, 7.023, 7.105, 7.41, 7.69

d) 5.001, 5.0102, 5.02, 5.0201, 5.321

e) 0.0012, 0.01, 0.0121, 1.201, 12.02

f) 8.01, 8.04, 8.079, 8.1, 8.79

Exercise 6.4
1 a) <

b) <

c) >

d) >

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6 Ordering

e) <

f) >

11 3 7 3
2 a) , , ,
20 5 10 4

7 3 5 7
b) , , ,
12 4 6 8

3 2 1 2 13
c) , , , ,
10 5 2 3 15

7 1 5 3 13
d) , , , ,
16 2 8 4 16

3 2 17 9 1
e) , , , ,
8 5 40 20 2

17 11 3 7
f) , , ,
32 16 4 8

Exercise 6.5
7 4 17
1 , , 0.83, , 88%
10 5 20

3 2 5
2 35%, , , , 0.45
8 5 12

3 2 3
3 30%, , , 0.7,
5 3 4

3
4 City:35% = 0.35; United:  0.375 ; Rovers: 0.4
8

2
5 Football:  0.286... ; Gymnastics: 28%  0.28 ; Rugby: 0.27
7

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7 Standard Form

Exercise 7.1
3
j) 6.58 × 10−4
1 a) 7 × 10

4
k) 5.6 × 10−10
b) 8.4 × 10

2
l) 7.23 × 10−6
c) 5.63 × 10
2 a) 50 000
d) 6.5 × 106
b) 370 000
e) 7.23 × 105
c) 0.0007
f) 2.7 × 101
d) 6 900 000
g) 5.34 × 104
e) 0.0061
h) 6.93 × 102
f) 47 300
i) 4.39 × 103
g) 27 900 000
j) 4.123 × 108
h) 0.000 0483
k) 8 × 106
i) 0.0103
l) 3.92 × 107
j) 989 000 000
2 a) 3 × 10−3
k) 0.000 002 61
b) 5.6 × 10−2
l) 370
c) 8 × 10−4
m) 3690
d) 6.3 × 10−6
n) 0.000 607
e) 8.2 × 10−5
o) 0.000 000 548
f) 6.0 × 10−3
p) 1 980 000 000
g) 3.8 × 10−7

−1
4 7.2 × 109
h) 7.8 × 10

i) 3.69 × 10−3

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7 Standard Form

f) 2.03 × 109
Exercise 7.2
1 a) 8 × 107 g) 2.704 × 1013

b) 1.2 × 1011 h) 9.61 × 10−8

c) 5.6 × 106 i) 3.692 × 106

d) 3 × 103 j) 8.019× 105

e) 5.2 × 107 k) 5.202 × 10−3

f) 4 × 105 l) 6.7484 × 10−3

g) 7.2 × 105 m) −4.2368× 10−3

h) 5 × 105 n) 7.3164 × 108

i) 5.6 × 10−6

j) 2.5 × 10−9

k) 6.4 × 104

l) 6.997 × 106

m) 5.83 × 105

n) 4.56 × 109

o) 7.158 × 106

p) 6.88 × 10−4

2 a) 2.356 × 1013

b) 1.5 × 105

c) 1.45 × 1011

d) 1.073 × 10−6

e) 3.25 × 104

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8 The Four Operations

Exercise 8.1
1 4 Exercise 8.2
1 14
2 2

2 18
3 4

3 22
4 6

4 27
5 1

5 80
6 –4

6 3
7 –4

7 55
8 –7

8 54
9 6

9 100
10 –4

10 10
11 –20

11 10
12 30

12 7
13 –4

13 1
14 –8

14 9
15 9

15 0
16 –12

16 2.5
17 –2

17 7
18 –21

19 36 18 12

20 –120
19 64

20 –6

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8 The Four Operations

21 −8 d) i) (18 + 12) ÷ 6 – 3 = 2

ii) 18 + 12 ÷ 6 – 3 = 17
22 24
iii) 18 + 12 ÷ (6 – 3) = 22
23 −21
iv) (18 + 12) ÷ (6 – 3) = 10
24 4
Exercise 8.3
25 −4
1 1794
26 28
2 13 363
27 −12
3 8596
28 a) Hassan has worked out addition before
4 22 560
division.
5 11 534
b) 10
6 28 290
29 a) She has worked out multiplication
7 20 828
before power.
8 27 430
b) 12
9 27 392
30 a) i) (3 + 6) × 5 – 1 = 44
10 46 800
ii) 3 + 6 × 5 – 1 = 32
11 1176
iii) 3 + 6 × (5 – 1) = 27
12 6300
b) i) 6 + (42 – 16) ÷ 2 = 6

ii) (6 + 42 – 16) ÷ 2 = 3 Exercise 8.4

1 a) 14.553
iii) (6 + 4)2 – 16 ÷ 2 = 92

b) 1455.3
c) i) 12 – 8 ÷ (4 + 4) = 11

c) 14.553
ii) (12 – 8) ÷ 4 + 4 = 5

d) 14.553
iii) 12 – 8 ÷ 4 + 4 = 14

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8 The Four Operations

e) 145 530
Exercise 8.5
2 a) 1054 1 47

b) 10.54 2 38

c) 1.054 3 54

d) 10.54 4 33

e) 105.4 5 17

3 a) 1.5 6 16

b) 0.48 7 19

c) 0.08 8 32

d) 0.014 9 34

e) 0.03 10 32

f) 0.0063 11 69

4 a) 63 12 12 (with 8 spare seats)

b) 35.99
Exercise 8.6
c) 26.16 1 a) 532.5

d) 1.872 b) 0.5325

e) 3.822 c) 53.25

f) 9.968 d) 532.5

5 a) 0.56 e) 53 250

b) 0.05 2 a) 1.928

c) 0.36 b) 0.1928

d) 0.58 c) 192.8

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8 The Four Operations

d) 0.019 28 11
c)
12
e) 192.8
19
d)
3 a) 40 20

23
b) 4 e)
40

c) 8 23 3
f) or 1
20 20
d) 30
1
2 a)
e) 500 7

1
f) 5 b)
2

4 a) 31 5
c)
12
b) 780
1
d)
c) 3.7 4

7
d) 0.425 e)
24

e) 365 13
f)
36
f) 0.75
7
3 a) 1
10
5 a) 2.6
7
b) 20 b) 1
10

c) 20 3
c) 3
10
d) 130
4
d) 6
5
Exercise 8.7 7
e) 1
6 10
1 a)
7
2
4 a) 4
1 5
b)
2

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8 The Four Operations

1 3 3
b) 1
6
4 9
1
c) 5 2
2
6 10
3
d)
4 2
7 2
3
9
e)
10 8
8
9
7
5 a) 5
10 2
9 2
5
1
b) 3
8 3
10
5
1
c) 3
12 1
11
6
3
d) 7
8 2
12
5
7
e) 4
12 2
13
9
11
6 a) 7
18 2
14
9
1
b)
26 1
15
2
13
c) 5
20 1
16
3
11
d) 1
14 5
17
12
5
e)
6 3
18
22
Exercise 8.8 5
19
1 2 12

1 1
2 3 20
2 4

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8 The Four Operations

3 4
21 9 13
4 7

1 3
22 5 14 1
2 4

23 7 3
15 1
5
24 8
2
1 16
25 5 15
3
9
17
Exercise 8.9 14

3
18 15
1 27 4
22
3 1 19 3
2 1 27
2 2
3
2 20 6
3 5
9

4
4
9

2
5
9

1
6
5

7 2

1
8
12

9 7

2
10 2
3

2
11
3

12 2

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9 Estimation

Exercise 9.1
b) 12.08
1 a) 2.4 m to 3.5 m
c) 0.21
b) 5 m to 7 m
d) 0.57
2 8.5m to 10 m
e) 9.02
3 12 m to 15 m
f) 78.04

Exercise 9.2
g) 7.01
1 a) 4.6
h) 0.07
b) 5.5
i) 1.52
c) 4.6
j) 2.13
d) 8.4
k) 9.42
e) 0.5
l) 0.84
f) 0.1
m) 0.28
g) 82.2
n) 0.85
h) 3.0
o) 7.09
i) 6.2
p) 18.63
j) 0.5
q) 7.11
k) 5.2
r) 8.08
l) 48.0
s) 4.66
m) 0.9
t) 3.73
n) 7.7

o) 10.0 3 a) 9.34

2 a) 5.48
b) 17.16

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9 Estimation

c) 2.94 d) 4

d) 53.96 e) 6

4 a) 0.1 f) 60

b) 0.4 g) 50

c) 0.4 h) 30

d) 0.4 i) 300

5 7.4 j) 5000

6 a) 0.333 2 a) 4000

b) 0.286 b) 30

c) 0.273 c) 900

d) 0.308 d) 60

e) 4.667 e) 0.002

7 7.3 f) 6

8 850 g) 5

9 17.7 cm2 h) 0.003

10 40.32 cm2 i) 0.003

11 112.0 cm3 j) 0.05

12 6670 km 3 a) 18

b) 180
Exercise 9.3
1 a) 4 c) 5700

b) 6 d) 98 000

c) 8 e) 50

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9 Estimation

f) 0.17 4 Volume = 4 × 2 × 2 = 16 cm3

g) 0.039 5 60 ÷ 10 = 6 cm

h) 0.0061 6 3000 ÷ 8 = 375 miles (or 380 miles or 400

miles)
i) 0.031

7 20 × 20 = $400
j) 0.99

8 200 × 0.7 = $140

4 a) 8.26

9 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 m2
b) 69.8

10 a) 6 × 2 = 12
c) 16 300

b) 20 ÷ 4 = 5
d) 208

c) 40 × 20 = 800
e) 12 500

d) 10 ÷ 4 = 2.5
f) 7.10

e) 2 × 0.8 = 1.6
g) 50.9

f) 3 × 8 = 24
h) 0.416

g) 100 × 3 = 300
i) 0.0386

h) 5 × 0.03 = 0.15
j) 3.14

11 a) 4 × 10 × 20 = 800
5 1600

b) 0.9 × 5 = 4.5
6 The actual number was 35 085, which is 35 000

to 2 significant figures. c) 60 × 10 = 600

d) 200 × 60 × 3 = 36 000
Exercise 9.4
e) 10 × 0.07 = 0.7
1 200 × 0.9 = $180
f) 0.2 × 0.8 = 0.16
2 6 × 9 = 54 cm2
g) 50 × 80 = 4000
3 20 × 30 = 600c = $6

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9 Estimation

h) 72 = 49 10  20
6 3
60
i) 40 × 20 × 30 = 24 000
7 55  5
j) 900 × 40 = 36 000
8 2
8 2
k) 3 × 10 = 30 2

9 (0.4 × 90) ÷ 8 = 4.5

l) 50 × (20 + 40) = 3000
10 1 ÷ 5 = 0.2
12 a) 4 × 80 = 320; estimate is smaller
because the rounded values of both 11 30  100  300
numbers are smaller than the actual
values. 60  10
12  12
b) 200 ÷ 10 = 20; estimate is bigger 10  5
because the rounded value of the
number being divided is bigger than the 13 40  0.09  444
actual value being divided and the
rounded value of the number it is 14 81  9
divided by is smaller than the actual
value. 1000
15  100
c) 20 × 900 = 18 000; estimate is bigger 10
because the rounded values of both
numbers are bigger than the actual 2
values. 16  0.1
20
13 a) 5 × 7 = 35 cm2
30
17  0.75
b) Greater because the rounded values of 40
both lengths are greater than the actual
300  100
lengths. 18  43
700
14 a) 20 ÷ 6  3.3 cm (or 3 cm)
600  1
19  75
b) Greater because the rounded value of 4 2
the area is greater than the actual area
and the rounded value of the length is 7
less than the actual length. 20  3.5
0.05  40

Exercise 9.5 21 40  80  60

1 30 ÷ 5 = 6

2 300 ÷ 90  3

3 40 ÷ 9  4

4 50 ÷ 7  7

5 (2 × 3) ÷ 3 = 2

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9 Estimation

Exercise 9.6
1
1 a) 3 minutes
2

b) 3 weeks

c) 3 kg

d) 2 m

2 a) 5.7 m

b) 2.8 mm or 3 mm

c) 6650 km or 6600 km

d) 67.6 kg or 68 kg

e) 0.097 cm2

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10 Limits of Accuracy

Exercise 10.1 3 Each pole is between 99.5 cm and 100.5 cm.

1 a) i) 26.5 cm, 27.5 cm He can be sure of reaching a height of

10 × 99.5 = 995 cm or 9.95 m.

ii) 29.5 cm, 30.5 cm
4 a) Greatest perimeter = 36 cm
iii) 127.5 cm, 128.5 cm
b) Smallest area = 51.75 cm2
b) i) 5 cm, 15 cm

ii) 25 cm, 35 cm Exercise 10.2

1 a) 61.2 s
iii) 145 cm, 155 cm

b) 24.51 s
c) i) 5.55 cm, 5.65 cm

c) 12.4 m
ii) 0.75 cm, 0.85 cm

d) 1.747 kg
iii) 11.95 cm, 12.05 cm

e) 185 mm
d) i) 1.225 m, 1.235 m

2 a) 61 s
ii) 0.445 m, 0.455 m

b) 24.49 s
iii) 9.075 m, 9.085 m

c) 12.38 m
e) i) 10.615 s, 10.625 s

d) 1.745 kg
ii) 9.805 s, 9.815 s

e) 183 mm
iii) 48.095 s, 48.105 s

3 a) 704 g
2 a) 56.5 kg and 57.5 kg

b) 6.7 cm
b) 4.65 m and 4.75 m

c) 4.4 s
c) 467.5 ml and 468.5 ml

d) 34.905 s and 34.915 s d) 0.16 s

e) 0.6335 kg and 0.6345 kg

e) 9000 m

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10 Limits of Accuracy

4 a) 702 g c) Upper bound = 146.625 km;

b) 6.5 cm
Lower bound = 138.425 km
c) 4.2 s
d) Upper bound = 11.707 275 m;
d) 0.14 s
Lower bound = 11.630 375 m
e) 8800 m

5 50.80 cm 4 a) Upper bound = 5.61 cm/s;

6 a) 29.20 s Lower bound = 5.08 cm/s

b) 1.06 s b) Upper bound = 10.7 m/s;

7 Upper bound = 26.5 cm; Lower bound = 10.5 m/s

lower bound = 23.5 cm

5 a) 11.7 cm

8 a) Upper bound = 13.8; lower bound = 13.6

b) 10.6 cm

b) Upper bound = 3.6; lower bound = 3.4

6 Upper bound = 844 people/square km;

9 No; 595.5 mm is greater than 59.5 cm.

Lower bound = 830 people/square km

7 Upper bound = 536.25 cm2;

Exercise 10.3
1 75 mm Lower bound = 490.25 cm2

2 a) Upper bound = 20.507 175 m2; 8 a) Upper bound = 87.95 cm3;

Lower bound = 81.37 cm3

Lower bound = 20.415 675 m2
b) Upper bound = 1702 g;
b) Upper bound = 40.1625 m2;
Lower bound = 1566 g
2
Lower bound = 38.8825 m
9 Upper bound = 84.5; Lower bound = 20.2
3 a) Upper bound = 1141.7575 cm;

Lower bound = 1131.2875 cm

b) Upper bound = 12.676 725 m;

Lower bound = 12.579 325 m

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10 Limits of Accuracy

10 Don Quarrie’s time is between 9.85 s

and 9.95 s.
Calvin Smith’s time is between 9.925 s and
9.935 s.
So Quarrie could have run faster, e.g. 9.85 s is
faster than 9.925 s.
However if Quarrie’s time was 9.925 s (or less)
then Smith would definitely be the faster since
this is his slowest time.

11 Min Volume: 79.5 × 74.5 × 89.5

= 530 086.125 cm3 = 530.08.. litres

Max Volume: 80.5 × 75.5 × 90.5

= 550 036.375 cm3 = 550.03.. litres

Min volume < 550 litres < Max volume; so yes.

