° | \@Radie shaek nt No. 62-5026 Engineer’s Mini-Notebook Rl Sensor Projects 1708 s | Forrest M. Mims III | il m1THIS 20k _jneduoes ‘stawparn | APPLICATION | Ceipcuirs “Ave cincuirs ‘oesicneo By me AuThOR. EACH CincuiT WAS (ASSEMBLED AND “TEsteb GY THE AurMoR AS THE |Ba0k WAS. || DevEtpreo. | ARTER THE (Sock WAS compereD, Book, VARIATIONS. in coMAONENT TousRanees ‘Aud ConSTauetion MEDS” MAY | causa THE esuuts) Yau) eta) %. SLPFER. PROM HOKE. WEN MARE. THEREFORE TRE AUTHCR AND RADio. SHACK ASSUME No RESPousiseiTY, FOR iE SurrABIciry OF |THISBo0R"s_ dohTEWTS R_ ANY APPLICATION. CONTROL OVER | THE LSE zo WHled THE INFORMATION Iki THIS 00k 1s AUT, We ASSUne we LIAGUITY FoR Any DAMAGES [Resecting [PRom irs use, oF! gounse iT, IS YOUR (REsPons|gidiry 1 beTERMINE 1 ROnneRCiAL, USE, sAu8 OR MANUFACTURE OF AMY Device’ “MAT INCORPORATES IAseaR= [MATION Int THIS Book “InFAWGES AalY NTS, COPYRIGHTS. OR OTHER RIGHTS. due! fol tte Many [mavimies Recewen fy iT IS. Not REsPonses TR REQUESTS FoR ADDITIONAC INFORMATION Gostom_cinuir pedcn, TECHNICAL ADVICE, TRaukieshectiné Acuide, ere). IF You WISH TD LEARN Moa ABpuT “Eceetainics, S6¢\ MER fook$ Is THIS. SERIES AnD RADIO SHACKS TGETTING STARTED _IN EuecrAswies.? ALSO, READ MAGAZINES LiKE POPULAR ELESTRaWiod., Sue# We HAUS NO | fe ONTE NTS INTRODUCTION 5 ELECTRONIC SENSORS Lie GO-ho Go. SENSOR: ears Annee, Sensons. Lib BASIC SENSOR CIRCUITS Ol SENSORS AND COMPUTERS 4 TOUCH SWITCHES 10, MULTILAYER Swart 40. TACTILE FeeDgAck swatch to. WHSKER-STME LEVER, SuteR iT PUFF SWITCH | fal t “PAPER CLIP’ SWITCH f 43 PHONE! PLUG SWITCH ie TILT SWITCH 1 iB MUSIC WIRE VIBRATION SENSOR 14 PIEZOELECTRIC VIBRATION SENSOR is PENDULUM SWITCH | [he PENDULUM QUADRANT SWITCH O17 SWITCH-TYPE ALARM SYSTEMS 4 8 OPEN=ciRcuIT ALARMS. 114 CLOSED-CIRCuIT_ ALAEM. 4 | _ISTeUuigenT | secuaiTy) ALARM ab-21 FIRE OR WATER SENSOR bat PULL SWITCH TtVOLTAGE SENSORS. ANALOG PRESSURE SENSOR PRESSURE-TO-VOLTAGE SENSOR STRAIN SENSORS: STRAIN SENSOR APPLICATIONS STRAIN SENSOR DESIGNS. STRAIN SENSOR RELAY STRAIN SEN40R TONE GENERATOR STRAIN SENSOR AMPLIFIER. 4 MAGNETIC FIELD SENSOR MAGNETIC FigtD. SwiTcH. MACHETE FIELD AMPLIFIER (VIDEO MONITOR SENSORS VIDED MDAITDA TENE GENERATOR MiDES MomITOR RELAY clReUITS VIDED MOuLTOR SERISCR PROGRAMS. _ LIGHTNING SENSOR INFRARED SENSOR INFRARED SwiTEH INFRARED AMPUFIER POLARIZED LIGHT. POLARIZED LIGHT SENSOR INTEGRATED LIGHT “SENSORS LIGHT=TP=TONE SENSOR: [R_REMOTE CONTROL SENSOR LNGAT ACTUATED RELAY OPTICAL LEVEL SENSORS VARIAGLE TONE LEVEL sensor SWITCHED TDAE LEVEL SENSOR 24-35 | Lo Noera ce. eo INTRODUCTION — nié_OF THe [MOST (mPoeTAKT APLC AtiONS Be ececthoules \e, Te Use OF sensons TO BETECT ASD RESPOND To EXTERNAL STIMULl | such) AS Touch, PRESSURE, WATER. HEAT, | | Then, Maeuerie Lbs Avo se FoaTA. THese SC Ate AMONG THE SENSOR APPLICATIONS Tis TUS | Nisi-Neresoow. You CAM MAKE SOME SENSORS, AND. MAUY SensoAs Aud SENSING SysTEMS-- ARE AVAILAECE PROM RADIO. SHACK STORES AND. RADE SHACK UNLIMITED. 