SURYADATTA NATIONAL SCHOOL

A.Y. 2022- 23
STANDARD XII CHEMISTRY JOURNAL

INDEX
EXPT TITLE OF EXPERIMENT DAT PAGE
NO E NO

18 To identify the acid and basic radicals present in the given salt.

Acidic radical is CO32- and Basic radical is NH4+

19 To identify the acid and basic radicals present in the given salt.

Acidic radical is Cl- and Basic radical is Ni2+

20 To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction

between sodium thisulphate(Na2S2O3) and hydrochloric acid
(HCl)

21 To prepare colloidal solution (Sol) of starch

22 To prepare ferric hydroxide [Fe(OH)3] sol

EXPERIMENT NO 18
AIM : To identify the acid and basic radicals present in the given salt.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Preliminary Tests

(I) Colour White or colourless May be Ca2+, Zn2+, Al3+Ba2+,

Mg2+, Pb2+, NH4+ may be present

(II) Odour Pungent smell of NH4+ may be absent

ammonia

(III) Nature Non Deliquescence Chlorides, nitrates of Cu2+, Ni2+,

Zn2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Cr3+ etc. may
be present
 (IV) state crystalline Water soluble salts containing
Na+, K+, NH4+, Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-,
SO42-etc. may be present

Dry Heating Test

Heat a small amount of salt in formation of white NH4+may be present.

a dry test tube. sublimate

DRY TESTS FOR ANION

Idenification of Acid radical

Dil. H2SO4 Test :

Take a small amount of salt

in dry test tube. Add 1-2 ml
of dil. H2SO4in it. Brisk effervescence CO32- present.

Pass the above gas in lime Lime water turns milky CO32- Confirmed
water

PREPRATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S.)

1g of salt + 5ml of distilled water, Stir well, heat it if necessary till the salt completely dissoves.
Use this solution as OS.

Group detection

Take OS + NaOH in clean Smell of NH3 and dense

dry test tube and heat. Bring white fumes of NH4Cl are
a glass rod dipped in HCl formed. Zero group present
near the mouth of the test
tube

Group Analysis

Salt + NaOH and heat and Moist turmeric paper turns NH4+present
hold the moist turmeric red/brown.
paper in fumes coming out
from the test tube
Confirmatory test

(i)OS + 4 drops of Nessler’s Reddish brown ppt is NH4+is confirmed

reagent formed

(ii) OS + picric acid Yellow ppt of ammonium NH4+is confirmed

picrate
Rub with glass rod

RESULT :

1) Acidic radical = CO32- (Carbonate)

2) Basic radical = NH4+ (Ammonium)

The given salt is Ammonium Carbonate[(NH4)2CO3]

EXPERIMENT NO 19

AIM : To identify the acid and basic radicals present in the given salt.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Preliminary Tests

(V) Colour Green May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Cr3+present

(VI) Odour No characteristic odour NH4+ or CH3COO- may be absent

(VII) Nature Deliquescence Chlorides, nitrates of Cu2+, Ni2+,

Zn2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Cr3+ etc. may be
present

(VIII) state crystalline Water soluble salts containing

Na+, K+, NH4+, Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, SO42-
etc. may be present
Dry Heating Test Cu2+, Ni2+, Cr3+ , Fe2+ may be
present
Heat a small amount of salt Colour residue
in a dry test tube.

DRY TESTS FOR ANION

Idenification of Acid radical No characteristics CO3- absent

reaction
Dil. H2SO4 Test :

Take a small amount of salt

in dry test tube. Add 1-2 ml
of dil. H2SO4in it.

Conc. H2SO4 Test : Colourless gas evolved

gives dens white fumes
Take a small amount of salt Cl- present.
with glass rod dipped in
in dry test tube. Add 1-2 ml
ammonia
of conc. in it and heat.

Confirmation of Acid
radical :
Yellowish green gas
a) 2 drops OS + MnO2 + 2 which turns moist
Cl- confirmed
drops conc. H2SO4 starch iodide paper
blue

b) 2 drops OS + 2 drops lead White ppt soluble in Cl- confirmed

acetate hot water

PREPRATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S.)

1g of salt + 5ml of distilled water, Stir well, heat it if necessary till the salt completely dissoves.
Use this solution as OS.

WET TESTS FOR CATION

Divided into 3 parts

Detection of group

Group analysis
Confirmatory test

(VI) Group detection

Take OS + NaOH in clean dry No characteristics smell and

test tube and heat. Bring a dense white fumes of
Zero group absent
glass rod dipped in HCl near NH4OH
the mouth of the test tube

OS + dilHCl No white ppt Group I absent.

OS + dilHCl + pass H2S gas No ppt is formed Group II absent

OS + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH in No ppt Group III absent

excess

OS + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH in Black ppt Group IV present

excess+ pass H2S gas

Confirmation test for cation

:

Dimethyl glyoxime test Rose-red coloured Nickel-

Dimethyl glyoxime complex,
OS+ Dimethyl glyoxime
Ni(dmgH)2
solution
Ni2+ confirmed.

RESULT :

3) Acidic radical = Cl-

4) Basic radical = Ni2+

The given salt is Magnesium Sulphate[NiCl2]

EXPERIMENT NO 20
AIM: To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium
thisulphate(Na2S2O3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Materials Required

Burettes, Conical flasks, Stop-watch, 0.1M sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) solution, 1M HCl,

Distilled water.

Procedure

Take five clean conical flasks and label them as A, B, C and D respectively.

