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MTB Activity

Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics are the five branches of linguistics that study different aspects of language. Phonology examines speech sounds and sound patterns. Morphology studies the rules of word formation through morphemes and affixes. Syntax establishes rules for sentence structure using constituents and syntactic categories. Semantics is the study of meaning, including anomalies and metaphors. Pragmatics considers hidden meanings determined by context, such as deixis, references, and inference.

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54 views2 pages

MTB Activity

Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics are the five branches of linguistics that study different aspects of language. Phonology examines speech sounds and sound patterns. Morphology studies the rules of word formation through morphemes and affixes. Syntax establishes rules for sentence structure using constituents and syntactic categories. Semantics is the study of meaning, including anomalies and metaphors. Pragmatics considers hidden meanings determined by context, such as deixis, references, and inference.

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Adc Clamor
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Language Knowledge Examples

Phonology is defined as the study of patterns in speech sound. It consists of knowing about the
sounds of a language and of describing the said sound (Brentari, Fenlon, & Cormier, 2018)

The word 'hat' has 3


Phonemes – distinctive units of sound within a language.
phonemes – 'h' 'a' and ’t’
Allophones – the different ways to pronounce a single
phoneme. For instance, in the word “top”, the “t” is usually
pronounced as a “th” (Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2018)
Morphology is defined as the rules of language that govern word formation.
Morpheme – the smallest unit of word that has information
about the word’s meaning and purpose. For example, in the
word “farmer”, there are two morphemes which are “farm” and
“-er”. The former indicates an area of land used for growing
crops while the latter indicates a person who works in the said
area of land.
Root word – a term that form the basis of another word. These
are usually nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.
Affixes – morphemes placed either at the beginning, middle, or
end of a root word to come up with a new meaning.
Compound words – a combination of two root words to form a
new meaning (O’Grady, Archibald, 2016).
Syntax is defined as the set of statutes and principles that govern sentence structure and word
order in language (Chomsky, & Lightfoot, 2002).
Constituents – the sub-units in a sentence that provide a
complete thought.
Syntactic Category – a family of expressions that can be
substituted for one another without losing proper grammar. For
example, there are four syntactic categories in the sentence “
the bird is flying above the field.” These are “the field”, “above”,
“is flying”, and “The bird”.
Semantics is defined as the study of linguistic meanings.
Anomaly – a situation when specific words or phrases cannot
be combined to make sense. For instance, the phrase “colorless
green” does not make sense since green is color and “colorless”
means “without color” (Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2018).
Metaphor – a figure of speech where one object or idea is used
to refer another object or idea for rhetorical purposes (Meriam-
Webster dictionary, n.d.)
Idioms – expressions established by social norms to have
meaning aside from what it literally indicates (Tom, 1992).
Pragmatics is defined as the study of unseen or hidden meanings in different languages apart
from its content. This meaning is provided by the context and a pre-existing knowledge of the
perceiver about the utterance.
Physical Context – the actual location, apart of the utterance,
that provides the context.
Linguistic Context – the context provided by utterance itself.
Deixis – words that cannot be identified without the context.
Examples of these words are here, there, him, her, yesterday,
and tomorrow.
References – the act of which the speaker specifies an
orientation or a position for the deixis.
Inference – the perceiver’s use of additional information not
provided in the utterance in order to understand the message.
Anaphora – another term, for instance a pronoun, used to
identify an object that is being referred to for the second time
(Yule, 2016).

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