Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 64 views

    Light PDF

    Uploaded by

    satish dongardiye
    1. The document discusses key concepts related to light reflection and refraction including reflection, laws of reflection, types of spherical mirrors, image formation by lenses, and more. 2. It defines terms like normal, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, radius of curvature, focal length, refractive index, and establishes conventions for determining sign. 3. Various types of mirrors and lenses are described including their properties and typical applications like convex, concave, and how they form real or virtual images.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Light PDF

    Uploaded by

    satish dongardiye
    64 views1 page
    1. The document discusses key concepts related to light reflection and refraction including reflection, laws of reflection, types of spherical mirrors, image formation by lenses, and more. 2. It defines terms like normal, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, radius of curvature, focal length, refractive index, and establishes conventions for determining sign. 3. Various types of mirrors and lenses are described including their properties and typical applications like convex, concave, and how they form real or virtual images.

    Original Title

    light.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1. The document discusses key concepts related to light reflection and refraction including reflection, laws of reflection, types of spherical mirrors, image formation by lenses, and more. 2. It defines terms like normal, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, radius of curvature, focal length, refractive index, and establishes conventions for determining sign. 3. Various types of mirrors and lenses are described including their properties and typical applications like convex, concave, and how they form real or virtual images.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    64 views1 page

    Light PDF

    Uploaded by

    satish dongardiye
    1. The document discusses key concepts related to light reflection and refraction including reflection, laws of reflection, types of spherical mirrors, image formation by lenses, and more. 2. It defines terms like normal, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, radius of curvature, focal length, refractive index, and establishes conventions for determining sign. 3. Various types of mirrors and lenses are described including their properties and typical applications like convex, concave, and how they form real or virtual images.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 1

    Concepts

    10 min read

    Light - Reflection And Refraction


    - Important concepts, all in one place

    Reflection

    Reflection: Bouncing back of a light ray after hitting a surface.


    Incident ray: The light ray which strikes the surface.
    Reflected ray: The light ray which returns from the surface after reflection.
    Normal: An imaginary line perpendicular to the surface passing from the point of contact.
    Angle of incidencei: Angle between the incident ray and the normal
    Angle of reflection r: Angle between the reflected ray and the normal.

    Laws of reflection

    Laws of reflection states that:


    The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. 
    Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. 

    Characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror


    Image formed by a plane mirror  is virtual, erect, same size as of object and laterally inverted. Also,
    image distance(distance between image and mirror) equals the object distance(distance between
    object and mirror) for a plane mirror.

    Types of Spherical Mirror

    A spherical mirror is a mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inward or outward  or it is simply a
    piece cut out of a reflective sphere.
    It is basically of 2 types namely concave and convex. 
    1. Concave Mirror (Convergent mirror)  : 
    This type of spherical mirror has its surface of reflection curved inwards towards the centre. It is also
    known as a converging mirror because it brings incoming parallel rays together. It causes these rays
    to converge. Unlike a flat mirror, concave mirrors are capable of forming both real and virtual images.
    2. Convex Mirror (Divergent Mirror) :
    This type of  mirror has its surface of reflection curved outwards against the centre. It is also known
    as a diverging mirror because it causes rays to diverge upon reflection. Unlike images formed by
    concave mirrors, an image formed by a convex mirror are virtual in nature.

    Terms related to spherical mirrors

    Centre of curvature (C): Centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.


    Radius of curvature (R): Radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.
    Pole (P/O): Geometric centre of the spherical surface of the mirror.
    Principal axis: Straight line joining the pole of the mirror to its centre of curvature.

    Refraction of light
    Definition:
    The direction of propagation of an obliquely incident ray of light that enters the other medium,
    changes at the interference at the interface of the two media. This phenomenon is called as
    refraction of light.
    Refraction is the change in direction of wave propagation due to a change in its transmission
    medium.
    The phenomenon is explained by the conservation of energy and the conservation of momentum.
    Due to change of medium, the phase velocity of the wave is changed but its frequency remains
    constant.

    Rarer and Denser Medium

    When light refracts from one medium to another, one of the medium is termed as rarer and other is
    termed as denser. Hence rarer and denser medium is a relative term. The medium in which speed of
    light is more is termed as a rarer medium and the medium in which the speed of light is less is termed
    as a denser medium.
    When light refracts from rarer to denser medium it bends towards the normal as shown in the figure
    above.

    Refractive index
    Refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of
    light in air.
    c
    μ or n =
    ​

    v
    Note: μ ≥ 1
              It is usually found using Snell's laws of refraction.

    11

    Image formation by lenses

    Characteristics of image formed by convex lens is summarized in the table below:


    Object Nature of
    Image position Image size Application
    position image
    Real, Burning glass, To concentrate solar energy on
    Infinity F2 Point-sized
    ​

    inverted small photovoltaic cells


    Between F2 Real,,
    ​

    Beyond 2F1
    ​

    Diminished Camera lens


    and 2F2
    ​

    inverted
    Same size as Real,
    At 2F1
    ​

    At 2F2
    ​

    Telescope
    object inverted
    Between F1 Real,
    ​

    Beyond 2F2 Magnified inverted Slide projector


    ​

    and 2F1
    ​

    Highly Real,
    At F1
    ​

    infinity Spectrometer
    magnified inverted
    Between F1 On same side Magnified Virtual, Magnifying glass
    ​

    and O as object erect


    Concave lens form virtual and erect image on the same side of the lens between F1 and O. It is
    ​

    always diminished. They are used in Galilean telescope.

    12

    Sign convention
    Sign convention is a set of rules to set signs for image distance, object distance, focal length, etc for
    mathematical analysis of image formation. According to it:
    Object is always placed to the left of lens.
    All distances are measured from the optical centre of the mirror.
    Distances measured in the direction of the incident ray are positive and the distances measured in
    the direction opposite to that of the incident rays are negative.
    Distances measured along y-axis above the principal axis are positive and that measured along y-
    axis below the principal axis are negative.
    Note: Sign convention can be reversed and will still give the correct results. 
             Convex lens has positive focal length and concave lens has negative focal length.

    You might also like