Introduction to Signal Processing

Computer Science and Information Theory

Dr. Sadiq Ali
Introduction to Signal Processing

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Introduction to Signal Processing

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Course Content
• Introduction to signals and different types of signals,
• Graphical and mathematical representation of
signals,
• Complex numbers,
• Signals transformation,
• Different types of systems,
• Continuous and discrete time convolution, Properties of convolution,
• Fourier series, continuous and discrete time Fourier transform, , properties of
Fourier transform,
• Laplace transform,
• Z-Transform, Inverse Z-Transform,
• Analog and Digital filters, Design of Analog and Digital Filter.

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Course
outline

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Course
outline

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Teaching Methodology and Assesments

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 Introduction
• Signal processing focuses on analyzing,
modifying, and synthesizing signals such as
sound, images, and scientific measurements.
• These processing techniques are used to
improve the efficiency of the system.
• Signal processing has applications in nearly
every field of life.
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Importance of Signal Processing
• Filtering: Eliminating noise from signals, such as speech signals and other audio data, astronomical
data, seismic data, images.
• Synthesis and manipulation: E.g. speech synthesis, music synthesis, graphics.
• Analysis: Seismic data, atmospheric data, stock market analysis.
• Voice communication: processing, encoding and decoding for store and forward.
• Voice, audio and image coding for compression.
• Active noise cancellation: Headphones, mufflers in cars
• Image processing, computer vision
• Computer graphics
• Industrial applications: Vibration analysis, chemical analysis
• Biomed: MRI, Cat scans, imaging, assays, ECGs, EMGs etc.
• Radar, Sonar
• Seismology.

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What are Signals?
A signal is a way of conveying information. Gestures, images,
semaphores, sound, all can be signals.

• A signal is a function of one or more variables that conveys

information about some (usually physical) phenomenon
• A signal may be a voltage, current, electromagnetic field or
another physical parameter such as air pressure in an
acoustic signal.
• For a function 𝑓 , in the expression 𝑓(𝑡1, 𝑡2, … , 𝑡𝑛), each of
the {𝑡𝑘} iscalled an independent variable, while the function
value itself is referred to as a dependent variable.
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Example of Signals
• A voltage or current in an electronic circuit
• the position, velocity, or acceleration of an object
• A force or torque in a mechanical system
• A flow rate of a liquid or gas in a chemical process
• A digital image, digital video, or digital audio
• A stock market index right c 2016 Michael D. Adams Le

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Example of Signals

Electroencephalogram (EEG)
signal (or brainwave)

Stock Market data as

signal (time series)

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Classifications of Signals
• Continuous-time and discrete-time signals
• Analog and digital signals
• Periodic and a periodic signals
• Energy and power signals
• Even and Odd Signals
• Deterministic and probabilistic signal
• Causal vs non-causal signals
• Real and Imaginary Signals

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Continuous-time and Discrete-time signals
• A signal that is specified for every value of time 𝑡 is a continuous-time signal
• A signal that is specified only at discrete values of 𝑡 is a discrete-time signals

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Continuous-time and Discrete-time signals
• A discrete-time signal can be obtained by sampling a
continuous-time signal.
• In some cases, it is possible to ’undo’ the sampling
operation: to get back the continuous-time signal from the
discrete-time signal.
Sampling Theorem
The sampling theorem states that if the highest frequency in
the signal spectrum is B, the signal can be reconstructed from
its samples taken at a rate not less than 2B samples per
second.
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Analog and Digital signals
• A signal whose amplitude can take on any value in a continuous range is
an analog signal
• The concept of analog and digital signals is different from the concept of
continuous-time and discrete-time signals
• For example, we can have a digital and continuous-time signal, or a
analog and discrete-time signal.
• Analog → digital signal: Sampler and Quantizer.
• The amplitude of the analog signal is partitioned into L intervals.
• Each sample is approximated to the midpoint of the interval in which
the original value falls.
• Quantization is a lossy operation
• Notice that: One can obtain a digital discrete-time signal by sampling and
quantizing an analog continuous-time signal.
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Conversion of Continuous-time Analog to
Discrete-time Digital signal

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Analog to Discrete-time Digital signal

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Analog to Discrete-time Digital signal

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Analog to Discrete-time Digital signal

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Analog to Discrete-time Digital signal

1 0 11 11 01 00 01

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Periodic and A-periodic signals
• A signal 𝑔(𝑡) is said to be periodic if for some positive constant 𝑇0 , g(t) =
g(t + T0 ) for all t .
• A signal is a-periodic if it is not periodic
• Some famous periodic signals: sin ω0 t, cos ω0 t, ejω0 t ,
• Where ω0 = 2π/T0 and T0 is the period of the function
Recall that ejω0 t = cosω0 t + j sin ω0 t
• A periodic signal 𝑔(𝑡) can be generated by periodic extension of any
segment of 𝑔(𝑡) of duration T0 .
g(t)

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Periodic and A-periodic signals

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Periodic and Non-Periodic Signals: Discrete Time Signals
A discrete time signal is periodic if and only if, it satisfies the following condition
𝑥(𝑛 + 𝑁) = 𝑥(𝑛)

Here, 𝑥(𝑛) signal repeats itself after N period.

Example

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 Causal vs. Anticausal vs. Noncausal
• Causal signals are signals that are zero for all negative time, while anticausal are signals that are zero for
all positive time.
• Noncausal signals are signals that have nonzero values in both positive and negative time.

A causal signal An anticausal signal

A noncausal signal

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Energy and Power signal

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Power Signal

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Energy Signal Example

• Signal Energy calculation

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Power Signal Example

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 Power of Periodic Signals

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Summary

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Discrete Time Energy and Power Signal
Energy of a discrete time signal is denoted as 𝐸. Mathematically, it can be
written as;

If each individual values of 𝑥(𝑛) are squared and added, we get the energy signal.
𝑥(𝑛) is the energy signal and its energy is finite over time 0 < 𝐸 < ∞

Average power of a discrete signal is represented as 𝑃. Mathematically, this can

be written as;

Here, power is finite i.e. 0 < 𝑃 < ∞.

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Useful Signals: Sinusoids

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Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
• A signal is said to be deterministic if
there is no uncertainty with respect to its
value at any instant of time. Or, that can
be defined exactly by a mathematical
formula.
• A signal is said to be non-deterministic if
there is uncertainty with respect to its
value at some instant of time.
• Non-deterministic signals are random in
nature hence they are called random
signals.
• Random signals cannot be described by a
mathematical equation. They are
modelled in probabilistic

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 ODD and EVEN Signals
• A signal is said to be even when it
satisfies the condition: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(−𝑡)

• A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies

the condition: 𝑥(𝑡) = −𝑥(−𝑡)

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ODD and EVEN Signals

Signal is ODD or EVEN?

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Discrete Time Signal: Odd/Even
A discrete signal is said to be odd or
asymmetric if 𝑥(𝑛) = −𝑥(−𝑛)

A discrete signal is said to be even

or symmetric if 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑥(−𝑛)

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Activity

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