1 i DESIGN TIPS f et | CLD TMe usrauitous 741 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER, [Cis used jn MIs Mini-nere@oaK. go You [can SuesriTUTE NEWER OP. AMBS IF You bo | Sot ExcEED THEIR MAXIMUM POWER SUPRLY BE SURE TD CHECK THE PIA QUTCINE. 2. Unless GrhERWise Seecifien, Use 1 obk/2 (Wate RES\STARS AND. CAPACITORS. RATED FoR. | | Uhr LEAST. THE POWER. SupPLY. VOLTAGE...\F EXACT] VALUES | ARE UNAVAILABLE , YOU-CAN USUALLY | Sugstiwie values wiki 1070 20% OF | THE SPECIFIED. VALUE. SLALWAMS RUD A TEST VERSION OF A Gikcuir. ou A SOLDERLESS SREADEGARD GeroRe MAKING A PERMANENT VERSION TLS Wik. AWOW. YOU TO MAKE MBDIFICATIDNS To HE. CikeulT, | “SAFETY FIRST t L | Hieower ‘SeNsoa cincwTs wit BATTERIES. | i Lit _Q0IT-YOURSELE SENSOR ciRcviITS ARE NOT ||APPROPRIATE FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OR [WHEN HUMAN CFE OR SAFETY ISAT RISK.oe T Ht 1 ELECTRONIC SENSORS et TUANALOG SENSORS r Ac Ree Teor sees ea MARY kinds oF ANALOG SENSORS t READILY AVAILABLE. SOME OF THE SOUND, PRESSURE, VIERATION OR TEMPERA | COMMON ARE DESCRICED HERE. URE. Most. ees ee BE geen. gaat | | ONE SF Two CATEGORIES! SIMPLE GO-NOGd { SENSORS THAT ACT MUCH Like AN On) -OFF PROTORESISTOR | SWITCA AND ANALOG SENSORS WHOSE t OUTPUT [5 PROPORTIONAL TO THE STIMULUS, —LIGHT# SENSITIWE RESISTOR WHOSE RESISTANCE CHANGES | wim cient. I GO-NO GO SENSORS 4 Ve GO-NO GO SENSORS ARE Also KNOWN ~ | — PHOTODIODE. AS |ON-OF€, NES-NO_o& BINARY SENSORS. | | | SOME ARE SIMPLE MECHANICAL DEVICES. | LiGuT- SENS (TIVE Diode SUCK AS MAGWETIC PROXIMITY Sup ITEHES. + | wmicH PRopuces A CURRENT AND VIRRATION SENSORS LIKE THOSE USED | | f IN RESPONSE tO LIGHT. Im MARLOUS SECURITY SYSTEMS, et 14 { THERMISTOR t { te ~ HEMPERATORE-sensitwe. RESISTOR WHOSE RESISTANCE CHANCES WITH TEMPERATIAE. \CROPHONE MAGNETIC REED Switch PENDULUM SwiTa) HH (WAGHET SENSOR) (VIBRATION SENSOR SOUMD=SENSITIUE SEKSOR — WHICH PRODUCES A VOLTAGE. Gh RANGES A CAPAC TAREE. SoME GO=NOGO SENSORS \CLUDE AN AS TE, SOUND CELE. CHANGES. ANALDG SERSOR AND A cigcuiT THAT SWITCHES ON COR OFF) WHEN THE! AMPLITUDE. OF WAT \S EING SENSED ExceeDS PIEZOELECTRIC CORFAUS @ELOW) A CERTAIN LEVEL, i OFTEN THE POAT AT WHICH THE CIRCUIT | NARIOUS cRVSTALS om Switches CAN BE ADTUSTED gY ADDING | Ceaamics which eRopuce OR CHANGING THE VALUE DF AN ExTER- —ANOLTAGE WHEN BEAT, | NALRESISTOR OR BY A DIGITAL susrrcH MISRATED OR SUBTECTED TO ARRAN. ___MECHAN\eAL SHoeK. 