Tutorial 1 Prepared by: NP Dawadi

1. Three distributaries are used in irrigation. Details are given below, find out
which one is more efficient.
Distributary I Distributary II Distributary III
3
Discharge m /s 15 25 35
CCA 15,000 25,000 50,000
Intensity of irrigation 60% 80% 50%
Base period days 120 cotton 120 wheat 360 sugarcane

Solution:
To check the efficiency of canal, duty should be calculated. Higher the duty
value provides the most the efficient one. Or lesser the delta (water depth) of
irrigation requiring crop.

Crop / CCA Intensity Area Discharge Base Duty = Depth

Distributary ha % A Q m3/s period A/Q ha / Δ=
ha B cumecs 8.64B/D
days
Cotton / I 15,000 60 9000 15 120 9000/15 (8.64 x
= 600 120) /
600 =
1.728m
Wheat / II 25,000 80 20,000 25 120 20000/25 (8.64 x
= 800 120) /
800 =
1.296m
Sugarcane / 50,000 50 25,000 35 360 25000/35 (8.64 x
III = 714.28 360) /
714.28
= 4.354

Hence, distribution II is more efficient.

 2. A canal takes off from the reservoir, data for irrigated crops are given in
table below.
S.No. Crop name Base period. Area under Duty at head of
Days. crop. ha canal. ha/cumecs
1 Bajri(millet) Monsoon 120 7200 2800
2 Jwar( junelo) Rabi 120 5600 1600
3 Sugarcane yearly 280 500 630
4 Sugarcane overlap (hot 100 250 630
weather)
5 Vegetable (hot weather) 120 500 700

a) Compute discharge required at the head of the canal, assume suitable

losses in canal and time factor of 0.65 and capacity factor of 0.80.
b) Compute gross storage of the reservoir. Assume loss due to absorption
and evaporation is 10%, carry over storage (due to irregular and rate
monsoon) as 7% and dead storage as 10% of gross storage.

Solution;

Calculation of water requirements for all the crops in tabular format.

Crop B- A -ha D – Q – m3/s Vol. of water.

days ha/cumecs = A/D =
(QxBx86400)
m3
Millet 120 7200 2800 2.571 308.52 x 86400
Junelo 120 5600 1600 3.50 420 x 86400
Sugarcane 280 500 630 0.794 222.32 x 86400
Sugarcane hot 100 250 630 0.397 39.7 x 86400
weather
Vegetables hot 120 500 700 0.714 85.68 x 86400
weather
Total : 1076.22 x 86400
= 92985408m3 =
92.99 x 106 m3

Considering the combination of seasonal crops.

1. Monsoon season : Millet + sugarcane = Q monsoon = 2.571+ 0.794 = 3.36
m3/s
 2. Rabi season: Junelo + sugarcane = Qrabi = 3.5 + 0.794 = 4.294 m3/s
3. Q -Hot season: sugarcane + sugarcane hot + vegetable hot = 1.905 m3/s

Therefore, maximum discharge is required in Rabi season.

Let us consider 25% loss of water from the canal system. Loss factor =
75%, time factor = 0.65, capacity factor = 0.80

a) Peak demand discharge at head of the canal = 4.294/ (time factor x

capacity factor x loss factor) = 4.294 / (0.65 x 0.80 x 0.75) = 11.01 m3/s
b) For determining gross storage of reservoir;
Water required to incorporate water losses of 10% = total volume for
all seasonal crop x 10% = 92.99 x 106 x 0.10 = 9.299 x 106 m3
To incorporate Carry over storage 7% = 92.99 x 106 x 0.07 = 6.509 x
106 m3
Total live storage required = 92.99 x 106 + 9.299x106 + 6.509 x 106
= 108.798 x 106 m3
Gross storage required = live storage / 0.90 ( ⸪ dead storage = 10% of
gross storage.)
Gross storage = live storage + dead storage
⸫ Gross storage = 108.798 x 106 / 0.90 = 120.887 x 106 m3

3. The gross command area GCA of an irrigation canal is 1,20,000 hectares. The
culturable command area CCA is 75% of GCA and the intensity of irrigation for
Kharif and Rabi crops are 40% and 55% respectively. Determine head discharge of
canal if the duties of water at the head of canal are 800 and 1550 ha/cumecs for
Kharif and Rabi crops respectively.

