Sociology

Urban Drainage
1. Flood Prone Areas in Kenya.
Flooding is the most common natural hazard, and requires. a technical understanding inorder to
mitigate and manage Control it.
Prane areas Kenya indude:
Parts These of Kisumu, Mombasa and Busia Counties. areaus and plaims are hear Prove because they
large water bodies. are Tana River, Ewaso Nyiro and Athi River Bacime low lands
2. Design and Use of Spillways and floodways. Floodways are constructed flood plains that carry
drainage paths of watter during the flooding period. Spillways wax and floodways provide from
controlled release a dan I levee are used to of Control water downstream
Design of floodways.
Floodways are relatively long. lowered, reinforced road. sections that allow the controlled overflow of
floodwater
during the flood season.
Design Considerations.
Local topography of the floodplain.
Flood patterns
-Road - Service levels.
-Dimensions of the floodways.

-Road Surface.
Armor of the floodways and other scouring protation measures.
For dimensions, the following are considered:
Natural Section discharge - Manning's formula for open
1) Stage and tail water levels
Stage water level- level in a scenario that assumes no structure present.
Tail water level- level downstream of the structure.
1) Backwater 4 Upstream flooding. 1) Calverts on the flood way.
On Road Surface, The lougth, Pavement, Horizontal aligument and Signaling are used.
Design of Spillways. Spillways are important safety features for several types of dams. Design
Considerations: surplus water past the
Design of Spillways.
Spillways are important safety features for severd types of dams. Design Considerations:
- Uncontrolled discharge of surpluss water past the dam. should be automatic and not depedent Upon
human
-Spillway lutake should be wide enough so that the largest floods level Cal pass in the reservoir. without
Tncreasing the water
-Rate of flood water discharge should not increase much above that experienced before the
construction dam I reservoir.
Urban Drainage:
Road drainage systems.
Urbanization increases the magnitude and frequency of floods. different ways. To curb that, different
measures have to be put in
place induding the use of drainage systems. Road drainage system is designed to effectively collect and
divert water that is gathered around the road It helps to Control runoff from the catchment uphill of the
road and avoid waterlogging upstream of a road
1) Subsurface
drainage.
This is the process of removing infiltrated water soil which is in excess. amounts. from the
Primary goal in the design & construction of subsurface drainage is to remove now-capillary water layers
of the soil profile as quiddy possible. upper layers This is accomplished by de buried pipe 'drains. day
open Road Surface from
vets, Gutters, Storm-drain inlets 9 manholes..
Culvert lines aid in the free flow of water. It is a tunnel that allows. structures such as water to flow
under road, railways & bridges.
Gutters are often drained into. an aluminium extension, buried dratupipe, of moving Water rain barrel
etc for the purpose away and route water into other drainage systems on the street I sidewalk.
Sometimes they can. even be connected to under-
ground sewer lines. Storm-drain inlets to flow into Manholes maintenance are openings that allow
stormwater a storm drainage system. access holes, crew points at which dean, repair and maintain the
storm drain system without having to go in themselves.
i) Ditches.
A ditch is a narrow dug channel dug at the side of a road I field to carry I hold excess runoff.
Design and Use in flood management. dams, Retention & Detention Ravivors. 4 of
Dam-Structure built across. retain water a stream, river or estuary to
A Detention Reservoir has an orifice level at the bottom of the structure pod of water. and does not
have a
All water runs off lout between storms and the (structure usually remainus dry.
CA Retention Reservoir retains permanent pool of a regular reservoir water. Looks like a used in
controlling stormwater runoff.
Desigu A plan and design layout of the structures is made.
Positioning depends on the amount of water that the structure is supposed to hold back.
Should also be located where the rocks & sail is strong enough to support its weight.
All forces acting on the structure and its foundation. are put into consideration.
These include and some considered. force of reservoir water cases, effects of earthquakers on the
structure, are also
Hood attenuation This is the measures.
process where flood waters Iave hungf are slowed down and some excess water. measures absorb the
This reduces peak flow and flooding Cau lessen downstream
Measures such as upstream erosion control, rotation reservoirs and spillways can be used.
These measures can be more effective in flood Mitigation compared to others like dams.
Flood attenuation Sometimes area of the floodplain that allowed to flood from a river or stream
6. Cost-Benefit analysis of flood protection works. An approach used to assist In the decision-making
process of designing flood protection measures. It ensures that all options and measures have been
carefully assessed and one with the highest safety benefits and cost-efficient is selected. The analysis
checks:
1) The physical damages of a flood.
1) Hydrologic and Hydraulic modelling. (11) Floodplain Inventory
iv) Damage Curves
1) Elevation - Damage Relationships.
V₁) Damage - Frequency Relationships.

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Urban Drainage

1. Flood Prone Areas in Kenya.

Prane areas Kenya indude:

during the flood season.

Local topography of the floodplain.

-Road - Service levels.

-Dimensions of the floodways.

Armor of the floodways and other scouring protation measures.

For dimensions, the following are considered:

Natural Section discharge - Manning's formula for open

1) Stage and tail water levels

Stage water level- level in a scenario that assumes no structure present.

Tail water level- level downstream of the structure.

1) Backwater 4 Upstream flooding. 1) Calverts on the flood way.

Road drainage systems.

vets, Gutters, Storm-drain inlets 9 manholes..

Dam-Structure built across. retain water a stream, river or estuary to

Desigu A plan and design layout of the structures is made.

Hood attenuation This is the measures.

This reduces peak flow and flooding Cau lessen downstream

1) The physical damages of a flood.

1) Hydrologic and Hydraulic modelling. (11) Floodplain Inventory

iv) Damage Curves

1) Elevation - Damage Relationships.

V₁) Damage - Frequency Relationships.

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