1 i I Tree iti Teta t Peron BASIC SENSOR, CIRCUITS it fet SENSORS AND COMPUTERS ELECTRONIC SENSORS REQUIRE A DEUCE i GO=NOGO SENSORS CAN BE EASILY. Goi THAT INDICATES WHEN SOMETHING HAS BEEN LECTED TD _COMPUTERS AND DIGITAL CiReurss, SENSED. THE INDICATOR FOR. A SIMPLE GO~ { io.Go. SENSOR SUCH _AS A MAGNET furTCH CAN RE A LAMP, LED oR Buzzer. 4 NGNET 7. compuree MAGNET Mouse’ SWiren |<“ Sy ITCH. TOYSTIC KK SUUITCH. OR PARALLEL PORT. waguierl akGnET Beth eben Lawel-is/ Veni sia | ex earreey ; een CD { Paci e AG NET. LAMP {eResent a ANALOG SENSORS REQUIRE A cic rr THAT. i Hiwdebans me SIEGAL EBMTHE SENSOR INTD DIGITAL FORM ‘THAT. A COMPUTER CAN ___ UNDERSTAND. ONE APPROACH 15.TO CHANGE THE OUTPUT DEVICE FOR AN ANALOG SENSOR SHE SIGNAL Ino A STRING OF PULSES | Eee BE AN eS. OR big e METER, a dane oe one aoa i oselluoscoten ch A comburen rune. of Te SIGNALL cree ct = 1 (Uls THEN PROGRAMMED 7D CoUNT THE PULSES VIZ DURING |A GIVEN TIME. st ey , crs an + hear ht if 4 VOLTAGE a 1 A TaeisroR 7s MATcR { + 4 } u 4 SIGNAL | VOLTAGE Laat | MANY AWALOG SENSORS REQUIRE A CIRCUIT {— — [Snenton Ai Esbeciatly usePlv cimeutT is feilaka t-te TRAE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (oP AMP). THE -NERTER) CHANGES A SIGNAL FROM A SENSOR Be hu. cho tpansegnon Tie TAN con geat ihe A isa MOHEGR PROPORTIONAL a SRE Flow A biowepebe ota A WoLeAge TNAT 1s UBMGcRUDE De "Me stan ac |-—EASILY UwDICATED BY A METER. ‘ BINARY. | Prorepione + am y 3 mae Ee f oa tinge oe | ee pisizac EE | dieu. ~ + fl if converTeR FE oe of Ane i 45 1 i 44 it 4 Io3 tee It a“TOUCH SWITCHES! i USE A STANDARD Switch when Poscigue, FOR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS QR) FOR ULTRA: MHA /SWITERE S TRY THESE. SuUITEHES, tet “MULTE LAYER switcs (A-lVERREAD TRANSPARENCY [lua WiTH ALUMINOM Fol. SQUARES ATTACKED 72. SIDE Wi CEMENT OR DOURLE-SIDED 7 = SAME MATERIAL AS A wuTA A HOLE sehen AT EACH |SjuiteH 6S |TION, [Mane evened cincuit BoARD. AS) shown! oe sition swireu cue Mews s, OvEe Foie PATTERN In Al PRETETCAED BOARD. i QVERNEAD TRANS PAREN} FILM wiTA. ALUM, FOIL CEMENTED OR TAPE “79. Lower SIDE Ano) CEMENTED of TAPED 7D ETCHED. CiReurt BOARD ‘wT cupawil Be + WHISKER? STYLE LEVER SWITCH ATTACH) stige Plastié leon oR Musi wiRE 70. MOVAGLE LEVER ON. A LEVER SWITCH TO MAKE A waiskeR Switch. i i pS lever fitch wun SER it (A, B= See BELOW). WAKER Swatch APPLICATIONS: | ROBOTICS SENSE, PRESENCE loF OETECTS, INDUSTRY HANS wniskeR over conveyor act | [Tho vereer. CARTONS. AND. OBzECTS PASSING BY. “| RESEARCH-DRAG. WHISKER OVER 2014 oR, ne a TD DETEET. AND COUT ROCKS AND. PLAAITS. -"CPHNSICS OF LEVER! SWITCHES {> Resuirs eelow | | FROM POSTAGE, SCALE AND RUCER TAPED TO) THE WHISKER SWITCH S.A SECOND CLASS LEVER. AAPELIED PNOT: SWITCH LEVER. RULER [FORCE WAS PRESSED AGAINST SCALE PLAT FORM. I RESISTANG! { FORCE || FOR AN