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11 Ratio, Proportion, Rate

Exercise 11.1
c) 1: 4:5
1 a) 2:1
5 a) 1:5:10
b) 1:3
b) 1:4:6
c) 5:1
c) 12:15:20
d) 2:3
6 5:8:10
e) 1:5

f) 5:4 Exercise 11.2

g) 3:1 1 a) 1:3

h) 1:12 b) 1:5

i) 1:9 c) 1:2.5

j) 1:9 d) 1:1.75

2 a) 1:3 e) 1:7.5

b) 1:20 f) 1:125

c) 3:10 g) 1:0.2

d) 10:3 h) 1:500 000

e) 4:1 2 a) 1:4

3 a) 1:20 b) 1:2.4

b) 3:20 c) 1:50

c) 16:3 d) 1:250 000

d) 3:20 e) 1:0.4

3 1:250 000
4 a) 1:3:5
4 1:6
b) 3:6:4

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11 Ratio, Proportion, Rate

8 Blue 312; Orange 156; Green 104

Exercise 11.3
1 a) 24 babies 9 a) 400 g

b) 9 helpers b) 80 g

2 a) 6 litres
Exercise 11.5
b) 4 litres 1 a) 25

3 a) 30 ml b) 70

b) 10 teaspoons c) 32

4 a) 100 ml 2 a) 80

b) 36 ml b) 54

5 a) 150 g c) 57.6

b) 48 g 3 a) 35

6 $120 b) 37.5

c) 31.25
Exercise 11.4
1 a) 15 litres 4 a) 50

b) 25 litres b) 52.5

2 a) 50 ml c) 62.5

b) 250 ml
Exercise 11.6
3 Amit $320; Bree $800; Chris $480 8
1 a)
3
4 400 g copper; 200 g zinc
b) 440 m
5 20 boys
12 4
6 800 m 2 a) or
27 9

7 0.5 litres b) 96 km

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11 Ratio, Proportion, Rate

175 7 20 5
3 a) or 5 a) or
50 2 12 3

b) $315 b) 9 days

5 2
4 a) 6 a)
7 3

b) 20 rungs b) 9 hours

15 5 3
5 a) or 7 a)
27 9 4

b) 195 g b) 16 kilometres per hour

0.9 9 14 7
6 a) or 8 a) or
2.5 25 18 9

b) 178.2 kg b) 27 weeks

8 4
Exercise 11.7 9 a)
6
or
3
48 3
1 a) or b) 13.5 hours
32 2

b) 12 minutes 15 5
10 a) or
9 3
12 3
2 a) or b) 12 days
8 2

b) 4 weeks Exercise 11.8

1 20 minutes
3
3 a)
4 2 500 kg/minute

3 1164 litres
b) 24 hours
4 $239.40
40 4
4 a) or 5 a) $8.64
50 5
b) $138.24
b) 55 minutes
6 50 km/hour

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11 Ratio, Proportion, Rate

7 4.5 m/s

8 12 km/hour

9 18 km/hour

10 11.4 seconds

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12 Percentages

Exercise 12.1

1 a)
3 Exercise 12.2
4
1 a) $20

3
b) b) $0.60
25

c) $0.72
3
c)
50
d) $6

4 e) $18
d)
5
f) $1
2 a) 0.27
g) $60
b) 0.86
h) $5.40
c) 0.03
i) $2.58
d) 0.08
j) $2
e) 1.5
k) $15
f) 1.4
l) $0.34
g) 2.5
2 $90
h) 1.74
3 15% of $20 = $3; 20% of $15 = $3. Both
i) 0.027
amounts are the same.
j) 0.036
4 $1
k) 0.128
5 $400
l) 0.173
6 160

7 108

8 78

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12 Percentages

9 $1150 b) 24%

10 $295.32 c) 25%

11 a) 299.25 d) 30%

b) 20.25 e) 73%

c) $230.40 f) 8%

d) 351.5 m g) 90%

e) 113.16 h) 20%

f) $170.28 i) 5%

g) 20.28 j) 130%

h) 2.76 3 56%

i) $2.56 4 24%

j) $2.10 5 15%

12 $157.50 6 20%

13 46 seats (round 45.05 up to nearest integer) 7 32%

8 55%
Exercise 12.3
1 a) 12% 9 a) 12.5%

b) 8% b) 26.7%

c) 40% c) 47.5%

d) 25% d) 85%

e) 40% e) 79.2%

f) 15% f) 66.4%

2 a) 16% 10 42.5%

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12 Percentages

11 14.7% 5 $10.40

12 93.3% 6 $1290

13 59.4% 7 1.68 m

14 93.3% 8 $173.90

15 42% 9 $327.60

10 $2655
Exercise 12.4
1 20%
Exercise 12.6
2 12% 1 a) 1.13

3 52% b) 1.2

4 27% c) 1.68

5 15% d) 1.08

e) 1.02
Exercise 12.5
1 a) $480 f) 1.175

b) $580 g) 2.5

c) $424 2 a) 0.86

d) $720 b) 0.8

2 a) $140 c) 0.55

b) $170 d) 0.93

c) $194 e) 0.97

d) $80 f) 0.77

3 $30 000 g) 0.835

4 $12 480 3 $4.78

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12 Percentages

4 $29.40

5 $32.40

Exercise 12.7
1 75 tonnes

2 40

3 $50

4 56 500

5 $12 500

6 $14 200

7 $8800

8 $27 000

9 $24 000

10 $480

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13 Use of an Electronic Calculator

Exercise 13.1
1 0.368 to 3 s.f. Exercise 13.2
2 –4.03 to 3 s.f. 1 a) 2.35 × 1013

3 –22.572 b) 4.69 × 105

4 0.191 to 3 s.f. c) 1.87 × 1011

5 5
d) 2.55 × 10−6
6 3.84
e) 2.61 × 105
7 4.5
f) 2.76 × 108
8 9.2
g) 3.17 × 1011
9 4.48
h) 7.67 × 10−7
10 1.20 to 3 s.f.

2 6.4 × 1010 km2

11 1.23 to 3 s.f.

12 34.123 3 a) 6.32 × 107

13 1.3 b) 259 people/km2 or 260 people/km2

14 3.45 to 3 s.f 4 a) 1.5 × 104 seconds

15 2.68 to 3 s.f
b) 4.35 × 109 km
16 2.65 to 3 s.f
5 a) 4.299 × 109
17 1.78 to 3 s.f
b) 99 people/km2 or 100 people/km2
18 1.85 to 3 s.f
6 a) 1.5 × 1011
19 17.4 to 3 s.f
b) 495 seconds ( 8 minutes 15 seconds)
20 3.77 to 3 s.f

21 0.0673 to 3 s.f.

22 1.44 to 3 s.f

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13 Use of an Electronic Calculator

Exercise 13.3 Exercise 13.4

1 a) 40 × 20 = 800; so could be correct. 1 5.55 litres

b) Wrong. Dividing by a number greater than 1 2 0.57 m to 2 d.p.

reduces the value.

3 a) $62.50

c) Wrong. 8000 × 10 = 80 000.

b) $8.37

d) Wrong. 12 × 9 = 108.
c) $11.41

e) 5 × 20 = 100; so could be correct.

d) $27.94

2 a) Negative ÷ negative = positive.

4 $99.60

b) 12.4 × 1 = 12.4, so the answer should be less

than 12.4
Exercise 13.5
c) 30 × 4 = 120, so 30 × 40 = 1200 1 a) 1.75 hours

d) 8  64 and 9  81 , so the answer should b) 2.2 hours

lie between 8 and 9.

c) 0.65 hours

e) The square of a number between 0 and 1 is

2 a) 5.25 minutes
smaller than the number.
b) 3.45 minutes
f) 16 ÷ 8 = 2.
c) 0.7 minutes
g) Dividing 125 by a number between 0 and 1
3 a) 3 hours 30 minutes
has an answer that is greater than 125.
b) 1 hour 18 minutes
h) Positive × negative = negative.
c) 4 hours 51 minutes
i) The last digit should be 7 + 2 = 9.
4 a) 3 minutes 45 seconds

j) Dividing 76 by a number between 0 and 1 b) 2 minutes 24 seconds

has an answer that is greater than 76.
c) 1 minutes 54 seconds

5 2 hours 40 minutes

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14 Time

Exercise 14.1
3 a) 01 50
1 a) 11.45 a.m.
b) 14 40
b) 5.53 a.m.
c) 11 49
c) 1.40 a.m.
d) 18 30
d) 9.20 a.m.
e) 00 02
e) 12.10 a.m.
f) 03 20
f) 10.41 a.m.
g) 14 08
g) 2.32 a.m.
h) 00 49
h) 4.30 a.m.
i) 09 35
i) 11.20 a.m.
j) 23 02
j) 12.48 a.m.
4 a) 3.45 a.m.
2 a) 1.45 p.m.
b) 2.56 p.m.
b) 3.53 p.m.
c) 11.40 p.m.
c) 9.40 p.m.
d) 11.59 a.m.
d) 10.59 p.m.
e) 12.55 p.m.
e) 12.10 p.m.
f) 4.35 a.m.
f) 2.40 p.m.
g) 3.16 p.m.
g) 5.23 p.m.
h) 9.40 p.m.
h) 7.40 p.m.
i) 1.59 a.m.
i) 8.19 p.m.
j) 2.52 p.m.
j) 12.03 p.m.

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14 Time

b) 1.83 hours
Exercise 14.2
1 15 30 c) 0.75 hours

2 6 hours and 45 minutes d) 10.65 hours

3 10.35 a.m. e) 3.63 hours

4 2 hours and 35 minutes 3 a) 4 minutes 42 seconds

5 1 hours and 45 minutes b) 5 minutes 15 seconds

6 2 hours and 33 minutes c) 25 minutes 18 seconds

7 a) i) 1 hours and 25 minutes d) 24 seconds

ii) 2 hours 4 18 36 or 6.36 p.m.

iii) 2 hours and 30 minutes 5 42.64 km/h

iv) 3 hours and 40 minutes 6 19 24 or 7.24 p.m.

b) i) 12 10 7 16 05 or 4.05 p.m.

ii) 13 55 8 7 hours

8 7.05 p.m.

9 7.55 a.m.

10 09 50

Exercise 14.3
1 a) 5 hours 24 minutes

b) 3 hours 16 minutes

c) 2 hours 50 minutes

d) 12 hours 46 minutes

2 a) 4.25 hours

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15 Money

Exercise 15.1
Other comparisons are possible but the same conclusion should be reached.

1 25.8 cents/litre, 43.5 cents/litre; 5 litres is best value.

2 $1.33/litre, $1.35/litre, $1.14/litre, $1.30/litre; 1 litre is best value.

3 3.17 cents/ml, 2.89 cents/ml; 200 ml is best value.

4 0.33 cents/ml, 0.16 cents/ml, 0.15 cents/ml; 12 × 330 ml is best value

5 0.12 cents/gram, 0.1175 cents/gram; 1.2 kg is best value

6 0.757 cents/gram, 0.671 cents/gram; 325 g is best value

7 0.762 cents/gram, 0.796 cents/gram; 680 g is best value

8 A: $18.75, B: $19; restaurant A is best value

Exercise 15.2
1 a) 24 340.80 PKR

b) $34.51

2 a) 1164.80 AED

b) €204.33

3 a) 114 862.50 JPY

b) 161.03 AUD

4 a) 22 941 MUR

b) £68.65

5 a) Internet

b) i) 705 PKR

ii) $6.95

6 a) 1.54 Singapore dollars

b) €0.65

c) €155.77 (accept €155 to €156)

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16 Personal and Small Business Finance

Exercise 16.1
1 $918

2 $838

3
Trouser sizes Size Quantity Colour Price Total

10, 12, 14, 16, 18 14 1 Red $14.99 $14.99

20, 22, 24, 26 20 2 Blue $16.99 $33.98

Postage & packing $1.95

Total $50.92

Item Cost Total

2.4 kg potatoes $1.60 per kg $3.84
6 oranges 26c each $1.56
1.4 kg onions $2.20 per kg $3.08
8 bananas 31c each $2.48
Total $10.96

Exercise 16.2
1 a) $915

b) $10 140

2 $28

3 $1475

4 22.7%

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16 Personal and Small Business Finance

5 Bob’s Budget bargains by 0.65%

6 60%

7 7.83%

Exercise 16.3
1 $285.84

2 a) $12.58

b) $1548.10

c) $730.81

d) $2924.26

3 $6336.80

4 $1754.79

5 a) $3646.52

b) $9621.41

c) $4231.80

6 $16 488

7 3525

8 $35 500

9 $38 774

10 a) 180 419 dubs

b) 365 760 dubs

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16 Personal and Small Business Finance

11 a) $4051.69

b) $5033.40

12 SI: $680; CI: $665.50. Difference = $14.50

13 5 years: $1469.33; 4 years: $1411.58. So 5 years at 8% is better.

14 $34 696

15 5 years

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17 Algebraic Representation and Formulae

Exercise 17.1
v) 10
1 a) 9
w) 20
b) 6
x) 12
c) 3
y) 100
d) 11
z) 8
e) 10
2 a) 5
f) 12
b) −1
g) 10
c) 15
h) 19
d) 5
i) 2
e) 11
j) 17
f) 4
k) 28
g) 9
l) 14
h) 90
m) 1
i) 15
n) 8
j) 27
o) 8
3 a) 19
p) 40
b) 39
q) 40
c) 4
r) 18
d) 6 ½
s) 2
e) 14.5
t) 25
4 a) 10
u) 3

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17 Algebraic Representation and Formulae

b) 10 5 E = 22.1

c) 232 6 f = 42

5 a) 4
Exercise 17.3
b) 6 1 C = xy

c) 8.5 2 A = mn

d) 8 3 h = nt

4 F = 32 + 1.8C
Exercise 17.2
1 a) V = −21 5 A = ½ bh

b) P = 55 V
6 I=
R
c) T = 2
7 C = np
d) M = 10
8 w = nq
e) R = 24
L
9 N
1 13 t
f) L = 2 or
6 6
10 Q = ½R + 1
8
g) D =
25
Exercise 17.4
h) A = 34 1 C = 180

i) P = 38 2 A = 42

j) B = 4 3 h = 340

2 M = 0.56 4 F = 104

3 a) S = 720 5 A = 15

b) S = 30.625 6 I = 5.44

4 A = 111.5 7 C = 3500

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17 Algebraic Representation and Formulae

8 w = 30 000
Exercise 17.6
9 N = 30 1 a) b  a  c

10 Q = 19 3a  y
b) x 
w

Exercise 17.5 vu

c) t 
1 2x + 3 = 23, x = 10; their ages are 10 and 13 a

2 3a + 15 = 180, a = 55; the angles are 55°, 55° d) T  AH

and 70°
P C
e) T 
3
3 3x = 45, x = 15; Chan spends $15 and Ali

spends $30 f) u  2 P  v

4 a) 330 + 3x = 540, x = 70 g) r 
C
2
b) The angles are 150°, 150°, 70°, 70° and
A A  pr
100° h) q   r or q 
p p

5 a) 2x + 15 = 53, x = 19
i) q  p  2r

b) 19 boys and 34 girls

Bs
j) r 
6 2x − 10 = 140, x = 75; 75 men and 65 women 5

7 x = 2(2x − 30), x = 20; angles are 20° and 10° k) t  2u  s

8 3(x + 4) = 27, x = 5 ms
l) q 
pr
9 2n − 5 = 3(n − 2), n = 1
2F  L L
10 4(c + 12) = 28c, c = 2; children pay $2, m) G  or G  F 
2 2
adults $14
Ft  m
n) n 
4

o) S  2aT

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17 Algebraic Representation and Formulae

tx  A
p) y  Exercise 17.7
2t
s
1 t
P a  2b
2 a) l  w
2
s
2 b
b) 14 m ac

CA bP
3 a) n  3 t
32 ba

b) 56 4 u  v 2  2as

T  40
4 a) w  A
45 5 r
4
b) 2.4 kg
7  3a 3a  7
6 y or y 
3b b3
S
5 a) r 
2 h
cd
7 a
b) 2.4 cm bc

3V b2 b2
6 a) h  8 a or a 
 r2 2b  2 2(b  1)

b) 27 cm s 1
9 r
2
3V
6 a) h 
 r2 bs  s s(b  1)
10 x or x 
2a  b 2a  b
b) 27.0 cm
bc  ab b (c  a )
11 d or d 
C  40 C ac ac
7 a) n  or n   8
5 5
ab
12 t
b) 39 1  bs

S  2 r 2 S V  5ab2
8 a) h  or h  r c3
2 r 2 r 13
3

b) 7.3 cm

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17 Algebraic Representation and Formulae

100 A
14 P
100  RT

su
15 v
us

1
16 a
s b

1  ab
17 c
a

bca
18 d
a b

100a
19 b
m  100

a
20 p
1 a

ba
21 x
2a  b

T 2g
22 L 2
4

y4
23 x
3

3V
24 r
h

25 a) d = 5.39

b) 3.68 m

c) x  d 2  y2  z 2

d) 0.71 m

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18 Algebraic Manipulation

Exercise 18.1
10 60
1 −1
11 −28
2 4
12 −3
3 1
13 7
4 9
14 56
5 1
15 10.5
6 3
16 −21
7 4
17 4
8 6
18 2
9 1
19 28
10 −4
20 −12