Solution;
GCA = 1,20,000 ha Dkharif = 800 ha/cumecs Drabi = 1550 ha/cumecs
CCA = 75% of GCA = 0.75 x 1,20,000 = 90,000 ha
Area for Kharif crop = CCC x intensity of irrigation for Kharif crop
= 90,000 x 0.40= 36,000ha
Area for Rabi crop = CCC x intensity of irrigation for Rabi crop
= 90,000 x 0.55 = 49,500 ha
Discharge required at head of canal for kharif = 36,000/800 = 45 m3/s
Discharge required at head of canal for rabi = 49,500/ 1550 = 31.935 m3/s
The discharge required for Kharif season is more so head discharge of the canal
should be 45 m3/s and normally 20 to 25 % of additional discharge is required for
kor period.
So, Head discharge of canal = 1.25 x 45 = 56.25 m3/s by taking 25% additional
discharge.

4. From the following data, determine the head discharge of canal. the value of
time factor may be assumed as 0.70

Crops Base period days Area in ha Duty at head

ha/cumecs
Rice 150 1200 1000
Wheat 120 1500 4000
Sugarcane 300 2000 1400
Maize 100 500 800
Vegetables hot 110 300 700
weather

Solution; Calculation of discharge required for different crops.

For Rice, QRice = 1200/ 1000 = 1.2 cumec
For wheat, QWheat = 1500/4000 = 0.375 cumec
For sugarcane, QSugarcane = 2000/1400 = 1.429 cumec
For Maize, QMaize = 500/800 = 0.625 cumec
For hot weather vegetables, Qvegetables = 300/700 = 0.429 cumec

Now, discharge required in rainy season = QRice+ QSugarcane = 1.2+1.429

=2.629cumecs
Discharge for hot weather = QSugarcane+ QMaize+ Qvegetables
= 1.429+0.625+0.429= 2.483 cumecs
Discharge for Rabi = QSugarcane+ QWheat= 1.429+0.375 = 1.804 cumecs
⸫Maximum discharge required is in rainy season = 2.629 cumecs
Considering time factor of 0.70,
full supply discharge required at canal head = 2.629/0.70 = 3.755= 3.76 cumecs

5. To mature 5000 hectares of rabi crop an irrigation canal was run as follows:

Month Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.

No. of running days 14 28 21 21 14
Discharge m3/s 2.0 2.5 2.25 2.25 2

Calculate overall duty and depth of water used.

Solution:

Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.

No. of 14 28 21 21 14 ∑ B = 98
running days Area of land =
days B A = 5000 ha
Discharge 2.0 2.5 2.25 2.25 2.0
Q m3/s

Duty D 2500 2000 2222.22 2222.22 2500 Overall duty =

=A/Q ha/cumecs ∑(D x B) / ∑ B
DxB 35000 56000 46666.42 46666.42 35000 ∑(D x B) = 219333.24 / 98
219333.24 = 2238.09
ha/cumecs
Delta Δ = 0.048 0.12 0.081 0.081 0.048 ∑Δ= 37.8 cm =
(8.64xB)/ D 0.378 38cm

6. An irrigation project has gross area of 60,000 hectares under its command. Nearly
10,000 hectares area is considered not available for cultivation. The area irrigated
under kharif crop is 24,000 hectares where as that under rabi crop is 25,000 hectares.
About 11,000 hectares are irrigated under summer crops. The duty of rabi, kharif
and summer crops is 2000, 1500 and 1100 hectares/cumec respectively at the field
head. Giving an allowance of 25% for peak demand and losses in the system
calculate design discharge of canal. also find out annual intensity of irrigation.

Solution:
GCA = 60,000 ha
Non cultivated area = NCA= 10,000 ha
⸫CCA= GCA-NCA= 50,000 ha.
Discharge for kharif crop = Qkharif = 24,000/1500= 16cumec
Discharge for rabi crop = Qrabi = 25,000/2000 = 12.5cumec
Discharge for summer crop = Qsummer = 11,000 /1100 = 10 cumec
Discharge for kharif season is higher so canal should be designed to carry maximum
discharge provided with additional peak demand and losses.
⸫ Design discharge of canal = 1.25 x 16 = 20 cumec

Annual intensity of irrigation = ∑ intensity of irrigation for all seasonal crops.

= (24,000/50,000 + 25,000/50000 + 11000/50,000) x 100% = 120% . i.e