ineAL LEVER APPLIED FORCE x A= _ReSisr Ace FORCE» BALPUFF SwitcH IS cLoseD fy. AiR PREscuRe oR SIMPLY.BY BlowiNie INTO A TUBE. PURE SWITCHES. ARE EXPENSIVE AND HARD.TO| FIND, BuT. You CAN EASILY MAKE THEM. |CF THE VARIOUS KINDS! T HAVE MADE THE TYPE SKOWAL HERE is THe Mast REtlasLe, PRINCIPLE oF oPeRATION: Blow | tuse EXPANDABLE | eee : bile ekesaeen + SOLDER jal TUT td i} iatnoss| me MOISTURE In Youk BREATH Wits conDENse A TERMINALS INSIDE THE TUBE AnD CAUSE A SWITEH MECHAMSM, ++ 4 cofRpOE on stick. tus Memon KEEPS MOISTURE AWAY Faom Tie Suited. BELOW inseer Pua in face pL 72408 to rag 1 ‘A DEMONSTRATION SwiTcH’ Whig CAA FORM “Te Chose Switch. KNOTTED seeune HAS! WASHER with LARGER HOLE THAN BOARD Seem WASHE® IN UPPER DECK. THIS PROVIDES A { wikes SECOND SIGHAL AS TUT OR VIBRATION. 15 { INCREASED. i 17 de | ti e i | ae "IMPROVED OPEN-CIRCUIT ALARM. rk Reser ALARM PK swiFeh 54 | SWITCH-TYPE ALARM SYSTEMS MANY SECURITY ALARM SYSTEMS USE ON-OFF (SPST) SWITEHES tb DETECT OPER DOORS AND WINDOWS OR VIERATION. MAGNET, SWITCHES, METAL Fou (WHICH BREAKS. WHEN A Window Is BROKEN) AND VIBRATION SENSORS ARE OFTEN USED. NORMALLY PEN SENSOR SWITCHES, KAN fei _[se TYPICAL MAGNET SWITCH Switcn. RELAY S3 quvocr $00.0, THE RELAY Is. NORMALLY OFF “WHEN A'SENSOR Switcn 1s claséD THE RELAY PULLS IN AND. THE ALARM STAYS ON. (DNTIL me RESET SwiTeH IS OPENED. | THE CIRCUIT €AN BE DEFEATED 8Y CUTTING. A SWITCH WIRE BEFORE CLOSING A SENSOR. CLOSED-CIRCUIT ALARM! THIS ciRcuiT MonITORS THE ALARM, SENSOR. SWITCHES conTiNUOUSLY, THE ALARM 13. ACTIVATED IE A SWITCH wike 1S CUT: THE RELAY DRAWS CURRENT CONTINUOUSLAL. BASIC OPEN- CIRCUIT ALARM SENSOR, Pane AAR SWITCHES, switch xa a [se Sa RELAY vot NoaMau= S002 StS chosen. - Stnsog (ALARM Gesu, Siew, Bu226R OR LAMP) Is swrrenes, ACTIVATED WHEN A.'SwiTcH closes. Bur ss pees su] 4 | TALS cigcuir, 1s EASUY DEFEATED. simecy BY To ACTIVATE SOTTING A wine. 18INTELLIGENT. SWITCH “SENSOR WIRED SecUaiTy SYSTEMS ARE More SECURE WHEN THE SENSOR SWITCHES ARE NORMALLY—CLOSED AAD CONNECTED, AN SERIES Like THIS: Si $2 $3 34 pea WHEN A SWITCH 1S OPENED AN ALARM | SOUNDS OR A LAMP FLASHES ON. 2UT. TAE CIRCUIT DOES! MoT INDICATE WHICH SWITCH 15 OPEN. THIS CIRCUIT DoE: NORMALLY “THE oUTPUT Is close To 0 OAM. WHEN A SWITCH IS OPERKED, A CORRESPONDING RESISTANCE APPEARS AT TRE OUTPUT. WITH THE RESISTANCES. ABOVE, (¢ THE OUTPUT 15 22k THEN SZ 13 OPEN, suis METHOD ALSO INDICATES WHICH OF Two OR MORE SWITCHES ARE OPEN. With. THE VALUES ASOVE, IF. TRE OUTPUT IS. 5.5K ,THEN SWITCHES Z BND 3 ARE OPEN.” IMPORTANT TIPS: USE GREAT CARE WHEN DESIGNING AWD INSTALLING SECURITY ALARM SYSTEMS. BE SURE GATTERIES ARE FRESH AND Hest ie ssi OF tel, o. INTELLIGENT SECURITY ALARM Si-S5% NORMAL CLOSED MAGNET SuiiTCHES Be $4 RL- 40K (Ri-RS: 1/4 w) Re- 22k Rs - 234 R47 K RS -180K 51 hess woresT operate | | READOUT RELAY (@voer,S00.) REsisTANE| INDICATED) 8Y METER REVEALS HIGH ‘switce is open | PRESS AnD RELEASE. 