Exercise 18.2
1 14 Exercise 18.3
1 5x
2 6

2 3 y  2z
3 16.5

4 −11 3 2x  2 y

5 −2 4 3a  2b

6 −12 5 5x

7 10 6 7p

8 16 7 6b

9 −18 8 3p

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18 Algebraic Manipulation

9 4s 2
8 9a  2ab  6b
2

10 a 2  b2 9 ab  bc

11 3a  3b 10 pq  3 p 2

12 m  2n 11 Cannot be simplified

13 2x  y 12 2ab  bc

14 x2  2x 15 13 2a3

15 12 pq 14 Cannot be simplified

16 8b  4a 15 3a3  7a2

17 8a
16 3ab2  3a2b

18 6a  9b
17 2x2
19 3x
18 13a3  6a2
20 3c  4d
19 abc

Exercise 18.4 20 11ab

1 4ab

2 2ac  6ab
Exercise 18.5
1 2 a  2b
3 0
2 8x  4
4 6ab  4ac
3 2p  6
2 2
5 2b  a
4 9x  3
6 2 x 2  4 xy  y 2
5 4x  6
2 2
7 2b  a 6 21y  7 z

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18 Algebraic Manipulation

7 12  32a 6 y 2  2 y  y ( y  2)

8 20a  30b
7 2b  6b 2  2b(1  3b)

9 15e  40 f
8 8a 2  20a  4a(2a  5)

10 2  2x
9 2( x  3)
11 5 p  5q
10 4( x  5)

12 a2  2a
11 3(3  4 x)

13 y2  y
12 x(3x  5)

14 3y  2 y2
13 5(a 2  2b)

15 2x  x2
14 12(2  3a 2 )

16 2 y  y 2
15 10 x( x  10)

17 3c2  12c 16 8(3x  4 y)

18 10x2  6x 17 5a(3b  4c)

19 6i  8 j  10k
18 6 f (5 f  3g )

20 20m  12n  8 p
19 7a(6b  5a)

5ab(a  2b)
Exercise 18.6
20

1 12a  3  3(4a  1) 21 a(3b  2c  3d )

2 9a  18  9(a  2)
22 x 2 y (2 y  3 x)

3 5 y  30  5( y  6)
23 5( x 2  3 x  3)

4 6b  4  2(3b  2)
24 2(6 x  3 y  4 z)

5 4 x  16  4( x  4)

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18 Algebraic Manipulation

25 3b(3a  2b) 13 (4a  3b)(2a  5c)

26 2ac(2a  c) 14 (a  1)(a  b)

27 4 xy(3x  2  y) 15 (a  2b)(c  3d )

28 3a 2b(1  3ab) 16 (2a  3b)(5c  d )

29 5abc(abc  2) 17 (5a  3d )(2b  c)

30 a 2b(2  3b 2  7a 2 ) 18 (2x  3 y)(3x  z)

31 a(4bc  3c 2  2ab) 19 (5 x 2  3 y )(2  5 y )

20 ( x  3)(2x  1)
Exercise 18.7
1 (a  b)(2 x  3)
Exercise 18.8
2
2 (a  2b)(5x  3) 1 x  5x  6

3 ( p  q)( p  r ) 2
2 a  7a  12

4 (a  b)( x  y) 2
3 a  3a  2

5 (a  b)(a  c) 2
4 x  3x  10

6 (a  b)(a  c) 2
5 x  4 x  21

7 (b  3)(4a  3) 2
6 x  11x  30

8 (2a  3)( x  2 y) 2
7 x  3x  18

9 (ax  b)(5x  2) 2
8 x  9 x  20

10 (a 2  2b)(3a  2b)
9 x2  4x  3

11 (5a  3b)(2 x  y)
10 a2  6a  9

12 (4c  3d )(2a  3b)

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18 Algebraic Manipulation

11 a 2  3a  2 31 x 2  100

12 x2  x  2 32 x 2  49

13 p2  2 p  8
Exercise 18.9
2
14 a 2  15a  56 1 x  x  30

2
15 x2  2x  24 2 10x  22x  4

2
16 x 2  12 x  27 3 6x  19x  10

2
17 x2  9 x  10 4 10x  3x  18

18 x2  6 x  9 5 2 x 2  3 xy  y 2

19 a 2  10a  25 6 3 x 2  17 xy  20 y 2

20 b 2  2b  1 7 2 x 2  7 xy  6 y 2

21 x2  4 x  4 8 42 x 2  20 xy  32 y 2

22 a 2  4a  4
9 4 g 2  20 gh  21h 2

23 x2  20x  100
10 6 j 2  37 jm  56m 2

24 x2  16x  64
11 10m2  23mn  42n2

25 b2 14b  49
12 6r 2  rn  15n2

26 x2  8x  16
13 4q 2  4 pq  63 p 2

27 x2  4
14 6r 2  37rs  56s2
28 x2  36
15 4s2  20st  21t 2
29 x2 16

30 x2  1

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18 Algebraic Manipulation

Exercise 18.10 Exercise 18.11

1 ( x  5)( x  5) 1 ( x  3)( x  2)

2 ( x  2)( x  2) 2 ( x  5)( x  1)

3 (2a  b)(2a  b) 3 ( x  3)( x  1)

4 (3  4 y)(3  4 y)
4 ( x  4)( x  2)

5 (5x  7 y)(5x  7 y)
5 ( x  4)( x  1)
6 (3x  8)(3x  8)
6 ( x  4)( x  5)
7 (1  7t )(1  7t )
7 ( x  1)( x  1)
8 (10 x  1)(10 x  1)
8 ( x  6)( x  1)
9 ( xy  4a)( xy  4a)

9 ( x  6)( x  3)
10 ( y  13)( y  13)

10 ( x  2)( x  5)
11 (11x  12 y)(11x  12 y)

12 2(2  x)(2  x) 11 ( x  3)( x  1)

13 3( x  8)( x  8) 12 (a  1)(a  1)

14 5(3  2 x)(3  2 x) 13 ( y  7)( y  2)

15 5( xy  2)( xy  2)
14 ( x  4)( x  2)

16 3( x  2)( x  2)
15 (a  6)(a  2)
17 5( x  3)( x  3)
16 (a  3)(a  3)
18 7( x  7)( x  7)
17 (b  8)(b  4)
19 10( x  20)( x  20)
18 ( x  3)( x  8)
20 8( x  5)( x  5)
19 ( x  4)( x  5)

20 ( x  7)( x  8)

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18 Algebraic Manipulation

Exercise 18.12 Exercise 18.13

1 ( x  2)( x  4) 1 ( x  1)2

2 ( x  5)( x  1)
2 ( x  2) 2

3 ( x  2)( x  3)
3 ( x  5) 2
4 ( x  6)( x  1)
4 (a  10)2
5 ( x  3)( x  1)

5 (3  2 y ) 2
6 ( x  3)( x  6)

7 ( x  4)( x  7) 6 (2 x  y )2

8 ( x  1)( x  10) 7 (7a  2)2

9 ( x  2)( x  11)
8 (6 x  5 y ) 2

10 ( x  8)( x  4)
9 (4a  3b) 2
11 ( y  11)( y  2)
10 (2ab  c)2
12 ( x  4)( x  3)

13 ( x  5)( x  4) Exercise 18.14

14 (a  10)(a  2) 1 2( x  2)( x  1)

15 (a  3)(a  9) 2 (3x  1)( x  2)

16 (a  2)(a  8) 3 (2 x  1)( x  4)

17 (b  20)(b  1) 4 (2 x  3)( x  2)

18 ( x  13)( x  2)
5 3(2 x  1)( x  2)

19 ( x  10)( x  3)
6 3( x  2) 2
20 ( x  2)( x  9)
7 (3x  2)( x  3)

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18 Algebraic Manipulation

8 ( x  1)(3x  10) 2 (2x  1)( x  3)

9 (3x  5)( x  2) 3 (3x  4)( x  2)

10 (2 x  5)(2 x  3) 4 (3x  1)( x  4)

11 (2 x  1)(2 x  3) 5 (2 x  1)( x  5)

12 (7 x  3)( x  1) 6 (3x  5)( x  3)

13 (5x  3)( x  2) 7 5( x  5)( x  2)

14 (5x  2)( x  4) 8 (5x  2)( x  3)

15 (3x  2)(2 x  5) 9 (2 x  1)(2 x  3)

16 (4 x  3)(2 x  3) 10 (7 x  4)( x  2)

17 (3x  5)( x  4) 11 (3x  7)( x  2)

18 (2 x  3)( x  2) 12 (3x  4)( x  5)

19 (3x  1)( x  4) 13 (2 x  7)( x  3)

20 (5x  3)( x  3) 14 (2x  1)( x  8)

21 2(2 x  1)( x  1) 15 (2 x  7)(3x  2)

22 (3x  5)( x  2) 16 (6 x  5)( x  3)

23 (2 x  1)( x  2) 17 (2 x  5)( x  3)

24 (4 x  5)( x  3) 18 (3x  7)( x  2)

19 (5x  3)( x  4)

Exercise 18.15 20 (3x  4)( x  3)

1 (3x  5)( x  2)
21 (4 x  5)( x  2)

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18 Algebraic Manipulation

22 (2 x  3)( x  5) x4
12
x5
23 (4 x  1)( x  2)
x 1
13
24 (3x  2)( x  6) x3

3( x  2)
14
Exercise 18.16 x4

5ab 2
1 3x  2
2 15
2x  3

2 3a 2b 2x  3
16
x 1
3x3 y
3
20 3x
17
2x 1
3y4
4
2 5( x  3)
18
x3
x4
5
2x 19 x2

3x x2
6 20
x3 2x  3

x 1
7
x 1 Exercise 18.17
11x
1
3x  4 10
8
5( x  1)
x
2
3 15
9
x2
3x  1
3
6 10
10
x2
17 x  12
4
x2 30
11
x 1
5 x

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18 Algebraic Manipulation

3x  1
6
x( x  1)

5x  3
7
x( x  1)

x2  6 x  1
8
( x  1)( x  3)

4 x2  x  3
9
( x  1)( x  2)

 x2  5x  2
10
( x  1)( x  2)

7 x 2  8 x  10
11
5 x( x  1)

3x 2  17 x  15
12
5 x( x  1)

23x 2  4 x  51
13
9( x  3)( x  2)

3( x  1)(2 x  3)
14
(2 x  1)( x  2)

2( x 2  7 x  3)
15
( x  3)( x  3)

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19 Indices

Exercise 19.1
4
6 45
1 a) 6

3
7 99
b) 7

5
8 68
c) 8
9 48
d) 44
10 57 × 62
e) 26

2
11 29 × 38
f) 10

2 3
12 78 × 85
2 a) 5 × 4

b) 32 × 53 Exercise 19.3
1 a) 103
c) 23 × 32 × 45

b) 33
d) 73 × 82 × 93

c) 82
3 a) 64

d) 72
b) 64

e) 6
c) 81

2 a) 32
d) 100 000

b) 22
Exercise 19.2
c) 54
1 55

9
d) 43
2 6

7
e) 27
3 10

11
f) 66
4 3

5 85

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19 Indices

Exercise 19.4
1 a) a5 b) x2

b) a9 c) x2

c) a6 d) x12

d) a9 7 a) 6a5b3

2 a) a2 b) 6a5b7

b) a4 c) Cannot simplify

c) a6 8 a) 5ab2

d) a3 b) 2ac

3 a) 6a5 c) 27b4

b) 12a9 4a 2 c
9 a)
3b 2
c) 12a6
8x2 y2
d) 15a 9 b)
5z 2

4 a) 3a2
6a 7 b3
c)
5c 3
b) 2a4

c) 2a6
Exercise 19.5
d) 3a3 1 a)
1
6
5 a) 9a6
1
3
b)
b) 8a 9

c) 25a8 c) 1

d) 32a15 1
d)
25
6 a) x4

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19 Indices

1 c) 1
e)
1000
1
d)
2 a) 2 16

b) 9 e) 8

3 1 3 a) 2
c) 1
2 2
1
b)
16 7 8
d) 1
9 9
c) 16
125 5
e)  15
8 8 d) 64

3 a) 3 e) 8

b) 5 1
4 a)
9
c) 36
b) 3
1
d)
8 c) 1

1
Exercise 19.6 d)
81
1
1 a) n 3 e) 27

1 5 a) 3
b) x 6
b) 81
5
c) m3
1
c)
4
27
d) p 5
1
d)
1 3
2 a)
4
e) 1
b) 2
6 a) 8

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19 Indices

1 16 1
b) c) 5
4 3 3

c) 1 d) 15

1 11 a) 125
d)
16
b) 6
e) 32
c) 100
7 a) 4
343 1
d)  114
1 3 3
b)
2
12 a) 1000
c) 1
2
b)
d) 64 25

1 455 3
e) c)  113
128 4 4

8 a) 28 24
d) 
5
b) 6

1 Exercise 19.7
c)
4 5
1 a) 2 2
d) 5 7

b) 2 4

9 a) 12
c) 26
b) 64
d) 23
1 2
c) 
3 e) 2 3

1
d) 27 f) 2 2

10 a) 9 2 a) 33

b) 16 b) 31

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19 Indices

3
22
c) 3 2 d) 22  32 or
32

d) 36
33
e) 33  21 or
2
e) 32

f) 311n f) 24 n  32 n

3 a) 25 6 a) x5

b) 22 b) x2n

c) 23
c) x 2

d) 22 5
d) x2
3n
e) 2
29
e) x 6
f) 23n8
5
4 a) 54 f) x 4

b) 52 7 a) x  4

c) 51 1
b) x 
3
5

d) 5 2
c) x  4

e) 54  n 1
d) x  
2
f) 57n
e) x  3
5 a) 23  3
1
f) x  
2
b) 26  32

1 2
8 a) 10a 1
c) 23  33
1 3
b) a
2

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19 Indices

1
3 2
c) a
2

7
8 2
d) a
3

3b
9 a)
a

a
b)
3b 2

9a 2
c)
b2

b2
d)
5a 3

10 a) 2 y 4

b) 2 y 7

3
1 2
c) y
2

5
5 2
d) y
4

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20 Solutions of Equations and Inequalities

Exercise 20.1
14 x = 10
1 x=4
15 x=1
2 x=4
16 x=3
3 x=3
17 x=2
4 a=4
18 x=8
5 y=3
19 x=4

Exercise 20.2
1
20 x= 5
1 x=4 2

2 x=4
Exercise 20.3
3 x = −2
1 x=4

4 x=0
2 x=3

5 x=8
3 x = −3

6 x = −4
4 x=8

1
7 x= 8 5 x=1
2
6 x=1
8 x=3
7 x=2
9 x = 3.4
8 x=4
3
10 x=1
4
9 x = −13

11 x=2
10 x=2

12 x=4
11 x=1

1
13 x=  1
4 12 x= 4
2

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20 Solutions of Equations and Inequalities

13 x=4 12 x=7

14 x=1 13 x=4

15 x=2 1
14 x=1
4
16 x=7
1
15 x=1
17 x=5 2

18 x=4 7
16 x=
10
19 x=9
5
17 x=
20 x = 7 9

18 x = 12
Exercise 20.4
1 x=4 19 x=9

2 x=6 20 x = 24

3 x=5
Exercise 20.5
1 1 x=7
4 x= 2
2
2 x=4
6
5 x=
7 1
3 x = 25
2
6 x = 12
4 x=4
1
7 x = 24
2 5 x=3

8 x = 20 6 x=1

9 x = 50 7 x = 1

1 8 x=1
10 x= 6
2
1
9 x= 
11 x = 23 5

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20 Solutions of Equations and Inequalities

1 6 x  1.5
10 x=
2

11 x=3

12 x=0 7 x4

80
13 x=
9

1 8 x5
14 x= 3
2
9 x  0.5
1
15 x = 5
2 10 x  2.5

11 x4
Exercise 20.6
1 e.g. x = −3, −4 12 a 1

2 a) x = −4, −3, −2, −1 13 x4

b) x = 2, 3, 4, 5 14 x  2

c) x = 2, 3, 4 15 x7

d) x = −4, −3, −2, −1

16 x 1

3 x7
17 x2

18 x2

19 x4
4 x4

20 x  3

21 x  8.5

5 x 1
22 x  6

23 x  3

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20 Solutions of Equations and Inequalities

24 x  10 14 x = 2, y = 1

25 x  18 15 x = 2, y = −1

26 x4 16 x= 2
1
,y=1
1
2 2
27 x  17
1 1
17 x= ,y= 2
28 2 x5 2 2

29 1  x  2.4 1
18 x= 2 ,y=1
2
30 a) x = 2, 3
19 x =3, y = −1
b) x = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3
20 x = 3 , y = 2

