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Transient Over Voltages

This document discusses power system transients and surge protection devices. It defines transients as sudden changes in steady state operating conditions and describes two main types: impulsive and oscillatory. Common causes of transients include lightning strikes and switching operations. The document then examines specific transient sources like capacitor bank switching and lightning in more detail. It outlines various surge protection devices like arresters, TVSS, and MOVs, explaining how they function to limit overvoltages. Simulation examples are also provided to illustrate transient behavior from capacitor bank energizing.

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720 views38 pages

Transient Over Voltages

This document discusses power system transients and surge protection devices. It defines transients as sudden changes in steady state operating conditions and describes two main types: impulsive and oscillatory. Common causes of transients include lightning strikes and switching operations. The document then examines specific transient sources like capacitor bank switching and lightning in more detail. It outlines various surge protection devices like arresters, TVSS, and MOVs, explaining how they function to limit overvoltages. Simulation examples are also provided to illustrate transient behavior from capacitor bank energizing.

Uploaded by

raghav4life8724
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

By:

Dr. Shazia Hasan


Asst. Professor, EEE Dept
 It is the sudden change in one steady state operating condition to another.

 It generally occurs for a very short duration of time (less than a cycle).

 Transient over voltages in electrical transmission and distribution networks


result from the unavoidable effects of
◦ lightning strikes
◦ and network switching operations.

 These over voltages have the potential to result in large financial losses each
year due to damaged equipment and lost production.

 They are also known as surges or spikes.

 Surge suppressors are devices that conduct across the power line when some
voltage threshold is exceeded.

 Typically they are used to absorb the energy in high frequency transients.
Transients can be classified into two categories:

 1. Impulsive Transient

• Impulsive transients are normally characterized by either rise and decay


times.

 2. Oscillatory Transient
An oscillatory transient is a sudden, non–power frequency change in the
steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both, that includes both
positive and negative polarity values.
Some of the causes of transient over voltages on power systems are,
 Lightning – either direct strokes or by induction from nearby strokes.
 Switching of utility capacitor banks
 Resonance and Ferro resonance conditions on long or lightly loaded circuits.
 i) Lightning:
◦ Lightning strikes are the most common source of extreme transient over-
voltages,
◦ Lightning is a powerful source of impulsive transients.
◦ where total outage of an unprotected system can occur with damage to
cabling insulation through flashover potentially resulting in loss of life
through fire and electric shock.

 ii) Network switching:


◦ Electrical and electronic equipment is also continually stressed by
hundreds of transients that occur every day on the power supply network
through switching operations of inductive loads such as air-conditioning
units, lift motors and transformers. Although switching transients are of a
lower magnitude than lightning transients, they occur more frequently and
equipment failures unexpectedly occur often after a time delay;
degradation of electronic components within the equipment is accelerated
due to the continual stress caused by these switching transients.
 Lighting is an electrical
discharge in the air between
clouds, between different
charge centre within the same
cloud, or between cloud and
earth.

 Even through more discharges


occur between or within clouds,
there are enough strokes that
terminate on the earth to cause
problems to power systems and
sensitive electronic equipment.
 They raise the potential of the local ground
above other grounds in the vicinity by several
kilovolts. Sensitive electronic equipment that is
connected between two ground references, such
as a computer connected to the telephone
system through a modem, can fail when
subjected to the lightning surge voltages.
 They induce high voltages in phase conductors
as they pass through cables on the way to a
better ground.
 Switching operations within the distribution
network are a major cause of oscillatory
transient over voltages.

• Such operations include switching of utility


capacitor banks,

• Switching of circuit breakers to clear network faults

• Switching of distribution feeders.


 it is one of the main causes of oscillatory transients.

 This transient can propagate into the utility’s local power system,
pass through its distribution transformer, and enter into the end
user’s load facilities.
 The capacitor switch contacts are closed at a
point near the system voltage peak. This is
common to all switching techniques because the
insulation across the switch contacts tends to
break down when the voltage across the switch is
at a maximum value.
 The voltage across the capacitor at this instant is
zero.
 The capacitor voltage cannot change
instantaneously and hence the system voltage at
the capacitor location is briefly pulled down to
zero and rises as the capacitor begins to charge
toward the system voltage.
 At the monitoring location shown, the initial
change in voltage will not go completely to zero
because of the impedance between the
observation point and the switched capacitor.
However, the initial drop and subsequent ringing
transient that is indicative of a capacitor-
switching event will be observable to some
degree.
 The overshoot will generate a transient between
1.0 and 2.0 pu depending on system damping. In
 Utility capacitor-switching transients are
commonly in the 1.3- to 1.4-pu range
 Example: A 2000-kVAR, 13.8-kV, Y-connected capacitor bank is connected at
the end of a 25-mile transmission line with an inductive reactance of 0.5 Ω per mile.
Find the natural frequency of the current that would be drawn during turn on:

 Total inductive reactance = XL = 25 X 0.5 = 12.5 Ω


 Inductance (L) = 12.5/120π = 0.033 H
 Capacitive reactance (XC) = 13.8^2/2 = 95.18 Ω
 Capacitance (C) = 27.9 µF
 Characteristic frequency (f0) = 1/(2X π sqrt(0.033  0.0000279)= 166 Hz
 The current drawn from the source will have a frequency of 166 Hz which will
decay as determined by the power system resistance. Due to impedance drops
associated with the currents, the voltage waveform would experience similar
oscillations prior to settling down to nominal levels.
 Power factor correction capacitors at the customer location may increase the
impact of utility capacitor-switching transients on end-use equipment
 The transient is generally no higher than 2.0 pu on the primary distribution system
 But Load side capacitors can magnify this transient overvoltage at the end-user
bus for certain low-voltage capacitor and step-down transformer sizes.
 Transient over voltages on the end-user side may reach as high as 3.0 to 4.0 pu on
the low-voltage bus under these conditions, with potentially damaging
consequences for all types of customer equipment.
 One solution is to control the transient overvoltage at the utility capacitor.
 Or At the customer location, high-energy surge arresters can be applied to limit
the transient voltage magnitude at the customer bus.
 Surge arresters (crowbar and clamping
devices)
 Transient voltage surge suppressors(TVSSs)
 Low Pass Filters
 Isolation Transformers
 Low Impedance Power conditioners
 Utility Surge Arresters
 The main function of surge arresters and transient voltage
surge suppressors (TVSSs) is to limit the voltage that can
appear between two points in the circuit.
 The elements that make up these devices can be classified by two
different modes of operation, crowbar and clamping.

 .
 The concept of Clamping devices are very simple. This device
behaves like a nonlinear resistors.

 The resistance decreases as voltage increases and vice-versa,


after a certain level of voltage. Zener diodes are also used in this
application, or MOV

 The functions of a lightning arrester or surge dividers can be


listed as below.

◦ Under normal voltage level, these devices withstand easily the system
voltage as electrical insulator and provide no conducting path to the
system current.
◦
◦ On occurrence of voltage surge in the system, these devices provide very
low impedance path for the excess charge of the surge to the ground
 There are several types of lightning arresters
in general use. They differ only in
constructional details but operate on the
same principle, providing low resistance path
for the surges to the round.

 Rod gap arrester

 Horn gap arrester

 Multi gap arrester


 The gap between the horns is so adjusted that
normal supply voltage is not enough to cause an arc
across the gap.

 Under normal conditions, the gap is non-conducting.

 On the occurrence of an over voltage, spark-over


takes place across the small gap G. The heated air
around the arc and the magnetic effect of the arc
cause the arc to travel up the gap.

 At some position of the arc (position 3), the distance


may be too great for the voltage to maintain the arc;
consequently, the arc is extinguished. The excess
charge on the line is thus conducted through the
arrester to the ground.
 The ceramic powders of the metal oxides are kept
intact between two metal plates called the electrodes.
 The grains of metal oxides create a diode junction
between each immediate neighbor. So, an MOV is a
large number of diodes connected in series.
 when a large voltage is applied to the MOV the diode
border junctions break down due to electron tunneling
and avalanche breakdown.
 The MOV starts conducting when a specific voltage is
applied across the connecting leads and stops
conducting when the voltage falls below the threshold
voltage.
 It is used to simulate voltage oscillatory
transient caused by capacitor banking
energizing for power factor correction in the
power system.
 The model consists of 11 kV, 30 MVA, 50 Hz
three-phase source block feeding through 11
kV/0.4 kV, 1 MAV delta/wye transformers to
100 kW resistive and 100 kvar inductive load.
The capacitor bank at 0.4 kV bus has a
capacity of 40 kvar, and the capacitor bank at
11 kV bus in this model 100 kvar is used.

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