58 70 ACTATE Sei Noamauiy, c.oses PosMBUTTON sunrcH | BuzzER ‘OnM. METER fr S87: SPDT switch OPERATION} AL PRESS Sb to TEST. (BUZZER Wilt SOUND.) 2.1F ALARM SOUNDS, TDSGLE $7.10 THE READOUT PoSimON TO SWENCE Bu2zeR. THEN SWITEH ON ONM MEER AND. READ THE RESISTANCE. 1F RESISTANCE IS ONLY A FEW Obras, (BE LATTER |S. ToD WEAK TO PULL I THE. RI iFIRE OR| WATER SENSOR THIS NORMAUY CLOSED | Swuixcn is KEPT ELOSED BY A SuRSTARCE THAT MELTS | WHEN HoT oR DISsaLuES MMeN Wer, | FOR SAFETY THE SuitcH opemS iF Tt iS DESTRAYED. | BIRE t Pack Sécmon OF BiemnAY Caudle id SENSOR GAP. Suirrcn wud OPEN WHEN WAX MELTS “OR IF comes Pia BURNS. Away. || T PLACE ASPIRIN OR OTAER WATER SoLveLE | TABLET OR CAPSULE IK. SENSOR GAP. f EAE [eaanies pu fos SENsoR GaP Puce t PEN Gerwwares) f Conmeerons fe ete Lo Poet PULL SWITCH “hae sus Same rot) ACTIVATE, A. Licity, SIREN. OR SUZZER WHEN A DOOR, iihabou! O& hae Gok 1S” OPENED. THE Veestob (11 Shown eRe. [2 weehauly pen tals means Th Shitch Can ge. byeassto fy Gurnee Lease. | FOR wogmauy cioseo || | be tarion Use THE Sulit fon. ehcinis econ | AbTUST SCREW SO THAT IT. OuEees me, Page cue | WHEN ae BOLL STRIP id In bkce yA tilde ule STRIP MIGHT BE NEC SARY IF You USE THE NORMALLY, tuned ‘ewiTen. use sends om canentt Te unt fateh | Bn ieho on ontt sens ana Huts + irs < Fle TE MEAD. GF NE oR 'BorA SCREWS. So_casiug mue_| || utes Wile CAUSE. THE. SCREWS To. PRESS TOGETHER Ano MoT SHDE 0 ONE SIDE. || Pasric. PULL, STRIP Prassic! Auk Thi$_cikcui. yses DUAL PHoTOREsisTaRS TO PROVIDE, DIFFERENTIAL OPERATION. CHANGES. IN-ROOM LIGHTING CAUSE THE SAME RESISTANCE. CHANGE, 1 GOTH PHOTOREsisTORS, THUS THEY CANCEL ONE ANOTHER. ONLY WHEN PCL RECEWES MORE LIGHT THAN PO2 IS THE CIRCUIT: UNBALANCED AnD THE RELAY AcTUATED. RL 100K, 14 Pen + pa { 47 500ft 4 vor | ADTUST RZ TD CONTROL, SWITCHING TiRESHELD. Feet stead lene Pause’ PROGRAM cursor TMs CiRcuIT EAS) REstoNDS TO yaRious cURsORS GENERATED GY TYPICAL PAINT PROGRAMS. THE PROTOTYPE chuco Se fet CWA 2) To ACTUATE, THE RELAY UKE THE TEXT CURSOR Int icdofor ‘PRIPTERUEA APPROACHED. Pod (WHITE On BLACKCMIDEO" “MONITOR SENSOR PROGRAMS HERE ARE SOME SIMAE PROGRAMS THAT ir DEMDNSTRATE. HOW! A COMPUTER Chi COLTROL, EXTERNAL DEVICES |VIA ONE OR MORE LIGHT SENSORS Twat RECEIVE PaoG RAMMED FLASHES OF AGHT. Rom. THE MONITORS SCREEN. | THIS QEASIC PROGRAM PLACES AN." X* AT THE, SAME PLACE oN THE SCREEN FOR 4g ON-OFF cycles © THIS PROGRAM ALTERNATELY FLASHES AN SX? AT Two ADTACENT LOCATIONS 1 .coniTROL| TWO Light, SENSORS. | Rem DUAL FLASHER RoOTINE r Fos A= to 10 CATE 26, 501 Paint *x" LOCATE 120,40: PRINT! FoR _N=11/ 10 1000: NEXT N LOcATE 26,50 paint» Lhocate 26/40: pewT' x" [FoR N= 4 To 10007 NEKT Ni exr A, END [REM X ON x oFF Demo tes FOR Ai 79 10 f LOCATE 20, 501 PRist ‘ix! FOR _N.