Exercise 20.7 21
1
x = 1 , y = 1
1
2 2
1 x = 4, y = 1

2 x = 2, y = 3
Exercise 20.8
3 x = 2, y = 2 1 x = 2, y = 3

4 x = 4, y = 1 2 x = 1, y = 1

5 x = 2, y = 3 3 x = 4, y = 1

6 x = 5, y = 1 4 x = 2, y = 3

7 x = 4, y = 1 5 x = 1, y = 2

8 x = 2, y = 2 6 x = 5, y = 6

9 x = 2, y = 1 7 x = 5, y = 2

10 x = 3, y = 2 8 x = 4, y = 1

11 x = 5, y = 7 9 x = −1, y = 2

12 x = 4, y = 1 10 x = −2, y = −3

13 x = 1, y = 5 11 x = −2, y = 3

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20 Solutions of Equations and Inequalities

1 1 17 x = 2 or x = 4
12 x= ,y= 2
2 2
18 x = ±13
9 5
13 x= 2 ,y= 3
26 26 19 x = ±15

14 x = 5, y = −2 20 x = −3 or x = 1

15 x = 2.6, y = 3.8 21 x = −5 or x = 1

22 x = 0 or x = 10
Exercise 20.9
1 x = 2 or x = 3 23 x = −3 or x = 4

2 x = 1 or x = 5 24 x = −6 or x = 1

3 x = 1 or x = 3 25 x = 0 or x = 1

4 x = ±10 26 x = −3 or x = 5

5 x = −2 or x = −4 27 x = −3 or x = 6

6 x = −1 or x = −4 28 x = −1 or x = 10

7 x = −4 or x = −5 29 x = 2 or x = 15

8 x = ±5 30 x = −8 or x = 4

9 x = −1 (repeated)
Exercise 20.10
10 x = 1 or x = 6 1 x = 1.5 or x = 4

11 x = 3 or x = 6 2
2 x=  or x = 4
3
12 x = 0 or x = 8
3 x = 1.5 or x = −1
13 x = −3 or x = −4
4 x = 1 or x = 2.5
14 x = 0 or x = −3
1
5 x = −1 or x =
15 x = 0 or x = −6 3

16 x = 4 or x = 6

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20 Solutions of Equations and Inequalities

1 10 x = −1.22 or x = 0.55
6 x=  or x = −5
2
11 x = −0.48 or x = 1.68
7 x = 1.5 or x = 5
12 x = 0.35 or x = 2.85
4 1
8 x=  or x =
3 2 13 x = 0.36 or x = 0.56

9 x = −6 or x = 5 14 x = 0.10 or x = −0.65

10 x = 1 or x = 3
15 a) ( x  6)2  24

11 x = −2 or x = 3
b) 24

4
12 x=  or x = 6 c) x  6  2 6
3

13 x = ±2 16 a) 2( x  2)2  3

14 x = ±3 1 1
b) 5( x  ) 2  3
2 4
15 x = ±5
9 1
c) 2( x  ) 2  17
2 2
Exercise 20.11
1 x = 0.76 or x = 5.24
Exercise 20.12
2 x = −0.53 or x = −9.47 1 x = −0.84 or x = −7.16

3 x = 6.70 or x = 0.30 2 x = −0.82 or x = 1.82

4 x = 6.61 or x = 0.61 3 x = 1.85 or x = 0.18

5 x = 0.64 or x = 9.36 4 x = 0.54 or x = 1.86

6 x = 0.44 or x = 4.56 5 x = −2.32 or x = 0.52

7 x = 0.19 or x = 1.31 6 x = −0.19 or x = 5.19

8 x = 0.79 or x = 2.12 7 x = −0.74 or x = −2.26

9 x = −0.26 or x = −5.74 8 x = −0.63 or x = −6.37

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20 Solutions of Equations and Inequalities

9 x = −0.85 or x = 2.35 3
10 x= or x = 1
4
10 x = −1.22 or x = 0.55
3 5
11 x=  or x =
11 x = 0.76 or x = 1.84 2 3

12 x = 0.44 or x = −1.36 1
12 x= or x = 4
2
13 Width = 2.40 m and length = 10.40 m
13 x = 11 or x = 2
2
14 a) 20x – 2x
1
14 x=  or x = 5
b) 7.24 m by 5.53 m or 2.76 m by 14.47 m 2

c) 50 m2 15 x = 1.70 or x = 5.31

15 a) 4x2 + 74x + 330 16 x = 1.30 or x = 2.30

b) 0.90 m

Exercise 20.13
1 x=5

2 x=3

3 x=0

4 x=4

5 x = −3

6 x=5

7 x=1

2
8 x= 
3

3
9 x = −1 or x =
4

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21 Graphical Representation of Inequalities

Exercise 21.1
5

1 a) x > 2

b) y < −2

c) y < 2x

d) y ≥ x + 4
6
e) 3x + 4y > 12

f) y ≤ 2x − 4

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21 Graphical Representation of Inequalities

Exercise 21.2 5

In this exercise, the required region is labelled R

1

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22 Sequences

Exercise 22.1
3 a) Linear
1 a) Add 4; 26
b) 66, 63
b) Add 8; 51
4 a) Linear
c) Add 5; 34
b) 17, 21

2 a) Multiply by 3; 729 5 a) Not linear

b) Divide by 5; 5 b) 36, 49

c) Add 1 more each time; 22 6 a) Not linear

3 a) 22, 27, 37 b) 45, 66

b) 22, 13, 7 7 a) Linear

c) 64, 256 b) 30, 37

4 a) 77 is in the sequence because the sequence

Exercise 22.3
is the multiples of 7 and 77 = 11 × 7
1 2, 3, 4, 5
b) 77 is not in the sequence because all the
2 2, 4, 6, 8
numbers in the sequence are even and 77 is
3 1, 3, 5, 7
odd.

4 6, 7, 8, 9
5 a) 49

5 3, 6, 9, 12
b) To get from one number to the next you add

3, 5, 7, 9, … . 6 4, 7, 10, 13

7 2, 7, 12, 17
Exercise 22.2
1 a) Linear 8 10, 20, 30, 40

b) 11, 13 9 0, 7, 14, 21

2 a) Not linear 10 1, 0, −1, −2

b) 30, 28

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22 Sequences

11 1, 2, 3, 4 7 10n + 1

12 4, 5, 6, 7 8 3n + 2

13 4, 8, 12, 16 9 100n + 1

14 0, 1, 2, 3 10 n−1

15 3, 5, 7, 9 11 3n − 1

16 2, 5, 8, 11 12 2n + 5

17 11, 17, 23, 29 13 5n − 1

18 −1, 1, 3, 5 14 5n + 10

19 4, 3, 2, 1 15 4n − 5

20 8, 6, 4, 2 16 2n + 3

21 1, 4, 9, 16 17 n + 100

22 3, 6, 11, 18 18 5−n

23 −4, −1, 4, 11 19 10 − 3n

24 3, 12, 27, 48 20 27 − 2n

25 1, 8, 27, 64
Exercise 22.5
1 a) n2 + 2
Exercise 22.4
1 n b) n2 − 5

2 2n + 2 c) n2 + n

3 4n d) 2n2

4 2n − 2 e) n2 + 3n − 1

5 4n + 3 f) n2 − 2n + 4

6 6n – 5 2 a) n3 + 10

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22 Sequences

b) n3 − 9

c) 2n3

d) n3 + n2

e) n3 − n

3 a) 2n − 1

b) 2n + 12

c) 2n + n

d) 2n – 2n

4 a) T1  A  13  B  12  A  B  1

T2  A  23  B  22  8 A  4 B  12

b) A = 2, B = −1

c) T3  45, T4  112

2n 2
5
2n  1

Diagram (n) 1 2 3 4 n

Number of small squares 1 4 9 16 n2

Numbers of dots 4 9 16 25 (n + 1)2

Number of lines 4 12 24 40 2n2 + 2n

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23 Variation

Exercise 23.1
Exercise 23.2
1
1 a) t  1
s 1 a) y  x
3
b) p  w
b) y  7 x

c) d  t
80
c) y 
x
1
d) b 
s
d) y  5x
e) t  d
2
e) y  x
f) c  m 3

2 a) y  x f) y 
15
x

b) y  x
2
g) y  x
3
1
c) y 
x
5
h) y  x
4
d) y  x

50
e) y  x i) y 
x

1 2
f) y  j) y  x
x 5

g) y  x V
2 a) I 
6
h) y  x
b) 10 amperes
1
i) y  330
x 3 a) w 
f
j) y  x
b) 0.5 m

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23 Variation

2 5 3
4 a) i) A B 5 a) y  x
5 2

1000 b) y  160
ii) A
B
c) x  6
b) i) B  62.5
6 y4
ii) B  40
7 y  0.625

Exercise 23.3
8 y  4.8
1
1 a) y  x 2
12
9 y4

b) y  12
10 y  0.36

c) x  24
11 a) v4 l
64
2 a) y 
x2 b) 40 m/s

b) y  1 12 a) 35 days

105
c) x  1.6 b) n 
t

8
3 a) y  x 13 4 newtons
3

14 a) 4p
b) y  16

b) 96 m
c) x  2.25

c) 1500%
40
4 a) y  3
x
15 a) y  x2

b) y  0.32
1
b) y
x2
c) x  0.5

1
c) y
x

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23 Variation

1
d) y
x2

e) y  x2

1
f) y
x

g) yx

1
h) y
x2

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24 Graphs in Practical Situations

Exercise 24.1 Exercise 24.2

1 a) 1 a) 09 45

b) 6 minutes

c) 1.9 km

d) On the way to the supermarket.

e) 4 km/h

2 a) 10 10

b) 4.8 km
b) i) €24 to €25
c) 10 minutes
ii) $85 to $86
d) 16 minutes

2 a) i) NZ$60 to NZ$65 3 a) 1 hour 30 minutes ii)

b) i) £31 to £32 b) 45 minutes

c) 95 km
ii) £80
d) 12 48
c) £190 to £194
4 a)

3 a) i) 24 to 25 miles

ii) 40 to 41 miles

b) i) 16 to 17 km

ii) 89 to 90 km

c) 240 km

4 a) i) 31 to 33 °F

ii) 183 to 187 °F

b) i) 37 to 39 °C b) 21 minutes

ii) 76 to 78 °C c) 8.04 am

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24 Graphs in Practical Situations

c) 5 m/s
Exercise 24.3
1 08:15 to 09:00: 13.3 km/h; 6 a) 18 m/s
09:00 to 09:15: 0 km/h;
09:15 to 09:45: 16 km/h; b) 20 seconds
09:45 to 10:00: 0 km/h;
10:00 to 10:30: 10 km/h
2 0.25 m/s; 2.5 m/s Exercise 24.5
1 a) 180 m
3 a) 4 m/s
b) 350 m
b) 1 m/s
c) 250 m

Exercise 24.4 d) 200 m

1 0.75 m/s2; 0.4 m/s2 2 a) 0.25 m/s2

2 a) 0.6 m/s2 b) i) 600 m

b) 0.25 m/s2 ii) 1800 m

3 a) 1.9 to 2 m/s2 3 a) 690 m

b) −2 m/s2 b) 30 seconds
1
4 a) t = 0 to t = 30: acceleration is m/s2; 4 u=8
3
2
t = 30 to t = 45: acceleration is m/s2; 5 a) i) 10.5 m/s
3
t = 45 to t = 65:acceleration is 0 m/s2;
t = 65 to t = 90: deceleration is 0.8 m/s2. ii) 78.75 m

b) i) 6.7 m/s to 1 d.p.

b)

ii) 12 m/s

5 a)

1
b) m/s2
3

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25 Graphs of Functions

Exercise 25.1
1
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 −1.5

x2 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 2.25

3x −12 −9 −6 −3 0 3 6 −4.5

−7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7

y  x 2  3x  7 −3 −7 −9 −9 −7 −3 3 −9.25

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

2x 2 18 8 2 0 2 8 18

−8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8

y  2x2  8 10 0 −6 −8 −6 0 10

x −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 −2.5

 x2 −36 −25 −16 −9 −4 −1 0 −1 −4 −6.25

5x 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 −5 −10 12.5

+6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 +6

y   x2  5x  6 0 6 10 12 12 10 6 0 −8 12.25

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25 Graphs of Functions

4 a)

x −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1.5

x2 1 0 1 4 9 16 25 2.25

3x 3 0 −3 −6 −9 −12 −15 −4.5

y  x 2  3x 4 0 −2 −2 0 4 10 −2.25

b)

5
x −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x 2 1 0 1 4 9 16 25 36
6x 6 0 −6 −12 −18 −24 −30 −36
+5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
2
y  x  6x  5 12 5 0 −3 −4 −3 0 5

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25 Graphs of Functions

6
x −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x 2 −1 0 −1 −4 −9 −16 −25
4x −4 0 4 8 12 16 20
−3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3
2
y  x  4x  3 −8 −3 0 1 0 −3 −8

7 a)

x −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2.5

x2 1 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 6.25

5x 5 0 −5 −10 −15 −20 −25 −30 −12.5

+2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

y  x2  5x  2 8 2 −2 −4 −4 −2 2 8 −4.25

b) x = 0.4 (or 0.5) or x = 4.5 (or 4.6)

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25 Graphs of Functions

8 a)

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 1.5

x2 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 2.25

2x 2 8 2 0 2 8 18 32 4.5

5x 10 5 0 −5 −10 −15 −20 −7.5

+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

y  2x2  5x  2 19 8 1 −2 −1 4 13 −2

b) x = 0.2 or x = 2.3

9 a)

x −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

x2 1 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49

2x 2 2 0 2 8 18 32 50 72 98

12x 12 0 −12 −24 −36 −48 −60 −72 −84

y  2 x 2  12 x 14 0 −10 −16 −18 −16 −10 0 14

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25 Graphs of Functions

b) x = −0.4 or x = 6.4

10 a)

t 0 1 2 3 4 5

t2 0 1 4 9 16 25

d  5t 2 0 5 20 45 80 125

b) 3.6 seconds

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25 Graphs of Functions

Exercise 25.2
Answers are given correct to 1 decimal place.

1 a)

b) x = 1 or x = 3

2 a)

b) x = 0 or x = 3

3 a)

b) i) x = −1 or x = 3

ii) x = −0.4 or x = 2.4

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25 Graphs of Functions

iii) x = −0.8 or x = 3.8

iv) x = −1.4 or x = 3.4

4 a)

b) i) x = −1.6 or x = 3.6

ii) x = −1.3 or x = 2.3

iii) x = −1.4 or x = 3.4

5 a)

b) i) x = −2.9 or x = 1.4

ii) x = −2.4 or x = 0.9

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25 Graphs of Functions

6 a)

b) i) x = 0.7 or x = 4.3

ii) x = −0.4 or x = 5.4

iii) x = 0.5 or x = 6.5

7 a)

b) Just – it is at its maximum

c) 6 seconds

8 y = −4

9 2x2  9x + 4 = 0

10 3x2 + 2x  6 = 0

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25 Graphs of Functions

Exercise 25.3
Answers are given correct to 1 decimal place.

1 a)
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

x3 −27 −8 −1 0 1 8 27

+5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

y  x3  5 −22 −3 4 5 6 13 32

b)

c) x = −1.7

2 a)

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

x3 −27 −8 −1 0 1 8 27

y   x3 27 8 1 0 −1 −8 −27

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25 Graphs of Functions

b)

c) x = −1.8

3 a)

x −10 −5 −2 −1 −0.5 −0.1 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10

1 −0.1 −0.2 −0.5 −1 −2 −10 10 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1

y
x

b)

c) Due to small scale allow a wide tolerance.

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25 Graphs of Functions

1
i) x = 3.3 (calculated answer: x = 3 )
3

ii) x = −0.2

4 a)
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

x3 −27 −8 −1 0 1 8 27 64

12x 36 24 12 0 −12 −24 −36 −48

+2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

y  x 3  12 x  2 11 18 13 2 −9 −14 −7 18

b)

c) The only two values in the range of the graph are x = 0.2 and x = 3.2

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25 Graphs of Functions

5 a)

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

x3 −27 −8 −1 0 1 8 27 64

 x2 −9 −4 −1 0 −1 −4 −9 −16

6x 18 12 6 0 −6 −12 −18 −24

y  x3  x 2  6 x −18 0 4 0 −6 −8 0 24

b)

c) The solution is x = −2, x = 0 or x = 3

6 a)

x −8 −4 −2 −1 1 2 4 8

8 −1 −2 −4 −8 8 4 2 1
y
x

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25 Graphs of Functions

b)

7 a)

x −12 −8 −6 −4 –3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 6 8 12

x2 144 64 36 16 9 4 1 1 4 9 16 36 64 144

12 0.08 0.19 0.33 0.75 1.33 3 12 12 3 1.33 0.75 0.33 0.19 0.08
y
x2

b)

8 a)

x −5 −4 −2.5 −2 −1 1 2 2.5 4 5

5 −1 −1.25 −2 −2.5 −5 5 2.5 2 1.25 1

y
x

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25 Graphs of Functions

b) and c)

d) x = −2.2 or x = 2.2

9 a)

b) 2.5 minutes

c) About 20 °C

10 y = −x2 + 4x – 3

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25 Graphs of Functions

Exercise 25.4
Answers are given correct to 1 decimal place.

a) y = 9.2

b) x = 4.3

a) y = 2.6

b) x = 4.4

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25 Graphs of Functions

3 a)

b) i) C

ii) A

iii) B

4 The graph of y = 3 × 2x is the same shape as y = 2x but steeper. It is always above the graph of y = 2x and

crosses the y axis at (0, 3) instead of (0, 1).

