ARELLANO UNIVERSITY

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REFLECTION PAPER

Name: Joe Aris S. Evangelista Subject: Theories of Personality Chapter: 15

Personality in Perspective

The individual personality is a complicated and varied phenomenon, ranging from odd

and reclusive to raucous and bold. The term "personality" describes a person's unique ways of

feeling, thinking, and acting. The term "personality" refers to the persistent traits, interests,

motivations, values, self-concept, aptitude, and emotional patterns that make up a person's

particular way of adjusting to life. Although different theories have varied explanations for the

formation and organization of personality, they all concur that personality influences behavior.

Personality psychology is the study of what makes up a person's personality, how it develops,

what makes up their traits, how they change over time (with an emphasis on stable and enduring

individual differences), and how it might take on unfavorable forms. The following narrative

will provide a concise and comprehensive summary of these various points of view on the

motifs or elements that have developed as a result of the work of different thinkers. Each theory

has added significant puzzle pieces. It's time to investigate those components in an effort to

piece together the entire image.

Every individual has its own personality. People use the word "personality" quite

loosely and with various connotations in daily life. Some people use terms like voice, attire,

body type, height, weight, and color to describe physical attributes. Other people use terms like

intelligence, activity, speech, reasoning and thinking skills, etc. when referring to intellectual

capabilities. In psychological perspective, here are the seven factors that make up personality.

The Genetic factor. Growing amounts of data support the idea that many facets of

personality are inherited. These consist of:

from the work of Jung).

• The five-factor personality model developed by McCrae and Costa, which includes

neuroticism, extraversion, receptivity to new experiences, conscientiousness, and

agreeableness.

• The three temperaments of emotionality, energy, and sociability described by Buss and

Plomin.

Even the most ardent supporter of the genetics approach, however, does not contend that

personality can be entirely explained by heredity, regardless of how many inherited features

there may be. Whether these genetic predispositions manifest depends on the social and

environmental circumstances they are exposed to, especially during childhood. The

Environmental Factor, many personality theorist has talked about how much social context

affects personality. Adler discussed the effects of birth order, saying that one's place in the

family in relation to their siblings had an impact on personality. Horney thought that one's

upbringing and the era of that upbringing had an impact. The founders of the characteristic

approach to personality, Allport and Cattell, concurred on the environmental importance.

Maslow and Rogers argued that the need for self-actualization remained innate but that it could

be stimulated or inhibited by the environment. The Learning Factor, learning significantly

affects practically every element of behavior. In molding what others refer to as personality,

but which Skinner regarded as merely a collection of learned reactions, he taught people the

importance of positive reinforcing, successive estimate, superstition conduct, and other

learning variables. People have the capacity to learn through imitation and vicarious

reinforcement, according to Bandura. Learning affects self-efficacy (Bandura), locus of control

(Rotter), learned helplessness, and optimism against pessimism, according to research

(Seligman). The Parental Factor, the majority of theorists have taken into account parental
impacts on personality development. Adler put a lot of emphasis on the effects on kids who

feel undesired or mistreated by their parents. From her personal experience, Horney wrote

about how a child's sense of security can be undermined and lead to emotions of helplessness

in the absence of parental love and compassion. Maslow emphasized on how vital it was for

parents to fulfill their kid’s physiological and safety demands in the first two years of life,

whereas Rogers spoke of the parents’ obligation for offering unconditional love to their

children. The Developmental Factor, Freud held the view that personality was formed and fixed

by the young age of five, and that any changes to it after that point were challenging. According

to research, people's fundamental base of persistent personality dispositions holds true over a

long period of time. Many psychologists think that social and environmental factors, as well as

the adjustments we make to them, are the primary causes of personality changes that occur as

people age. According to one theory, personality can be classified on three different levels:

• Dispositional features, which are hereditary characteristics that are relatively constant

and unchanging beyond the age of 30.

• Personal issues involving conscious thoughts, intentions, and aspirations, and

• Life narratives that center on defining oneself, acquiring an identity, and determining a

single purpose for living.

The Consciousness Factor, almost all personality theories have discussed conscious (cognitive)

processes. While Freud and Jung concentrated on the unconscious, they also addressed the ego,

or conscious mind, which is what people utilize to observe, think, feel, and recall the outside

world. According to Allport, people who are not neurotic will behave in a conscious, reasonable

manner, aware of their motivations and able to manage them. When he proposed the cognitive

requirements to know and feel, Maslow also acknowledged the significance of consciousness.

to comprehend. According to Kelly, people build conceptions of their surroundings and other

people, and they then base their forecasts (or expectations) about those people on those
conceptions. According to Bandura, learning can occur through imitation and vicarious

reinforcement. The Unconscious Factor, the idea that memories and thoughts are suppressed

in the unconscious and that repression may take place at the unconscious level was first

proposed by Sigmund Freud. Researchers of today concentrate on unconscious cognitive

processes, which they characterize as being more rational than emotional. To differentiate it

from Freud's unconscious, the rumored "black cauldron of repressed hopes and desires," the

logical unconscious is commonly referred as the non-conscious. Such studies clearly

demonstrate that humans can be impacted by stimuli that they cannot see or hear. The

unconscious may contain both a cognitive and an emotional component, according to studies.

Numerous of the psychology theorists who follows Freud overlooked the unconscious, despite

the fact that it is still a hot topic in psychology today.

As has been seen throughout the course, the majority of personality traits are still

unexplained, and some are not entirely understandable. In this chapter, Freud's theories about

anxiety, the unconsciousness, and living in terror are explained. Although there has been

significant progress in characterizing personality and identifying the factors that influence it,

the field's problems are still very much alive and well. Maybe you're asking yourself, "What is

personality? " is the most crucial query for psychology since it symbolizes our quest for self-

understanding.

Understanding personality psychology is considerably more than just a theoretical

exercise. The results of personality study can be used in a variety of fields, including business,

economics, technology, medicine, and health. In order to find novel approaches to enhance

both individual and societal health, we must first have a greater understanding as to how

personality functions. There is no doubt that personality and health are related. Consult your

doctor for guidance on potential therapies, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or
self-care, if you suspect that your attitude, mental state, or behaviors are contributing to your

condition or exacerbating your existing symptoms.

An individual's behavior is largely consistent with his sociocultural surroundings. A

person is referred to as "psychopathological" when their behavior is out of sync with the

expectations of their surroundings. Many people with average talent outperform these people

through perseverance. Success in life depends on aptitude and perseverance. These

characteristics are all present in one person. The aim of personality is total integration or

oneness.

In conclusion, we have provided a concise and comprehensive summary of these

various points of view on the motifs or elements that have developed as a result of the work of

different thinkers. Analyzed each theory that added significant contributions. To sum it up,

personality has made an effort to take into account a person's entire makeup, which includes

all of their innate as well as learned skills, propensities, and other traits that make them unique

from other people.

SCHULTZ, D. P., & SCHULTZ, S. E. (2016). THEORIES OF PERSONALITY (11th ed.).

CENGAGE LEARNING.

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ALITY/Theories%20of%20Personality.pdf