=1 tO 1000: NeXT N LOCATE 20,50: PRINT." * —FOR_Ni=1 +0 1000 4 NEXT N NEXT A a END Nore: Tis PROGRAM AND THE GNE On TRACING Pase WILL oRk With Basie ie [You PLACE A ‘consecutive jumeR ReroRe | | FACH Line. CRY 40,120.20, Ere. 50. You CAN NseeT NEw Ais cateR) 1 a MODIFYING THE SCREEN. SYMBOL ot Tica How. THIS PROGRAM WORKS: (FoR Ast) 7010 conraos NUMBER OF ON-OFF CYCLES. FOR EXAMPLE, CHANGE. lo70 io0 Fak ido cyaes. LOCATE 20,50: PRusT SX" PLACES AN! "KY AT TT Rigat et ae topent at tia ag Tea 25 Rows AnD 80 COLUMNS. YOU CAN RACE THE MC ANYWHERE WITHIN THIS RANGE. FOR N= 4 To fod0: NExT_N DETERMINES _-HOW-LONG THE "x? STAYS| on AND GFf. | INCREASE THE SECOND NUMBER 7D iAicREASE | THE DELAY, { [ste simpuest COMMAND FoR [Ep Piacing A chaaaccer ar A DesiReD! PLACE [ Ebos imel sceeen. “iF \x* oR omer Keve card EHARACTERS Op \NeT PROVIDE ENOUGH LIGHT. "OR conTRAST 0 ACTIVATE YOUR SENSOR, L INCREASE THE SCREEN BRIGHTNESS oR TRY USING . ASI CHARACTER ACCESSED BY HE CHR STATEMENT... FOR EXAMPLE: | ae 20,20): /PRiNT biases ACES A WHITE, @ox ON THE (SCREEN FOR FLASHING CURSOR, CHANGE Loceré STATEMENTS: ‘becare 28, $0,/4',0,2.—Cevtsom on) IM 171-429) /F=246) fa-beb | (0-248 {O=a97\ +197) O-21e| o-tes | /-2250 SEE PROGRAM MANUALS FOR cOMMETE USr.. EE | | edLIGHTNING iSENSOR SE Tas ciecurr To DETECT DISTANT. FLASHES OF LIGHTNING. TAUNDER STORM SINCE A LIGATNING €oLT IS A G/ANT. RADIO TRANSMITTER, A TRANSISTOR RADIO CAN DETECT LiGMTAIING. BUT THE POPS. AND CRACK(ES You NEAR DO NoT REVEAL THE DIRECTION Of THE LIGHTNING. THIS CIRCUIT INDICATES THE GENERAL DIRECTION, OF LIGHTNING Belts DURING THE DAY WHEN IT MAY BE TOO BRIGHT TO SEE THE FLASHES. AT ANGHT IT wate DETECT DISTANT LIGHTNING THAT MAY BE 00 FAINT 10 SEE, FOR GESy RESULTS MOUNT THE SOLAR ceuL BEKIND A MAGNIFYING LENS. A LARGE PLASTIC FRESWEL LENS SUCH AS THE FLAT PLASTIC LENSES S0Lb AS PAGE MAGNIFIERS WORKS WELL, THE LENS WIGL COLLECT MUCH MORE. LIGHT THAN. THE SOLAR Ce ALONE AND IT WILL MAKE THE SENSOR VERY DIRECTIONAL. 40 berioNAL LEO GuTpur. | RE Led WILL FLICKER AND. FLASH IN RESPORSE. TO LIGHTNING. CAUTION} 1 STAY INDOORS WHEN LIGHTNING is EAR! ol TEST Powe TW Rewore tontRoL vir AT SOLARCEAL es 1OuF 4 4 1004F wee ~£+{(—_ iG ea ft] SPKR, TO MAKE A DIRECNOWAL LIGHTWING SeMsoR, CEMENT A SOLAR CELL TD THE INSIDE OF EACH SIDE oF A CLEAR SQUARE PLASTIC Cox. ASSEMBLE FOUR SENSOR CIRCUITS WITH AKI CED jouTPUT (ESS 381 AUDIO oprPUT STAGE) On| A CiBcuIT BOARD AND INSTALL BOARD AND BATTERY INSIDE THE PLASTIC Box. SELECT A DIFFERENT COLOR (RED, YELLOW, ORANGE