Exercise 25.5
All the answers in this exercise will approximate to the following:

1 Gradient of tangent at x = 4 is 4; gradient of tangent at x = 1 is −2

2 Gradient of tangent at x = 4 is 5; gradient of tangent at x = 1 is −1

3 Gradient of tangent at x = 2 is 12; gradient of tangent at x = −1 is 3

4 Gradient of tangent at x = 0 is −12; gradient of tangent at x = 2 is 0; gradient of tangent at x = 3 is 15

5 a) x = 1 or x = −1

1
b) Gradient of tangent at x = 2 is −0.25; gradient of tangent at x =  is −4
2

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26 Function Notation

Exercise 26.1
7 a) f(4) = 5
1 a) f(1) = 7
b) x = 3.5
b) f(−2) = −5
c) x = 2.5
c) f(0) = 3
8 a) h(4) = 11
2 a) g(2) = 2

b) 4 x2  5
b) g(−3) = 12

c) x  6
c) g(0.5) = 5

9 a) f(4) = −4
3 a) h(3) = 3

b) x  0 or x  5
1
b) h( 4)  
2
c) x  2 or x  7

1
c) h    13 10 a) g(2) = 1.4
2

b) x  1.75
4 a) f(4) = 23

4
b) f(−3) = 16 c) x
9

1 1
c) f    7
2 4 Exercise 26.2
1
5 a) g(−4) = −50 1 a) x 
2

2
b) x   x3
3 b) f 1 ( x ) 
4

c) 5(2  3x)
53 1
c) f 1 (5)  
4 2
6 a) h(2) = 4
6x
b) x  3 2 a) g 1 ( x ) 
2

6 64
c) b) g 1 (4)   1 ; g(1)  6  2 1  4
x 2

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26 Function Notation

x c) g 1 ( 293)  100
3 a) h 1 ( x )  6
3
3x  1
9 a) f 1 ( x ) 
b) h 1 (9)  9 6

c) h 1 ( x )  6 2x
b) g 1 ( x ) 
5
5x  1
4 a) f 1 ( x )  6
2 c) h 1 ( x ) 
x
b) f 1 (3)  7
4( x  7)
d) f 1 ( x) 
3
4 1
c) f 1    1
5 2
x4
e) g 1 ( x ) 
8
5 a) g 1 ( x )  2( x  7)
1
f) h 1 ( x ) 
b) g 1 ( 4)  6 x2

c) g 1 (12)  38

12
6 a) h 1 ( x )  1
x

b) h 1 ( 4)  4

c) h 1 (2)  5

7 a) f 1 (9)  4

1
b) f 1 (0)  2
2

1
c) f 1 ( 18)  
2

8 a) g 1 (1)  2

b) g 1 ( 5)  4

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27 Coordinate Geometry

Exercise 27.1
4
1 a)
7

b) −2.5

c) 0.2

2 a) 0

1
b)
4

c) −1

3 a) −4

b) 0.75

c) −3.2

Exercise 27.2
1 a) i) (1, 6)

ii) 4

b) i) (4, 4)

ii) 6.32

c) i) (5, 4.5)

ii) 6.71

d) i) (5.5, 4.5)

ii) 7.07

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27 Coordinate Geometry

e) i) (1, 2)

ii) 6.32

f) i) (−5, −7)

ii) 8.25

2 (8, 7)

3 a) 12.166

b) 6.083

c) Length of line joining midpoints is half AC

Exercise 27.3
1
Gradient y-intercept

a) 3 −2

b) 5 −3

c) 5 2

d) 2 7

e) −2 7

f) −3 9

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27 Coordinate Geometry

Gradient y-intercept

a) −2 5

b) 5 1

c) −2 3.5

d) 3 4
 or 1.5
2

e) 6 2
 or −1.2
5

f) 2 3
 or −0.4
5

3 a) y = 3x + 2

b) y = 4 − x

c) y = 5x

d) y = 4x − 1

e) y = 5 − 2x

f) y = 3x

4 a) y = 4x

1
b) y  x 1
2

3
c) y   x  1
2

5
d) y   x  5
2

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27 Coordinate Geometry

5 a) 3x  4 y  9

b) y  x  3

c) y  2 x  1

d) 3x  y  2

e) 2 x  3 y  9

Exercise 27.4
1 a) y  2 x  2

b) x  2 y  4

c) (0, 2)

2 a) y  4 x  3 and 4 x  y  5

b) 2 x  3 y  5 and 6 y  4 x  1

3 y  3x  2

4 3x  2 y  6

5 x  3 y  16

6 3 y  2x  9

1
7 a)
2

1
b) 
4

4
c)
5

8 3y  x  4

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28 Geometrical Terms

Exercise 28.1
d) 045°
1 a) Acute
e) 135°
b) Right angle
2 a) 024°
c) Obtuse
b) 101°
d) Acute
c) 003°
e) Reflex
3 A: 080°
f) Reflex
B: 120°
2 a) Obtuse
C: 225°
b) Acute
D: 310°
c) Reflex

d) Reflex Exercise 28.3

1 Check students’ diagrams; 5 diagonals
e) Obtuse

2 Square, rectangle
f) Reflex

3 Rectangle, parallelogram
g) Acute

4 All four angles 90°; opposite sides parallel and

h) Right angle
the same length; diagonals same length
3 a) AC and BD
5 Square, rhombus
b) AB
6 Parallelogram, rhombus

Exercise 28.2 7 Opposite angles equal; all sides equal length;

1 a) 090°
opposite sides parallel; diagonals bisect at 90°
b) 180°
8 Square, rhombus, kite
c) 270°
9 Square, rectangle, isosceles trapezium

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28 Geometrical Terms

10 Square, rectangle, parallelogram, rhombus

Exercise 28.4 Exercise 28.6

1 a) Cuboid 1 a) Radius

b) Triangular prism b) Centre

c) Cube c) Diameter

d) Square-based pyramid d) Chord

2 a) 6 faces, 8 vertices e) Tangent

b) 5 faces, 6 vertices 2 11.4 cm

c) 6 faces, 8 vertices 3 25.2 cm

d) 5 faces, 5 vertices
Exercise 28.7
3 a) Sphere 1 a) Cube

b) Cylinder b) Square-based pyramid

c) Cone c) Triangular prism

d) Triangular prism
d) Tetrahedron

e) Triangle-based pyramid
4 Cuboid, triangluar prism, cube and cylinder
f) Cube

Exercise 28.5
1 Pairs a), b), d) and f) are congruent

2 Shapes C, F and G

3 35°, 75° and 70°

4 a) No

b) No

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28 Geometrical Terms

2 The nets are not drawn to size, but lengths are 5

marked. Other nets are possible.

a)

b)

3 a) 12

b) 8

c) 6

4 a) Points K and I

b) Point F

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29 Geometrical Constructions

Exercise 29.1
1

i) Estimated angle ii) Measured angle

a) 60°–70° 65°

b) 120°–130° 125°

c) 45°–55° 50°

d) 305°–315° 310°

Exercise 29.2

For measurements from students’ diagrams, accept ±0.2 cm and ±2° throughout.
1 Check students’ diagrams.

2 a) 5.3 cm, 83°, 35°

b) 2.9 cm, 76.5°, 76.5°

c) 9.7 cm, 20°, 42°

d) 2.8 cm, 114°, 33°

3 Check students’ diagrams.

4 a) 3.4 cm, 3.7 cm, 117°

b) 6.4 cm, 3.8 cm, 82°

c) 6.7 cm, 3.1 cm, 63°

d) 8.4 cm, 3.9 cm, 29°

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29 Geometrical Constructions

Exercise 29.3

For measurements from students’ diagrams, accept ±0.2 cm and ±2° throughout.
1 Check students’ diagrams.

2 a) 26°, 37°, 117°

b) 65°, 65°, 50°

c) 36°, 63°, 81°

4 Check students’ diagrams.

5 a) 6.3 cm, 47°, 61°

b) 6.3 cm, 36°, 93°

6 Check students’ diagrams.

Triangle 1: angle BCA = 53° and angle ABC = 87°

Triangle 2: angle BCA = 127° and angle ABC = 13°

7 a) Check students’ diagrams.

b) Angle D = 113°

8 a) Check students’ diagrams.

b) BD = 10 cm

Exercise 29.4
1 Check students’ diagrams.

2 Check students’ diagrams.

Exercise 29.5
Check students’ diagrams. For measurements from students’ diagrams, accept ±0.2 cm and ±2° throughout.

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29 Geometrical Constructions

Exercise 29.6
1 a) 12.4 m

b) 20.8 m

c) 27.2 m

d) 10.4 m

2 a) 42 km

b) 99 km

c) 57 km

d) 28 km

3 Check students’ lines. The lines should be the lengths given below.

a) 5 cm

b) 5 cm

c) 12 cm

d) 7.5 cm

4 a) 12.4 m

b) Living room: 11.2 m by 6 m

Dining room: 6.8 m by 4.8 m

Bedroom 1: 5.6 m by 6 m

Bedroom 2: 3.4 m by 4.8 m

Bathroom: 2.4 m by 3.6 m

Kitchen: 4.6 m by 3.6 m

c) 13 cm by 7.5 cm

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29 Geometrical Constructions

5 a) i) 92 km

ii) 274 km

iii) 112 km

iv) 66 km

v) 128 km

vi) 276 km

b) 4.5 cm

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30 Similarity and Congruence

Exercise 30.1
1 Triangle ABC is congruenct to triangle EFD (SSS)

2 a) Congruent (SAS)

b) Not congruent

c) Third angle = 80° therefore congruent (ASA)

d) Congruent (RHS)

e) Congruent (SSS)

f) Not congruent

3 A and (iv) (SAS)

B and (iii) (ASA)

4 In triangles ABC and ADC:

AB = AD (Given)
BC = DC (Given)
AC is common.
So triangles ABC and ADC are congruent (SSS).
Hence Angle BAC = Angle DAC, and so AC bisects Angle A, as required.
Also Angle BCA = Angle DCA, and so AC bisects Angle C, as required.

5 Let D be the midpoint of BC.

Then in triangles ABD and ACD:
AB = AC (Equal sides of isoceles triangle)
BD = CD (D is midpoint of BC)
AD is common.
So triangles ABD and ACD are congruent (SSS)
Hence Angle B = Angle C, as required.

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30 Similarity and Congruence

Because triangle ABC is isosceles, in triangles ACD and ABD:

AC = AB and Angle ACD = Angle ABD
CD = DB (Given)
Therefore triangle ACD is congruent to triangle ABD (SAS).
Therefore Angle CAD = Angle BAD and Angle ADC = Angle ADB.
But Angles ADC and ADB lie on a straight line and so add to 180°.
Therefore they are both 90°.
Therefore AD bisects angle BAC and is perpendicular to BC.

7 ABCD is a rectangle.

In triangles ABD and ABC:

AB is common to both, AD = BC.
Angles DAB and ABC are both 90°, therefore triangle ABD is congruent to triangle BAC (SAS).
Therefore BD = AC.

8 ABCD is a rhombus whose diagonals cut at E.

In triangles BAD and BCD:

BA = BC (ABCD is a rhombus.)
AD = CD (ABCD is a rhombus.)
BD is common.
Therefore triangles BAD and BCD are congruent (SSS).

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30 Similarity and Congruence

In triangles ABE and CBE:

AB = BC (ABCD is a rhombus.)
BE is common, and because triangles BAD and BCD are congruent then Angles ABE and EBC are equal.
Therefore triangles ABE and EBC are congruent (SAS).
Therefore AE = EC and Angles AEB and BEC are equal.
Because they are on a straight line, AC, they must be 90°.
Hence, the diagonal BD bisects AC at right angles.
Similarly you can prove the result for AC cutting BD.
Therefore the diagonals bisect each other at right angles.

9 In triangles ABD and CBD,

AB  BC  pairs of equal sides

AD  CD  since ABCD is a kite.

BD is common.
So triangles ABD and CBD are congruent (SSS).
This means that Angles ABD = Angle CBD and Angle ADB = Angle CDB.
i.e. BD bisects each of Angles B and D.
Consider triangle ABC.
Let the diagonals intersect at O.
AB  BC 
 already shown.
Angle ABO  Angle CBO 
BO is common.
So triangles ABO and CBO are congruent (SAS).
Hence AO = OC and Angle AOB = Angle COB = 90°
i.e. the shorter diagonal is bisected at right angles as required.

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30 Similarity and Congruence

10 AX, XC, AY, YB, BZ and ZC are all equal.

The angles at A, B and C are equal.

Therefore triangles CXZ, BZY and AYX are congruent (SAS).

Therefore XZ = ZY = YX.
Therefore XYZ must be an equilateral triangle.

Exercise 30.2
1 8 cm

2 8 cm

3 Middle mat: 15 cm by 24 cm
Largest mat: 25 cm by 40 cm

4 PQ = 4.2 cm; PR = 5.88 cm

5 PQ = 3.5 cm; QR = 6.02 cm

6 3 cm

7 42 m

8 a) Angle BAC = Angle CDE (alternate angles)

Angle ACB = Angle DCE (vertically opposite angles)

Angle ABC = Angle CED (alternate angles)

Corresponding angles are equal so triangle ABC is similar to triangle CDE.

b) AC = 13.5 cm; BC = 27 cm

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30 Similarity and Congruence

9 Although the lengths of corresponding sides are in constant proportion, the angle between two sets of

corresponding sides in the two quadrilaterals is different. Therefore, the two shapes cannot be similar.

10 a) In triangles ADC and BDA,

Angle ADC = Angle BDA = 90°

Angle ABD + Angle ACB = 90°

Angle DAC + Angle ACB = 90°

So Angle ABD = Angle DAC and similarly Angle BAD = Angle ACB

So corresponding angles are equal and therefore traingles ADC and BDA are similar.

b) BD = 1.8 cm

Exercise 30.3
1 a) 4

b) 9

c) 25

d) 16

e) 36

f) 100

2 a) 1000

b) 64

c) 125

d) 8

e) 27

f) 512

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30 Similarity and Congruence

3 a) 4

b) 6

c) 8

d) 10

4 a) 72.5 cm2

b) 18.1 m2

5 25.9 cl

6 360 cm2

7 1 : 50

8 27 : 64 : 125

9 2.48 m

10 a) 15

b) 225

c) 4.52 m2

11 15.1 cm

12 0.0226 m2 or 226 cm2

13 77.44 cm2

14 693 cm2

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31 Symmetry

Exercise 31.1 b)

1 a) 4

b) 0

c) 3

2 a) c)

b)
Exercise 31.2
1

c)
2

3 a)
3 Check students’ diagrams.
Pattern with rotational symmetry order 2 and no
lines of symmetry.
4

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31 Symmetry

Exercise 31.3 ˆ  62

3 MCA
1 a) Two lines of symmetry, rotational symmetry ˆ  90 (perpendicular from centre
Reason: AMC
to chord)
of order 2
ˆ  62 (angle sum of triangle = 180°)
So MCA
b) Three lines of symmetry, rotational

symmetry of order 3

c) Five lines of symmetry, rotational symmetry

of order 5

2 a) 9

b) An infinite number

3 2 planes of symmetry, 1 axis of symmetry

4 Check students’ diagrams.

Sketch of octagon with 2 lines of symmetry and

rotational symmetry of order 2

5 a) Square

b) Kite or isosceles trapezium

6 Sphere

Exercise 31.4
1 Kite
Reason: AT = BT (equal tangents)
and AO = BO (equal radii).

2 Triangles OXQ, OYR and OYS

Reason: PQ = RS (equal chords are equidistant
from centre)
So PX = XQ = RY = YS
OP = OQ = OR = OS (equal radii).

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32 Angles

Exercise 32.1
1 a) a = 19° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

b) b = 143° (The sum of the angles at a point is 360°)

c) c = 48° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

d = 132° (Vertically opposite angles are equal or the sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

d) e = 45° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

f) f = 65° (f + 71° = 136°. Vertically opposite angles are equal)

g) g = 117° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

h = 63° (Vertically opposite angles are equal or the sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

h) k = 80° (The sum of the angles at a point is 360°)

2 113° + 123° + 134° = 370°. Karim has meaured incorrectly as the angles at a point total 360°.