Add 20, 30, 40 and 50 ml of 0.1M sodium thiosulphate solution to the flasks A, B, C, D
respectively.

Then add 28, 18, 8ml of distilled water to the flask A, B and C respectively.

Add 2ml of 1M HCl to the conical flask A.

When half of the HCl solution has been added to the conical flask, start the stop- watch
immediately.

Shake the contents of the conical flask and place it on a white tile that has a cross mark at the
centre.

Go on observing from the top of the flask and stop the stop-watch when the cross marks just
becomes invisible. Note down the time.

Repeat the experiment by adding 2ml of 1M HCl to flasks B, C and D respectively and record
the time taken in each case for the cross to become just invisible.

Observation
Flasks 0.1 M H2O M HCl Time required to become 1/t s-1 Concentration
cross mark invisible (t sec) of Na S O  
2 2 3
Na2S2O3  (mL) (mL)

A 20 28 2 0.04

B 30 18 2 0.06

C 40 8 2 0.08

D 50 2 0.1

Plotting the Graph

Plot a graph between 1/t (in s-1) and the conc. of Na2S2O3 by taking 1/t along ordinate axis and
conc. of Na2S2O3 along abscissa.
Conclusion

● The graph obtained is a straight line.

● 1/t is directly proportional to the concentration of Na2S2O3.
● Rate of the reaction between Na2S2O3 and HCl is directly proportional to the
concentration of Na2S2O3, which is one of the reactant.

Precautions

● The apparatus must be thoroughly clean.

● Measure the volumes of sodium thiosulphate solution, HCl and distilled water very
accurately.
● Use the same tile with the cross-mark for all observations.
● Complete the experiment at one time only so that there is not much temperature
variation.
● View the cross-mark through the reaction mixture from top to bottom and from same
height for all the observations.

EXPERIMENT NO 21
AIM : To prepare colloidal solution (Sol) of starch

THEORY : Starch has good affinity in water and it forms a hydrophilic (lyophilic) sol. The process

of sol formation is accelerated on heating. The sol so formed is neutral and is stable

and is not affected by electrolytes.

APPARATUS : Two beakers (250 ml and 50 ml), glass rod, funnel, filter paper, Tripod stand, wire

gauze, Gas burner.

CHEMICALS : Soluble starch, distilled water

PROCEDURE :

1. Take 500 mg of starch in a 50 ml beaker.

2. Add 5-10 ml of distilled water to it and mix thoroughly to make a paste.
3. Boiled 100 ml of distilled water in a 250 ml beaker.
4. Pour the paste of starch in boiling water with stirring.
5. Heat the mix for about 10 minutes and then allow to cool.
6. Filter the above contents through a filter paper. The filtrate is starch sol.

DIAGRAM :

OBSERVATION AND RESULT :

Starch sol is obtained. It does not coagulate on long standing. It shows usual properties of colloids like
Tyndall effect.

PRECAUTION :

● After regular cleaning all glass apparatus should be washed with distilled water.
● Starch powder should not be directly added to boiling water.
● Paste of starch of boiling water should be added slowly with constant stirring.
● To obtain stable sol, starch sol obtained should always be filtered.

EXPERIMENT NO 22
AIM : To prepare ferric hydroxide [Fe(OH)3] solution.

THEORY : Ferric hydroxide is a hydrophobic sol. Ferric hydroxide forms a lyophobic

 solution the substance such as metal hydroxide or sulphide which are insoluble
and do not readily give colloidal solution on treatment with water are called ‘
lyophobic colloids.’ The hydrolysis reaction produces insoluble ferric hydroxide
particles which undergo agglomeration to yield bigger particles of colloidal
dimensions. These particles absorb Fe3+ ions preferentially from the solution to
give positive charge to the solution particles. Stability of the solution is due to
the charge on the solution particles. Hydrochloric acid which is produced during
hydrolysis destabilizes the solution and hence it must be removed from the
solution by dialysis process, otherwise solution will not be stable.

APPARATUS : Conical flask (250ml), beaker(250ml) , a boiling tube, glass red, funnel,
round –bottom flask, iron stand with a clamp, wire- gauze, tripod-stand,
burner and a burette or a dropper.

CHEMICALS : 2% solution of ferric chloride (prepared by dissolving 2 gm of pure Fecl 3 in

100ml distilled water) and distilled water.

DIAGRAM :

PROCEDURE :

1. Take a 250 ml conical flask and clean it by steaming out process.

2. To this cleaned flask, add 100ml of distilled water and heat it to boil by placing the flask
on a wire-gauze.
3. Add 10 ml ferric chloride solution to the boiling water drop by drop.
4. Continue heating until deep red or brown solution of ferric hydroxide is obtained.
Replace the water lost by evaporation during boiling at regular intervals.
 5. Keep the contents of conical flask undistributed for some time at room temperature.
Label the solution as ‘ferric hydroxide sol.’

RESULT :

Deep red-brown coloured sol of ferric hydroxide is formed. It carries a positive charge
and is very sensitive to traces of electrolytes.

PRECAUTION :

1. Since ferric hydroxide solution is affected by impurities, the apparatus required for
preparation of solution should be thoroughly cleaned by steaming-out process.
2. Add ferric chloride solution drop by drop.
3. Heating is continued till the desired solution is obtained.
4. HCL formed as a result of hydrolysis of Fecl 3 is removed by dialysis process otherwise it would
destabilize the solution.