AND, GREEN) FOR EACH LED. INSTALL THE LEDs ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE Box SO THEY CAN GE SEEN FROM A DISTANCE. MARK EACH SIDE OF THE 80x WITH _THE FOUR COMPASS DiRecTIDNS (SoRTA, EAST, SOUTH AND WEST) AND NOTE THE LED’ colo FoR EACH DIRECTION. PLACE THE SENSOR Us AN OPEN FIELD 50 THAT ITs HORTA SIDE FACES NORTH AND WHERE Yoo KAN SEE It FROM INSIDE YOUR House. COLOR OF FLASHING LED OR LEDS WILE IMDICATE THE APPROXIMATE. DIRECTION oF LigHTNING BOLTS. I ut Eee f+ Pry + 1 FHNERARE Db; SENSOR HD oft ALTHERMIsTOR (fA TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE Point of A FLASHLIGHT REFLECTOR 16 perecr INFRARED RADIAHON FROM NEAT SOURCES, t iy waenomeceue serie \ InieRaren Cia) ‘Soukce. + i { TREE wiges HERE Fuasauiauy REFLECTOR INFRARED SWITCH Lor IWFRARED SOURCE, FLASRLGHT: ASrLectoR (Tt Anb T= RADI sack. THERMisToRS, | it || Rowmect EATTERY AND Whit SeveRaL SEcons tp Allow Me@eisraRs TO Sragluze. ADSUST (Re borit ceo sar sWitenes dep. PLACE YOUR. H4ud NEAR REFLECTOR |AwD Leb shoved. TURN ON A MATON ule TRIGGER THE ciRcuiT| FROM | ue to 4 mMeree(agour seer) on Moke. Nore [nus chavées W AIR TEMPERATURE cause [EQUAL CHANGES IN TA AND 12.607 AM IWFRRRED, Sounce AFAECTS ONLY TA TO ADD | 1 RecaY Se¢ “SIMIGAG figcuiTS In THIS Eook. Eee Ht feslsraes feeeatc’s tot re St | tt tt TAS cikeuiT |W inoleATE! THE PRESENCE oF] | | ALFLAME oR Mar! sbiDeaING IRON. THE OUTPUT | NOLTAGE. (\Veup) INCREASES AS INFRARED || increases. | 17 | | ay /PlasuuiakT ResledroR Hakore4 | | | Raoia is TP tieamistes f To ANALOG =4v_MvLhines S@r_MuuriMExER to. O-5 |oR 0-10 yours (sé) || 1 Abasr Ri UOTIL| MereR MeeoLe (SEAR 4 CENTER OF METER SCALE. AN INFRARED Spunce |_| juin €1e20 OF View OF REFLECTOR Wiel case | IME METER NEene To derlecT UewasD (FOlRicKT).| REMOVE ie souRcE AND nie METER HEESHE Wak | Move DowmwARD Co Leet). CORRECT ALIGAMENT | ~Of 14 INSIDE Me REFLECTOR 1S iMpoRTANT. REFLECTOR ALIGNMENT | ee THERMISTOR) thst BEAT REFLECTOR (FOCAL POINT. THE FOCAL POINT! IS WHERE FILAMENT. (OF FLASHLIGHT RULE WoULd Be, rt EEeEree ano a miSAAhGwe | srt i royPOLARIZED: LIGHT. tat BAYS. OF REFLECTED Liat AND LigHT THAT Passes THROUGH some MATERIALS VIBRATE InN ObLY Sone DiRECTIONS. IF THEY. VIERATE IW ONLY DRE DIRECTION, THE Light \s Pouagized! WAUES. oF ORDINARY LIGHT VIRRATE. IN, MANY DIRECTIONS, Light waves THAT TRAVEL To. Your EYES FROM THE CiRCCE BeLow VieRATE, LIKE. This: TUNPDLARIZED Gur POLARIZED Lieu SUNLIGAT REFLECTED FROM WATER, Ice, a GLASS. Auld METAL IS PARTIALLY OR EVEN COMPLETELY POLARIZED. SUNGLASSES WITH, PoLaRizine LENSES Glock THE GLARE OF | REFLECTED SUNLIGHT, WHich Makes THEM | POPULAR wai PEOPLE WHO FISH OR SL. THE. Sky 40" AWAY. Fhom THE SUN.IS PARTIALLY POLARIZED. You can. SEE