Exercise 32.2
1 x = 74° (Alternate angles are equal)
y = 137° (Corresponding angles are equal)
z = 67° (Allied angles add up to 180°)

2 a = 110°, b = 70°, c = 70°

d = 105°, e = 75°, f = 63°, g = 63°
p = 82°, q = 67°, r = 31°

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32 Angles

5 a = 40° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

b = 72° (Alternate angles are equal)
c = 68° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180° or corresponding angles are equal)
d = 81° (Alternate angles are equal)
e = 57° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)
f = 57° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180° or corresponding angles are equal)

6 Angle ABE = 51°, Angle CDE = 94° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)
Corresponding angles BEA and CDE (or ABE and BCD) are equal therefore lines BE and CD are parallel.

Exercise 32.3
1 a = 70° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

2 b = 21° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

3 c = 71° (Equal angles in an isosceles triangle)

d = 38° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

4 e = f = 72° (Equal angles in an isosceles triangle and the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

5 g = 60° (Angles in an equilateral triangle are all 60°)

h = 120° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

6 b = 113° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

7 c = 60° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

8 a = 50° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

b = 130° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

9 c = 20° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

d = 130° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

10 e = 137° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

f = 25° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)
g = 68° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

11 h = 128° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

i = 64° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

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32 Angles

12 a = 74° (Equal angles in an isosceles triangle and the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

13 b = 41° (Equal angles in an isosceles triangle and the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

14 a = 54° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

15 b = 45° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

16 c = 36° (The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

17 a = 126° (The sum of the angles in a quadrilateral is 360°)

18 i = 115° (The sum of the angles in a quadrilateral is 360°)

19 j = 123° (The sum of the angles in a quadrilateral is 360°)

k = 57° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

20 l = 100° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

m = 84° (The sum of the angles in a quadrilateral is 360°)

Exercise 32.4
1 a) 58°

b) 110°, 121°, 97°, 90°, 122°

2 a) 78°

b) 126°, 132°, 115°, 145°, 100°, 102°

3 a) 61°

b) 113°, 137°, 89°, 143°, 119°, 119°

4 Exterior angle = 40°; interior angle = 140°

5 a) 150°

b) 162°
6 15 sides

7 107°

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32 Angles

8 Exterior angle = 24°; interior angle = 156°

9 12 sides

10 130°

Exercise 32.5
1 a =140° (Angle at centre = 2 × angle at circumference)

2 b = 45° (Angle at circumference = ½ angle at centre)

c = 45° (Equal angles in an isosceles triangle and the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

3 d = 100° (Equal angles in an isosceles triangle and the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)
e = 50° (Angle at circumference = ½ angle at centre)

4 f = 60° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

g = 120° (Angle at centre = 2 × angle at circumference)

5 h = 25° (Angle at circumference = ½ angle at centre = 45°; equal angles in an isosceles triangle)

6 i = 22° (Angle at centre = 2 × angle at circumference = 136°; equal angles in an isosceles triangle)

7 j = 45° (Angle at circumference = ½ angle at centre)

k = 135° (The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°)

8 l = 42° (Angle at circumference = ½ angle at centre)

9 m = 30° (Angle in a semicircle is 90° and the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

10 n = 120° (Angle at circumference = ½ angle at centre)

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32 Angles

Exercise 32.6
1 a = 50° (Angles in the same segment are equal)
b = 100° (Angle at centre = 2 × angle at circumference)

2 c = 110° (Angles around a point sum to 360° and angle at circumference = ½ angle at centre)
d = 110° (Angles in the same segment are equal)

3 e = 45° (Angle at circumference = ½ angle at centre)

f = 45° (Angles in the same segment are equal)

4 g = 45° (Angle at circumference = ½ angle at centre)

h = 45° (Angles in the same segment are equal)
i = 45° (Equal angles in an isosceles triangle)

5 j = 80° (Angle at circumference = ½ angle at centre)

k = 100° (Angles in opposite segments are supplementary)

6 l = 140° (Angle at centre = 2 × angle at circumference)

m = 110° (Angles in opposite segments are supplementary)

7 Obtuse angle at centre = 120° (Angles in isosceles triangle)

Reflex angle at centre = 240° (Angles about a point)
n = 120° (Angle at circumference = ½ angle at centre)

8 o = 20° (Angles in the same segment are equal)

p = 40° (Angles in the same segment are equal)
q = 60° (External angle of triangle)

9 r = 104° (Angles in opposite segments are supplementary)

s = 85° (Angles in opposite segments are supplementary)

10 t = 50° (Angles in the same segment are equal)

u = 56° (Sum of the angles in a triangle is 180° and angles in the same segment are equal)
v = 34° (Angles in opposite segments are supplementary)

11 w = 45° (Angles in opposite segments are supplementary)

x = 60° (Angles in opposite segments are supplementary)

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32 Angles

12 y = 40° (Angles in the same segment are equal)

z = 80° (Angle at centre = 2 × angle at circumference)
a = 50° (Equal angles in an isosceles triangle and the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)

13 b = 95° (Angles on a straight line and angles in opposite segments are supplementary )
c = 126° (Angles in opposite segments are supplementary and angles on a straight line)

14 d = 30° (Angle in a semi-circle, angle sum of triangle and angles in same segment)

15 e = 90° (Angle in a semicircle is 90°)

f = 40° (Angles in the same segment are equal)
g = 32° (Angle sum of triangle is 180°)

Exercise 32.7

Other reasons may be equally valid.

1 a = 40° (Equal angles in an isosceles triangle and the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)
b = 40° (Angles in the same segment are equal or angle in a semi-circle is 90°)
c = 50° (Angle in a semi-circle is 90°)

2 d = 60° (Angles in the same segment are equal)

e = 20° (Angles on straight line, angles in a kite, angles in a triangle)
f = 20° (Angles in the same segment are equal)

3 g = 69° (Angle at circumference = ½ angle at centre)

h = 34.5° (Angles on straight line, angles in an isoceles triangle)

4 i = 90° (Angle in a semi-circle is 90°)

j = 80° (Angles in an isoceles triangle, angles on straight line)
k = 50° (Angles in an isoceles triangle)

5 l = 50° (Angles in the same segment are equal)

m = 40° (Angle at centre = 2 × angle at circumference, angles in an isoceles triangle)

6 n = 40° (Base angles in an isoceles triangle are equal)

7 o = 55° (Angles in the same segment are equal)

p = 27.5° (Angles in opposite segments are supplementary, angles in an isoceles triangle)

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32 Angles

8 q = 90° (Angle in a semi-circle is 90°)

r = 30° (Angle in a semi-circle is 90°, angles sum of triangle)
s = 30° (Angles in the same segment are equal)
t = 40° (Angles on straight line, angles in a triangle)

9 u = 18° (Angle in a semi-circle is 90°, angle sum of triangle, angles in the same segment are equal)

Exercise 32.8

Other reasons may be equally valid.

1 a = 50° (Angle between tangent and radius is 90°)

2 b = 50° (Angle between tangent and radius is 90°, angle sum of quadrialteral)

3 c = 70° (Angle between tangent and radius is 90°)

d = 20° (Angles in the same segment are equal)

4 e = 15° (Angle between tangent and radius is 90° so 6e = 90°)

f = 30° (Angles in an isosceles triangle)

5 g = 45° (Angle between tangent and radius is 90°)

6 h = 50° (Angle between tangent and radius is 90°, angle sum of triangle)
i = 30° (Angle between tangent and radius is 90°, angle sum of triangle)

7 j = 40° (Angle between tangent and radius is 90°)

k = 50° (Angle in a semi-circle is 90°, angles sum of triangle)
l = 40° (Angles in the same segment are equal)

8 m = n = 55° (Angles in an isosceles triangle and kite, angle between tangent and radius)

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33 Loci

Exercise 33.1
Check the accuracy of students’ drawings.

The diagrams in these answers are not accurate but are given as a guide.

1 The locus is made up of four straight lines and four quarter circles, all 1 cm outside the rectangle.

2 The line drawn is the perpendicular bisector of AB.

The region shaded is the locus.

3 The locus is the line parallel to the two given lines.

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33 Loci

4 The circle is centred on A and has radius 4 cm.

The region shaded is the locus.

5 Two lines are drawn parallel to the given line and 2 cm away from it.
Two semicircles of radius 2 cm are drawn at the ends.
The region shaded is the locus.

6 The region shaded is the locus.

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33 Loci

7 The locus passes through B and D.

8 A quarter circle (quadrant) is centred on A and has radius 3 cm.

9 The locus is the angle bisector of CAB.

10 The locus is the perpendicular bisector of AB.

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33 Loci

Exercise 33.2
Check the accuracy of students’ drawings.

The diagrams in these answers are not accurate but are given as a guide.

The regions not required are shaded in these answers.

1 Draw a circle centred on A, radius 3 cm and a circle centred on B, radius 4 cm.

2 Draw a circle centred on B, radius 3.5 cm and the perpendicular bisector of AD and BC.

3 The point equidistant from all sides is the intersection of the bisectors of the angles.

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33 Loci

4 Construct the angle bisector of ABC.

Draw arcs centred on A of radius 3.5 cm.
The points are marked E and F.

5 Construct the angle bisector of ABC.

Draw an arc centred on C of radius 3 cm.
The region required is labelled R.

6 Draw two circles centred on A, radius 2 cm and radius 3 cm.

The region required is labelled R.

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33 Loci

7 Draw a circle centred on A, radius 2.5 cm and a circle centred on B, radius 3 cm.
The region required is labelled R.

8 Construct the perpendicular bisector of AB.

Draw an arc centred on C of radius 4 cm.
The point is marked D.

9 Draw four quarter circles centred on each vertex, radius 2 cm.

The region required is labelled R.

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33 Loci

10 Construct the perpendicular bisector of AB and the angle bisector of BAC.

The region required is labelled R.

11 Draw two lines 1 cm away from each of the longer sides.

Draw an arc radius 2.5 cm centred on the midpoint of one of the shorter sides.
The region required is labelled R.

12 Draw an arc radius 3 cm centred on A.

Construct the angle bisector of BCD.
The region required is labelled R.

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33 Loci

13 Draw a line 1 cm away from AB.

Draw an arc radius 4 cm centred on C.
The region required is labelled R.

14 Construct the angle bisector of BAD.

Draw an arc centred on A of radius 3 cm.
The region required is labelled R.

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34 Measures

Exercise 34.1
4 a) 2.1463 m
1 a) millimetres or centimetres
b) 5.142 m
b) metres or centimetres
c) 5.7 m
c) metres
d) 1.146 m
d) millimetres or centimetres
5 a) 31 cm, 1600 mm, 2.42 m, 284 cm, 9 m
2 a) 45.2 mm
b) 105 mm, 3.2 m, 423 cm, 6100 mm, 804 cm
b) 20 mm
6 6.7 km
c) 45 mm
7 a) 12 g
d) 93.5 mm
b) 7000 g
e) 2101 mm
c) 1130 g
f) 3000 mm
d) 2140 g
g) 2239 mm
8 a) 6.6 kg
h) 9100 mm
b) 8 kg
3 a) 5200 cm
c) 6.3 kg
b) 500 cm
d) 5.126 kg
c) 232 cm
9 a) 874 g, 1.7 kg, 4000 g, 9.4 kg, 52 000 g
d) 1816 cm
b) 0.174 kg, 2104 g, 2.79 kg, 3.4 kg, 4123 g
e) 66 cm
10 750 g
f) 7 cm
11 a) 520 ml
g) 31 cm
b) 7000 ml
h) 4.6 cm
c) 1520 ml

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34 Measures

d) 160 ml 4 a) 2610 cm3

12 a) 95.03 litres b) 9.5 litres

b) 2 litres c) 2400 ml

c) 2.341 litres d) 0.91 litres

d) 46.42 litres 5 Calculation should be 5 × 2 × 0.5 (= 5 m3) not 5

× 2 × 50
13 a) 51 cl, 80 cl, 1600 ml, 2.4 litres, 9 litres

6 195 mm (or 19.5 cm)

b) 51.5 ml, 1 litre, 1500 ml, 180 cl, 3.1

litres 7 1000

14 650 ml 8 100

9 147 if the sugar cubes are not crushed; 179 if

Exercise 34.2
the sugar cubes are crushed.
2
1 a) 30 000 cm
10 50 m
2
b) 230 mm

c) 95 200 cm2

d) 1.4 mm2

2 a) 900 cm2

b) 81.4 cm2

c) 720 m2

d) 9.4 m2

3 a) 3 200 000 cm3

b) 0.000 042 m3

c) 0.005 m3

d) 6 420 000 cm3

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35 Mensuration

Exercise 35.1 Exercise 35.2

1 a) 10 cm 1 16.92 cm2

b) 38 cm 2 6.76 m2

2 a) Missing lengths: 8 cm and 9 cm; Perimeter 3 15.023 cm2

72 cm
4 36 m2

b) Missing lengths: 10 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm;

5 a) 2.34 km2
Perimeter 74 cm
b) 6.2 km
c) Missing lengths: 120 m and 90 m; Perimeter
6 49 cm2
660 m
7 15 cm
d) Missing lengths: 3.4 cm, 2 cm, 8.2 cm, 2
8 a) 444 m2
cm, 3.4 cm and 3.1 cm; Perimeter 44.2 cm

b) 22.2 kg
3 a) 11.4 cm

c) 9
b) 12.8 cm

c) 11.2 cm
Exercise 35.3
4 5 cm 1 a) 12 cm2

5 30 cm b) 20 m2

6 1 cm by 29 cm; 2 cm by 28 cm; 3 cm by 27 cm; c) 35 cm2

4 cm by 26 cm; 5 cm by 25 cm; 6 cm by 24 cm;
7 cm by 23 cm; 8 cm by 22 cm; 9 cm by 21 cm; d) 31.5 m2
10 cm by 20 cm; 11 cm by 19 cm; 12 cm by 18
cm; e) 30.38 cm2
13 cm by 17 cm; 14 cm by 16 cm;
15 cm by 15 cm
f) 12.6 m2

g) 7.5 m2

h) 16.38 cm2

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35 Mensuration

i) 24 m2 d) 43.7 cm2 to 1 d.p.

2 a) 40 m2 e) 67.8 cm2 to 1 d.p.

b) 45 cm2 f) 57.1 cm2 to 1 d.p.

c) 49.5 m2 3 a) a = 8

b) b = 4
d) 17.5 m2
c) c = 8
e) 13.76 cm2
4 a) x = 6
2
f) 9.86 m
b) y = 4.6

g) 8.16 m2 c) z = 4.5

h) 11.25 cm2
Exercise 35.5
i) 19.09 m2 1 a) 30 cm2

3 a) 24 cm2 b) 16 cm2

b) 4.8 cm c) 15 cm2

d) 31.5 cm2 to 1 d.p.

Exercise 35.4
e) 16.2 cm2 to 1 d.p.
1 a) 40 cm2

f) 19.5 cm2 to 1 d.p.

b) 42 cm2

2 a) 20 cm2
c) 30 cm2

b) 12.5 cm2
d) 34.2 cm2

c) 21 cm2
e) 37.6 cm2 to 1 d.p.

d) 5.2 cm2 to 1 d.p.

f) 23.8 cm2

e) 15.3 cm2
2 a) 46 cm2

f) 12.6 cm2 to 1 d.p.

b) 14 cm2

3 a) a = 4
c) 42 cm2

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35 Mensuration

b) b = 3 e) 35 cm2

c) c = 1.5 f) 21.2 cm2

4 a) x = 2.6
Exercise 35.7
b) y = 3.6
1 a) 37.7 cm
c) z = 2.6
b) 28.3 cm
5 9 cm

6 8 cm c) 62.8 m

d) 51.2 cm

Exercise 35.6 e) 47.8 m

1 a) 69 cm2
f) 78.5 m
b) 60 cm2
g) 0.9 cm
c) 38 cm2
h) 53.4 m
2
d) 96 cm
i) 15.9 m
2
e) 76 cm
j) 20.4 cm
2
f) 70 cm
2 a) 31.4 cm
g) 33 cm2
b) 44.0 cm
h) 66 cm2
c) 100.5 m
i) 78 cm2
d) 113.7 m
2
j) 125 cm
e) 33.3 m
2
2 a) 28 cm
f) 175.9 cm
b) 28.5 cm2
g) 20.1 cm
c) 32 cm2
h) 377.0 m
d) 20 cm2
i) 11.9 m

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35 Mensuration

j) 458.7 cm 5 0.503 m2 to 3 d.p.

3 57.5 m 6 1099 m2 to the nearest m2

4 40 074 km 7 124 cm2 to the nearest cm2

5 94.2 cm 8 Square: 3.5 × 3.5 = 12.25 cm2; circle:

  22  12.57 cm2 to 2 d.p.
6 a) 23.9 cm So the circle has the larger area.

b) 5.7 cm 9 15

10 145 cm2 to the nearest cm2

c) 15.9 cm
Check:   6.82  3  72  147 cm2 (or 3 ×
7 95.5 m
50 = 150 cm2)

8 44.0 m
Exercise 35.9
1 a) 3.56 cm
Exercise 35.8
1 a) 50.3 cm2 to 1 d.p. b) 13.6 cm

b) 804 m2 to the nearest m2 c) 27.0 cm

c) 401 m2 to the nearest m2 d) 12.4 cm

d) 581 m2 to the nearest m2 e) 8.41 cm

e) 249 cm2 to the nearest cm2 f) 5.91 cm

2 a) 28.3 cm2 to 1 d.p. 2 a) 9.08 cm2

b) 201 m2 to the nearest m2 b) 25.1 cm2

c) 88.2 cm2 to 1 d.p. c) 139 cm2

d) 547 cm2 to the nearest cm2 d) 59.5 cm2

e) 16.6 m2 to 1 d.p. e) 18.1 cm2

3 7.07 m2 to 2 d.p. f) 13.9 cm2

4 254 cm2 to the nearest cm2 3 a) 25.7 cm

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35 Mensuration

b) 26.3 cm 5 837 cm3 to the nearest cm3

c) 51.3 cm 6 217 cm3 to the nearest cm3

4 a) 43° 7 402 cm3 to the nearest cm3

b) 185° 8 a) 525 cm3

c) 58° b) 405 cm3

d) 57° c) 67.5 cm3

e) 203°
9 a) 384 cm3
f) 159°
b) 168 cm3
g) 62°
c) 173 cm3 to the nearest cm3
5 a) 4.91 cm to 3 s.f.
10 46.8 cm3
b) 4.84 cm to 3 s.f.
11 171 m3 to the nearest m3
c) 5.57 cm to 3 s.f.
12 110 cm3 to the nearest cm3
6 a) 6.59 cm to 3 s.f.
13 16 cm
b) 1.51 cm to 3 s.f.
14 9.07 cm to 3 s.f.
c) 1.81 m to 3 s.f.
15 6.44 m to 3 s.f.
7 Blue area = 626 mm2 to the nearest mm2
16 4.05 litres
Black strip length = 167 mm to the nearest mm

Exercise 35.11
8 57.2957795…°

1 a) 94 cm2
Exercise 35.10
b) 144.8 cm2
1 30 cm3

2 2400 cm2
2 8 cm3

3 1710 cm2
3 3 m3

4 13 600 cm2
4 4 cm

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35 Mensuration

5 240 cm2 b) 998 cm3 to 3 s.f.

6 a) 496 cm2 c) 33.5 mm3 to 3 s.f.

b) 217 cm2 d) 113 cm3 to 3 s.f.

c) 302 cm2 e) 435 cm3 to 3 s.f.

d) 430 cm2 f) 1990 mm3 to 3 s.f.

e) 352 cm2 4 12 cm

5 a) 3.64 cm to 3 s.f.
7 a) 108 cm2
b) 3.06 cm to 3 s.f.
b) 216 cm2
c) 6.18 cm to 3 s.f.

6 a) 556 cm3 to 3 s.f.

Exercise 35.12
1 a) 18 cm3 b) 2310 cm3 to 3 s.f.

b) 54 cm3 c) 4190 cm3 to 3 s.f.

c) 70 m3 7 a) 6.59 cm to 3 s.f.

d) 50 cm3 b) 12.4 cm to 3 s.f.

e) 179 cm3 to 3 s.f. 8 88

f) 30 cm3 9 12 cm

2 a) 103 cm3 to 3 s.f. 10 3.17 cm

b) 314 cm3 to 3 s.f.

Exercise 35.13
3
c) 51.5 cm to 3 s.f.
1 145 cm2

d) 154 cm3 to 3 s.f.

2 a) 204 cm2 to 3 s.f.

e) 1010 cm3 to 3 s.f.

b) 58.0 cm2 to 3 s.f.

f) 181 cm3 to 3 s.f.

c) 135 cm2 to 3 s.f.

3 a) 524 cm3 to 3 s.f.

3 a) 46.1 cm2 to 3 s.f.

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35 Mensuration

b) 66.8 cm2 to 3 s.f. 18 a) 68.3 cm2

4 a) 314 cm2 to 3 s.f. b) 4.33 cm to 3 s.f.

b) 483 cm2 to 3 s.f. c) 36.1 cm3 to 3 s.f.

c) 50.3 mm2 to 3 s.f. 19 a) 3.34 cm to 3 s.f.

d) 113 cm2 to 3 s.f. b) 72.0 cm2 to 3 s.f.

e) 278 cm2 to 3 s.f. 20 204 cm2

f) 765 mm2 to 3 s.f.

5 1.95 cm to 3 s.f. Exercise 35.14

1 346 m3 to 3 s.f.
6 173 cm2 to 3 s.f.

2 a) 5.74 cm to 3 s.f.
7 375 cm2 to 3 s.f.

b) 11.8 cm to 3 s.f.
8 255 cm2 to 3 s.f.

3 a) 3 cm
9 7.64 cm to 3 s.f.

2 b) 1230 cm3 to 3 s.f.

10 170 cm

4 Radius of whole cone = 2r

11 3.54 cm to 3 s.f.
Volume of whole cone =
1 8
12 75.2 cm2 to 3 s.f.  (2r ) 2  2h   r 2 h
3 3

130 cm2 to 3 s.f. 1 2

13 Volume of small cone = r h
3
14 6.4 × 1010 km2
Volume of frustrum = Volume of whole cone –
2 volume of small cone
15 484 cm to 3 s.f.

16 124 cm3 to 3 s.f.

8 1
  r 2h   r 2h
3 3
17 a) 158 cm2 to 3 s.f. 7
  r 2h as required.
3
b) 6.57 cm to 3 s.f.
5 169 cm3 to 3 s.f.
3
c) 121 cm to 3 s.f.

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35 Mensuration

6 24.0 cm2

7 29.6 cm

8 a) The ‘top cone’ is similar to the ‘whole cone’

if their radii and heights are in the same ratio.

Ratio of radii is 8 ÷ 10 = 0.8

Ratio of heights is 40 ÷ 50 = 0.8

Hence the ‘top cone’ is similar to the ‘whole

cone’ and so the base is a frustum.

b) 2.56 litres

9 219 000 m3 to 3 s.f.

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36 Trigonometry

Exercise 36.1 7 a)

Accept ±2° for all answers involving

measurement.
Diagrams are not full size and are intended only
as a guide.
1 A: 078°; B: 112°; C: 207°; D: 290°

b) 282°

8 a) 136°

b) 230°

c) 050°

Exercise 36.2
3 304°
1 15 cm2
4 110°
2 351 cm2
5 a) 259°
3 168 cm2
b) 336°
4 200 cm2

Exercise 36.3
1 11.18 cm

2 11.31 cm

3 13 cm

4 5.66 cm

5 28.91 cm

6 4 cm

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36 Trigonometry

7 8.94 cm 3 a) 6.88 cm

b) 68.8 cm2
8 5.83 m
4 a) 85.5 km
9 24 cm
b) 235 km
10 6.34 cm
5 Minimum: 5.18 m; maximum: 19.7 m
11 9.35 m

12 6.57 cm Exercise 36.6

All answers are correct to 3 s.f.

Exercise 36.4
1 a = 9.24 cm
1 250.4 m to 1 d.p.

b = 13.4 cm
2 28.6 m to 1 d.p.

c = 10.5 cm
3 4.9 m to 1 d.p.

d = 11.4 m
4 88.3 cm to 1 d.p.

e = 23.0 cm

Exercise 36.5
f = 10.7 cm
All answers are correct to 3 s.f.
1 a = 3.5 cm g = 7.71 m

b = 6.76 cm h = 26.7 m

c = 8.18 cm 2 9.53 km

d = 8.57 cm 3 a) 1.89 m

e = 2.01 cm b) 4.73 m2

f = 1.33 cm 4 a)

g = 3.41 m

h = 2.00 m

2 2.05 m

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36 Trigonometry

b) 75.5 km 7 AC = 231 km; bearing of C from A is 194°

5 3.48 m 8 13.6 m

Exercise 36.7 Exercise 36.8

All answers are correct to 3 s.f. All answers are correct to 3 s.f.
1 a = 47.2° 1 27.9°

b = 9.46° 2 17.7 m

c = 45.6° 3 23.1°

d = 69.2° 4 25.5 m

e = 52.8° 5 36.4 m

f = 42.7°
Exercise 36.9
g = 39.6° 1 a) 0.8660

h = 56.7° b) −0.5

2 69.8° 2 17.5° or 162.5° to 1 d.p.

3 36.9° 3 45.6° to 1 d.p.

4 32.3° 5
4 a)
12
5 a)
5
b) 
13

5 a) 5

b) 0.8

b) 123° c) −0.6

6 a) 169 m 6 a) 0.8

b) 24.0° b) −0.6

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36 Trigonometry

8 s = 1.13 m
Exercise 36.10
T = 59°
All answers are correct to 3 s.f. unless otherwise
t = 2.70 m
stated.
1 c = 5.39 cm 9 28.2 cm

A = 46° 10 B = 94.3°

a = 5.22 cm 11 a) AT = 85.7 m; BT = 60.5 m

2 p = 11.6 cm b) 38.9 m

R = 26° 12 a) AB = 25.7 m; BC = 42.7 m

r = 5.50 cm b) 23.9 m

3 B = 66.0° 13 AC = 43.9 km; BC = 25.3 km

C = 72.0° 14 a) 54° to the nearest degree

c = 7.39 cm b) 46° to the nearest degree

4 M = 71.4°
Exercise 36.11
N = 28.6°
All answers correct to 3 s.f.

n = 6.46 cm 1 14.2 cm

5 P = 32.2° 2 3.91 cm

R = 78.4° 3 48.5°
r = 7.53 cm
4 50.7°
6 Y = 35.5°
5 18.7 cm
Z = 48.5°

z = 9.04 cm 6 52.0°

7 y = 7.10 cm 7 39.5°
Z = 45°
8 49.3°
z = 7.81 cm

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36 Trigonometry

9 A = 45.9°(opposite the shortest side) 7 Area of field = 6000 m2

(1981.0… m2 + 4018.6… m2)
10 4.79 km

11 9.59 km Exercise 36.14

12 x = 11.3 m; y = 19.5° All answers correct to 3 s.f. unless otherwise

stated.
13 4.85 cm; 6.40 cm
1 a) 41.6°
14a) i) 11.7 m
b) 15 cm
ii) 10.2 m
c) 17 cm
iii) 10.8 m
d) 28.1°
b) i) 58.6°
2 a) 11.3 cm
ii) 67.5°
b) 27.9°

Exercise 36.12 c) 12.8 cm

All answers correct to 3 s.f. d) 51.3°

1 a) 8.94 cm2
3 a) AC = 102.5 m to 1 d.p.; BC =
b) 19.7 cm2
64.0 m to 1 d.p.

c) 20.5 cm2
b) 120.9 m to 1 d.p.

d) 34.0 cm2
c) 328.0° to 1 d.p.

e) 12.1 m2
4 a) 45°

2 15 cm2
b) 73.4°

3 73.2°
c) 11.3 cm

4 44.6 cm
d) 5.66 cm

5 35.7 cm2
e) 12.8 cm

6 17.3 cm2
f) 66.2°

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36 Trigonometry

5 a) 33.8 cm

b) 94.3 cm

c) 21°

d) 61 300 cm3

6 a) i) 17 cm

ii) 13.1 cm

iii) 69.7°

b) i) 10.8 cm

ii) 68.2°

7 a) 21.2 cm

b) 16.8 cm

c) 16.8 cm

8 Yes. CE = 11.96 m and AC = 87.3 m;

AC = 80 2  352  87.3 m

9 a) 11.0 cm

b) 35.5°

10 a) 10.9 m

b) 68.9°

c) 11.7 m

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37 Vectors in Two Dimensions

  5 
AD   
Exercise 37.1  3 
1
  3 
CA   
 3

  4 
2 EF   
 3

  2 
GH   
 2 

  6 
EH   
1

  4 
5 GF   
2 a) Translation of  
 2 0

 4   2 
b) Translation of   FH   
 6   2 

1 0
c) Translation of   3 a)  
8  2

 4   4 
d) Translation of   b)  
 6  0

 2 
Exercise 37.2 c)  
 3
  4 
1 AB   
1 1
d)  
7
  2 
CD   
 0 8
e)  
 6 
  1 
CB   
 4  6 
f)  
 4

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37 Vectors in Two Dimensions


4 6 AB  a


CD  b
Original point Vector New point

(1, 2) (4, 4) EF  2b
a)  3
 
 2  1
GH   a
2
b) (2, 3)  4 (6, 4)
 
1  1
PQ   b
2
c) (1, 0)  3  (−2, 2)
  
2 RS  3a


d) (4, 2) 0 (4, −1) 7 AB  2a
 
 3  
CD   2a

e) (−3, 2)  5  (−8, 0) 

  EB  a
 2 

GD  a
f) (6, 1)  6  (0, 0)
 
 1  
HF  2a


 FC  b
5 AB  2a

 8 BC  b
CD  a

 1 CD  a
EF  a
2
 1
EB  a
 3 2
GH  a
2
 1
GD   a
 2
1
PQ   a
2 
HF  a
 9
RS  a  1
4 FC  b
2

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37 Vectors in Two Dimensions

 4
Exercise 37.3 c)  
5
 4
1 a)  
6 7
d)  
 4
9
b)  
 3 7
e)  
18 
 2
c)  
 3  2 
4 a)  
 0
1
d)  
0  6 
b)  
 3
5
e)  
12   1
c)  
2
 6 
2 a)  
 0  3 
d)  
 10 
 1 
b)  
 2   0.5 
e)  
 5.5 
 0.5 
c)  
 1.5 
Exercise 37.4
6   3 
d)   1 OP   
1  4

0   2 
e)   OQ   
1 1

3   4 
3 a)   OR   
12   5 

8   2 
b)   2 a) OA   
12  1

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37 Vectors in Two Dimensions

  4   6 
OB    b)  
 3  3 

  7   24 
OC    c)  
 4  12 

  6   3
b) i) AB    d)  
 2 1.5 

  3   2 
ii) BC    e)  
1  1 

 
c) AB  2  BC . So ABC is a straight line and f) 6.71 correct to 3 s.f.

AB = 2 × BC in length.
 3
2 a)  
9
  2 
3 a) OA   
1
 4
b)  
7
  4 
OB   
 4
 2
c)  
1
  7 
OC   
 4
5
d)  
10 
  2 
b) i) AB   
 3
 3 
e)  
1
  4 
ii) CD   
 6  f) 3.16 correct to 3 s.f.
 
c) CD  2  AB . So the line AB is parallel to g) 5

CD and CD = 2 × AB in length.
 3 
3 a)  
 9 
Exercise 37.5
 2 
12  b)  
1 a)    20 
6

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37 Vectors in Two Dimensions

 4 13 
c)   d)  
 4  5

 7  7
d)   e)  
 12  7

 4.5  f) 9.85 correct to 3 s.f.v

e)  
 1 
 6 
6 a)  
f) 5  9 

g) 3.16 correct to 3 s.f. 0

b)  
1
 20 
4 a)  
 32   7 
c)  
 4 
 10 
b)  
 16   14 
d)  
 30 
 2.5 
c)  
 4   3 
e)  
 8.5 
 45 
d)  
 72  f) 7

 2 
e)   Exercise 37.6
 3.2 

1 BC  2b  a
f) 9.43 correct to 3 s.f.

2 AC  2a  3b
8
5 a)   
 2 3 a) AB  a  b


9 b) BC  3b  4a
b)  
 4

c) AC  2b  5a
1
c)   
 2 4 BC  b

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 
CD  a BC  b  a

 
BD  b  a EF  3b  3a

  

AC  a  b b) EF  3  BC so EF and BC are parallel and

 EF  3  BC in length.
5 AB  b  a
  
 1 11a) AB  b  a ; OC  4a and OD  4b so

CB  (b  a) CD  4b  4a  4(b  a) .
3
 
As CD is a multiple of AB , AB and CD are
 1 2
OC  a  b parallel.
3 3

 1 b) 1 : 4
6 EB  a  b
2 
12a) i) OE  2a  c
 2
7 EB  b  a 
3 ii) AC  c  a


8 a) FA  b  2 1
iii) OF  a  c
3 3

b) BD  b  a
b) O, F and E are on a straight line.

c) AB  b  a
OE = 3 × OF

d) AC  b  2a


9 a) AB  b  a

 1
b) AP  (b  a)
3

 1 2 1
c) OP  a  (b  a)  a  b
3 3 3


10a) AE  3a


AF  3b

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38 Matrices

 9 1 
d)  
Exercise 38.1  10 1
1 a) 3 × 1
2 1
2 a)  
b) 2 × 2 1 2

c) 3 × 2  1 1 
b)  
 6 2 
d) 1 × 2

 2 3 
 8 24  c)  
   2 7 
2 a)  0 4 
12 8 
 
 3 0 
d)  
 6 4 
 6 8
b)  
 2 14 
 9 2 1 
3 a)  
 1 5 13 
 15 6 0 
c)  
 9 3 3 
 3 2 1 
b)  
 9 9 3 
 35 15 
d)  
 0 5 
 9 0 3 
c)  
 12 6 15 
 105 70 
3 a)  
 140 175 
 12 4 0 
d)  
b) The number of each type of loaf made in 7  10 14 16 

days.  0 2 2 
e)  
 13 11 2 

Exercise 38.2
 3 2 3 
 7 12  f)  
1 a)    17 13 7 
3 5 

 18 4 2 
 3 14  g)  
b)    2 10 26 
 4 8 

 12 6 2 
 7 15  h)  
c)    23 25 14 
 4 5 

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38 Matrices

4 a) i) 65  12 0 
 
d)  1 1 
ii) 38  0 3
 

 63 92 
b) i)    12 9 
 134 133  3 a)  
 7 11 

ii) The total number of visitors from each

 18 3 
b)  
group in the day.  7 5 

 13 12   9 0
c) i)   c)  
16 3   8 1 

ii) How many more visitors of each type

13 27 
there were in the afternoon than in the d)  
 9 22 
morning.