Tis YOURSELF ita. | THE HELP OF POLARIZED | SUNGLASSES. THE Mosr POLARIZED SECTION. CE THE Sky APPEARS AS A. DARK BAND Wwiten VieWeD TAROUGH POLARIZED SUNGLASSES. Wim Your BAck TOME sun, Look Ar ME Sky 90° AWAY FROM THE SUN 70 SEE Tat (THE POLARIZED BANO Is GEST. | SEEN WEAR Sum RISE OR Sumser [We rls staAiGHT. aver [LT mea Awd FoRMs a wearey 908 0 EEE hemintstspood “eaai. 1f 2=SUNSET OBSERVER, Worn. 1b _ponarizins. sunguds $65. it é@ i ee Ligut sea POLARIZING FILTERS ARE AVAILABLE FROM CAMERA Aub SCIENCE STORES. OR Use LENSES FROM INEXPENSIVE PDLARIZING SUNGLASSES. GROSSING Two POLARIZERS BLOCKS MosT LIGHT. @@ | bNcRosseD cROssED, | to PARTIALLY cnosseD H4 HTAIS PRINGLELE ‘chal Be USED To nwee sensoRs | | |) MICH IGNORE ORDWARY LIGHT UNILe ReSFONDING | POLARIZED. Lignr. dye TD RaASKUGHT AND USE FoR, cROSSED REMOTE conTRaL. POLARIZERS, | -| Wen THE. LIGHT LeveL. AT Bord LIGHT SensORS 1S Eau | THE Leb 1S oFF, Luhen me | Lighr is PARTIAuY oR 1 Squoterecy foLanizes 20. | THAT PCL RECEWES MORE LNT THAR Peay me || COMPARATOR wut swiTtca_ TAE_LED ON. SEE ELSEWHERE In ais, fooe FoR mow To Abb A RELAY To! GiRcUIT. as, £reat INTEGRATED LIGHT SENSORS ~ VIR REMOTE CONTROL SENSOR: WTEGRATED [LIGHT SENSORS COMEINE A hep twice, oe on PuisaTe Lie =e REMerE | ULIgAT-SENSITIVE PHoTDOIODE AND AMAIFIER FOMTROL TRANSMITTER, IS. TRANSMITTING. | OR DScLUATOR, IN. A MIMATORE. PACKAGE me [Ait IA eoic- ial Window ORL LEWS. Some [ly jot |sreeeo $4_tS0a56 uede-to ARE ENCAPSVAATED IN DYED | PLASTIC THAT. REMOTE CanirRot. CONVERTER. 4 +t 4 THANSMITS NEAR INFRARED (uHILE BLOCKING | | -MSI€LE LieaT. | Col Bo ode: tt oe eet LIGHT-TO-= =TONE. SENSOR. + 885 bse in $uBbueo Lehr = | SuBbUED Ligh. “To wece auock SIBLE Lea PLACE PRAcEASED Solon faluer Fee OVER TSL4 7 yam ra ers uh 4 e OR SIMILAR. ‘ok $0 Led BaTEsnnetaamecad filee ua USE To Mania >) ial | He S| vineo biseLay, PIEZOELECTAIC a couburer one A | BuzzER ELEMENT Pt WGHT, OFE LAMP, Led, daft | Ei | paawéas, ere. SuniichT 1 FLAME, ETC. “LIGHT= ACTIVATED RELAY | 1 L Caer i Ls tus! incor 7o Senbe FEORE, Lo as to ¢4v 1 CARS, ETC) WORKS EEST_AT NIGHT Oe LiGHT-10-70NE. aac 51250 +4 SENSOR = vor. meh ~ GATTERY > T3L235 LAMP , Le ae souulennere, Piezoguecrric. 79 2 disk guzzer | | heLP @Lock | ELEMENT TO Avours ooh Lich BY (ez, Disk) HN at BUNTING 1A 1 nh SAN 10 Pz 01Sk) TUBE_OvER 7SL250. AnTAGH PZ ANO-GROUND | —E.__ihie cavoe Paine DISK WITH 2-SiDED TAPE TAPE. ‘ELM (see sae | i ke DARK TAPE ON TSL23S wu REDUCE SENSU EL —INPIAED Finer. an i a i eeI im VEL SENSORS HAVE, areas ee RESULTS ILLUMINATE SIDE OF rh LED AND PLACE LIGHT 5EWSOR 2 VIAL INSTALL IA. CIGHT-TI@NT Bax, TONE: LEVEL SENSOR Tear HONE CHANGES a Bul Bean Heer SF_-R2 Luril PIEZOELECTRIC C Ga ‘buzzer wi tt BEELE 1S CER TERE