0 0
Exercise 38.3 4 a) i)  
0 0
1 a) Not possible
0 0
ii)  
b) Not possible 0 0

c) Possible; order of result is 2 × 3 b) Any matrix multiplied by the zero matrix

d) Not possible will give the zero matrix.

e) Not possible 5

5 a)  
 4
f) Possible; order of result is 1 × 2

 285 
2 a) 2 15  b)  
 470 

 8 1  c) The total amount paid in one day by boys

b)  
12 12 
and by girls.

9
c)  
 3 

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38 Matrices

1 0
ii)  
Exercise 38.4 0 1

 1  23 
1 a)  1   6 3 
0 3  c) i)  
 4 1

 5 2 
b)  4 1   6 3 
 2 1 ii)  
 4 1

 2 1
c)  3 
 1 2  Exercise 38.5
2 0
 1  32  1 a)  
d)  2 1 5   0 2
 4 4 

4 2 
b)  
2   3 2 
1
2
e)  
 1 0 
7 2
c)  
 3 2 3 1
f)  12 
 2 1
5 2 
d)  
 3 1
 5 2 
g)  
 3 1  1 2

e)  113 115 
 11  11 
 2 1

h)  53 5
  1 1 
5
4
5  2 a)  
3 6 

2 a) 0
 6 18 
b)  
 5 15 
b) Because the determinant is 0 and you cannot

divide by 0. 3 3 2 

2
1 1
 4  
3 a)  62  1 
2

3 1

2 0
5  
1 0 1 2
b) i)  
0 1

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39 Transformations

Exercise 39.1
1

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39 Transformations

7 a) - c)

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39 Transformations

8 a) - c)

Exercise 39.2
1

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39 Transformations

Exercise 39.3
1 a) – e)

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39 Transformations

2 a) – c)

 5 
d) Shape D is mapped back on to shape A after translation by  
 3 
3 a) – c)

 9 
d) Translate D by  
 5

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39 Transformations

Exercise 39.4
1

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39 Transformations

Exercise 39.5
1

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39 Transformations

Exercise 39.6
1

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39 Transformations

Exercise 39.7
1 Reflection in the line y  x

2 Reflection in the line x  3

2
3 Translation by the vector  
 1

2
4 a) Translation by the vector  
 1

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39 Transformations

 1 
b) Translation by the vector  
 2 

 2 
c) Translation by the vector  
 1 

 4 
d) Translation by the vector  
 2

5 a) Reflection in the line y  2

b) Reflection in the line x  3

c) Reflection in the line y  x

 3
6 a) Translation by the vector  
 5 

b) Enlargement, scale factor 2, centre (0, 4)

 8 
c) Translation by the vector  
 3 

1
d) Enlargement, scale factor 2 , centre (0, 0)
2

 6 
e) Translation by the vector  
 4

1
f) Enlargement, scale factor , centre (5, 3)
3

7 Enlargement, scale factor 3 , centre (1, 8)

8 Enlargement, scale factor 2 , centre (0, 3)

1
9 Enlargement, scale factor  , centre (2, 3)
2

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39 Transformations

Exercise 39.8
1 a) and b)

c) Reflection in the y-axis

2 a), b)

c) Rotation 90° about (1, 2)

3 Reflection in the line y = x

4 Rotation 180° about (3, −2)

 0
5 Translation through the vector  
 8 

6 Reflection in the line y = x + 1

7 Enlargement, scale factor −2, centre (0, 2)

8 a) Rotation 90° clockwise about (1, 2)

b) Rotation 90° anticlockwise about (1, 2)

9 Reflection in the line y = −1

10 Reflection in the line y = x − 3

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39 Transformations

Exercise 39.9
1 a) and b)

c) Reflection in the x-axis

2 a)

b) Rotation 90° anticlockwise about the origin.

3 a)

1
b) Enlargement, scale factor , centre the origin
3

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39 Transformations

Exercise 39.10
1 a) and b)

0 2
c)  
 2 0

 0 2  1 2 1   2 2 8 
d)     ; yes, coordinates are the same.
 2 0  1 1 4   2 4 2 

2 a) and b)

0 1
c)  
1 0

d) Reflection in the line y = x

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39 Transformations

Exercise 39.11
 1 0 
1  
 0 1 

0 1
2  
1 0

1 0 
3  
 0 1 

 3 0 
4  
 0 3 

 0 1
5  
 1 0 

 0 1
6  
 1 0 

 0 1
7  
 1 0 

 2 0 
8  
 0 2 

 0 1
9 a)  
 1 0 

 0 1 
b)  
1 0 

1 0 
10  
 0 1 

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40 Probability

Exercise 40.1
1
1 a)
6

1
b)
2

2
c)
3

2
2 a)
5

3
b)
5

7
3 a)
20

3
b)
20

1
c)
2

1
4 a)
3

2
b)
9

3
5 a)
20

3
b)
8

23
c)
40

2
6 a)
7

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40 Probability

8
b)
35

Exercise 40.2
5
1
8

2 0.999

3 0.3

3
4 or 0.6
5

1
5
3

6 0.7

1
7
5

8 0.11

Exercise 40.3
1 125

2 50

3 18

4 50

5 20

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40 Probability

Exercise 40.4
1 a) 0.154

b) 0.255

103
2 a) i)
500

96
ii)
500

b) Yes, all frequencies are close to the expected value of 500 ÷ 5 = 100

3 a) 0.41

b) 0.59

4 a) 0.27

b) 0.19

7
5 a)
20

b) 420

1
6 a)
5

b) 60

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40 Probability

Exercise 40.5
1 a)
Dice

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Spinner
3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1
b)
12

5
c)
12

1
d)
2

2 a)
Dice

1 2 3 4 5 6

H H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
Coin
T T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

1
b) i)
12

1
ii)
4

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40 Probability

3 a)

First spin

1 2 3 4

1 1 2 3 4

Second 2 2 4 6 8
spin
3 3 6 9 12

4 4 8 12 16

3
b) i)
16

1
ii)
4

1
iii)
4

4 a)

First spin

2 4 6 8 10

2 4 6 8 10 12

4 6 8 10 12 14
Second
spin 6 8 10 12 14 16

8 10 12 14 16 18

10 12 14 16 18 20

3
b)
5

7
c)
25

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40 Probability

Exercise 40.6
9
1 or 0.09
100

2 0.24

1
3 a)
3

1
b)
9

1
4
49

5 a) 0.12

b) 0.42

1
6
125

Exercise 40.7
1

a) 0.49

b) 0.21

c) 0.21

d) 0.42

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40 Probability

2 a)

b) i) 0.04
ii) 0.32

3
3 a)
5

b)

9
c) i)
25

12
ii)
25

27
a)
125

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40 Probability

36
b)
125

5 a)

9
b) i)
400

79
ii)
200

121
iii)
200

6 a) 0.343

b) 0.09

c) 0.441

Exercise 40.8
5
1
8

2 a)

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40 Probability

b) 0.34

c) 0.76

3 a)

2 1
b) 
90 45
32 16
c) 
90 45

4 0.76

25
5
28

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41 Categorical, Numerical and Grouped Data

Exercise 41.1
1 a)

Number of letters Frequency

0 16

1 19

2 21

3 10

4 5

5 3

6 3

7 2

8 1

b) 10

2 Possible answers include the following:

a) Those not in the phone book have no chance of being included.

b) Those working on Saturday would not be included.

3 Possible answers include the following:

Make the categories exclusive (in Paul’s first draft, for example, 1 hour could go in two categories).

Have more categories, for example, split the groups into classes of 30 minutes rather than 1 hour.

4 Possible faults include the following:

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41 Categorical, Numerical and Grouped Data

a) The person’s favourite sport might be one that isn’t listed.

b) This questions is too vague. It needs categories such as hours spent exercising.

c) This is a leading question.

Check students’ new questions.

5 Check students’ questions.

6 a)

Japanese Not Japanese Total

Red 35 65 100

Not red 72 438 510

Total 107 503 610

b) 610

c) 107

d) 72

e) 100

7 a)

Existing drug New drug Total

Symptoms eased 700 550 1250

No change in symptoms 350 250 600

Total 1050 800 1850

b) 1850

c) 550

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41 Categorical, Numerical and Grouped Data

8 a)

Gold Silver Bronze Total

USA 31 18 10 59

Germany 18 16 9 43

China 22 9 11 42

Total 71 43 30 144

b) USA

c) China

Exercise 41.2
1 a) 6

b) 5.5

2 a) 4 people

b) Mode = 194 mm; median = 198 mm

3 a) Mode = $10 000; median = $13 000

b) Check students’ explanations.

4 Harvey: mode = 0; median = 19

Nick: mode = 9; median = 9
You would choose Harvey if you wanted the possibility of high scores but Nick if you wanted a more
consistent player.

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41 Categorical, Numerical and Grouped Data

Exercise 41.3
1 a) Mean = 6; range = 9

b) Mean = 6.5; range = 11

c) Mean = 20.625; range = 19

d) Mean = 466; range = 756

Data set A Data set B Data set C

Range 6 6 12

Mean 3.36 3.36 6.73

The data in set C are twice those in set A, as are the range and the mean.
The data in set B are 2 sets of the data in set A. The range and mean of sets A and B are the same.

3 a) 3

b) i) Mean = 3; range = 6

ii) Mean = 30; range = 60

iii) Mean = 130; range = 60

4 Mean = $19 500; range = $60 000

5 a) 15.875

b) 11

6 a) i) $32

ii) $175.80

b) i) $92

ii) $188

7 a) 83 cm

b) 25 cm

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41 Categorical, Numerical and Grouped Data

8 a) 63

b) 7.3

Exercise 41.4

All comments given as answers are only suggestions and any comment that makes senseshould be accepted.

1 a) Carl: mean = 19; range = 10

Adam: mean = 19.75; range = 17

b) Adam has a slightly better (higher) average, but his scores are more spread out.

2 a) Resort A: mean = 165 hours; median = 170.5 hours; range = 81 hours

Resort B: mean = 161.5 hours; median = 168.5 hours; range = 58 hours

b) Resort A has a higher average number of hours of sunshine, but resort B is more consistent.

3 a) Mean = 31.6; median = 32; mode = 30

b) The mode because it shows which size sold the most often.

4 a) Mean = 8.88; median = 9.0; range = 1.2

b) The better average would be the median as it is not affected by extreme scores.
(Alternatively, the mean is better because it uses every value.)

5 a) 8.825

b) Slightly better; she would have scored 8.8 if the mean of all the judge’s marks had been calculated.

6 The median salary at the two factories was the same but the mean salary at Prothero was higher. However,
the range at Prothero was much higher, suggesting that a few of the salaries there were much higher than
the rest. Apart from a few high salaries, the rest were probably about the same as those at Jaline.

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41 Categorical, Numerical and Grouped Data

Exercise 41.5
1 1.96

2 a) 5

b) 4.57 (i.e. 5 minutes late)

3 a) 30

b) 40

c) 1.33

d) 1

4 $1.07

5 Mean = 7.52; median = 7; mode = 7

Exercise 41.6
1 a) 8  t  10

b) 4  t  6

c) 8 seconds

d) 5.18 seconds to 3 s.f.

2 a) 70  h  80

b) 70  h  80

c) 40 cm

d) 72.8 cm

3 a) 1.4  l  1.6

b) 1.4  l  1.6

c) 0.8 m

d) 1.5 m

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41 Categorical, Numerical and Grouped Data

4 35.4 cm

5 47.25 g

6 51.5 seconds

7 4.66 m

8 3.48 cm

Exercise 41.7
1 a) 40  m  60

b) 40  m  60

c) 80

d) 55.3

2 a) 13 - 15

b) 10 – 12

c) 12

d) 11.3

3 a) 12 000 ≤ a < 16 000]

b) 8000 ≤ a < 12 000]

c) 16 000

d) 11 067

4 17.2

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42 Statistical Diagrams

Exercise 42.1
1 a) Monday 30; Tuesday 35; Wednesday 25; Thursday 40; Friday 55

b) Friday; people want books to read over the weekend.

2 a) 7

b) 3

c) 30

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42 Statistical Diagrams

Exercise 42.2
1 Students should draw a pie chart with angles of 36°, 120°, 84°, 72° and 48°.

2 a) A

b) i) 20

ii) 9

140 7
3 a) 
360 18

b) 72

Exercise 42.3
1

2 a)

b) 70  r  90

c) 90  r  110

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42 Statistical Diagrams

3 a)

Age (y years) Frequency

20  y  30 1

30  y  40 4

40  y  50 8

50  y  60 10

60  y  70 7

70  y  80 5

80  y  90 2

b) 50  y  60

c) The table shows that the youngest is somewhere in the range 20 ≤ y < 30, but we do not know their
exact age.

4 a)

b) Answers should include the following comments:

 In 1995 there were more younger people/fewer older people
 In 2015 there were fewer younger people/ more middle-aged and older people
 For 1995 the modal group is 0  a  10 , for 2015 it is 20  a  30

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42 Statistical Diagrams

Exercise 42.4
1 a), c)

b) Reasonably strong positive correlation

d) i) 44

ii) 85

2 a), c)

b) Strong negative correlation

d) About 3.4 litres

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42 Statistical Diagrams

3 a), c)

b) Strong positive correlation

d) About 33

4 a), c)

b) Strong negative correlation

d) About 15 km/litre

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42 Statistical Diagrams

Exercise 42.5
1 a)

Time in minutes (t) t  60 t  80 t  100 t  120 t  140 t  160 t  180 t  200

Cumulative frequency 0 10 47 119 174 192 199 200

b)

c) i) 24 (±1)

ii) 15 (±1)

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42 Statistical Diagrams

2 a)

Time in hours (t) t  600 t  625 t  650 t  675 t  700 t  725 t  750

Cumulative frequency 0 3 21 50 75 88 90

b)

c) 35

Exercise 42.6
1 a)

Height in cm (h) h  130 h  140 h  150 h  160 h  170 h  180 h  190 h  200

Cumulative frequency 0 5 17 43 78 101 116 120

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42 Statistical Diagrams

b) i) 164 cm

ii) 155 cm

iii) 175 cm

iv) 20 cm

2 a)

b) Median = 165 g; IQR = 90 g

c) 215 g

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42 Statistical Diagrams

3 a)

b) Median = 18.5 litres; IQR = 9.5 litres

c) 15 cows

d) 14 litres

4 a) Road B; the curve is further to the right so the median is higher.

b) Road B; the curve is steeper so the interquartile range is lower and the speeds are more consistent.

5 a) i) 62 kg

ii) 79 kg

b) i) 19 kg

ii) 23 kg

c) The masses of the girls are lower on average because their median is lower.
The masses of the girls are more consistent because their interquartile range is lower.

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42 Statistical Diagrams

Exercise 42.7
1

4 a) 90 students

b) 490 students

c) 140 students

5 a) 100 gym members

b) 81.2 kg to 1 d.p.

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