Republic of the Philippines

NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY

NISU Barotac Viejo Campus, Brgy. Pto. Princesa, Barotac Viejo Iloilo

OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

Lesson Plan in Abstract Algebra

Ms. Rechie Ann V. Bebedor

Mr. Ivierson G. Causing

Teaching Date(s): March 6, 2023

Lesson Plan No. 1

I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Content: Groupoids, Semigroups, and Monopoids
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of the key concepts of
conic sections and systems of nonlinear equations
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to model situations appropriately and solve
problems accurately using conic sections and systems of nonlinear
equations
Learning Competencies: The learners define and illustrate groupoids and semigroup and for
given sets, verify the properties of semigroups as well as groupoids.
Code: STEM_PC11AG-Ia-4

II. LEARNING CONTENTS

A. Subject Matter:
Groupoids, Semigroups, and Monopoids
B. Teaching Strategies:
Teaching through Problem Solving, Cooperative Learning, and Discovery Learning
C. Materials:
Activity Sheet, PowerPoint Presentation
D. Value Focus:
Accuracy and Smart-Decision Making
E. References:
E. Ymas, S., Jr. (2016). Abstract Algebra (2016 edition) [Book]. Sta. Monica Printing
Corporation.
III. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
A. Preparatory Activities
 Greet the class with “Good morning/afternoon”.
 Ask the in-charge to lead the opening prayer.
 Tell the students to arrange their seats and pick up pieces of paper (if needed).
 Check the attendance and recall the names of the students who were absent in the
previous meeting and ask them for their reasons.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Barotac Viejo Campus, Brgy. Pto. Princesa, Barotac Viejo Iloilo

OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

B. Activate Prior Knowledge
 Tell the class that they will have a game. This game is called “Pick Me Up!” where they
are going to pick a statement in a box provided then they are going to evaluate the
statements and prove if it is a Theorem or Not provide a counterexample. Tell them that
they will be chosen who’s to pick first by asking them random math questions.

1. There exist just one integer n such that n3 +2=10.

- Not, Counterexample: let n= 2 and -2
n3 +2=10, and n3 +2=10
23 +2=10 −23 +2=10
8+2=10 8+2=10

2. Every even integer that square of an integer is an integral multiple of 4.

- Theorem

3. Every positive n integer, then¿.

- Theorem

4. Every negative n integer, then(n+1)3 >2.

- Not, Counterexample: let n= -1
3
(−1+1) > 2
¿
0>2

5. x 2> x for some integer n.

- Theorem

C. Acquire New Knowledge

 Tell them what Groupoids, semigroups, and monoids are.
- This section contains mathematical structures illustrating groupoids and
semigroupds. To show that a set is groupoids or semigroup, we set the following
axioms.
Axoims in Integers

1. The set of integers Z is closed under addition.

This means that the sum of any two integers is another integers.
2. The set of integers Z is closed under multiplication.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Barotac Viejo Campus, Brgy. Pto. Princesa, Barotac Viejo Iloilo

OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

This means that the product of any two integers is another interger, Since the
set of odd integrs Zo is merely a subset of Z, then Zo is also closed under
addition and multiplication.

If mathematical system (S, ¿) consisting of a non empty set S of arbitary

elements together with a single binary operation ¿ defined on S is closed, then
the system is called a groupoid.

Example for Groupoids:

a. ( Z e, + ¿ ,i.e. for any 2 k 1 , 2 k 2 € Z e, then 2 k 1 +2 k 2=2 ( k 1+ k 2 )=2 k € Z e
b. ( Z+¿ ,+¿¿, i.e. for any a, b € Z+¿ ¿, then a + b € Z+. .

A semigroup is a groupoid whose operation satisfies the associative law. That

is a semigroup is a pair ¿ consisting of a nonempty set S and an associative
binary operation ¿ defined on S.

Example for Semigroup:

a. ¿
b. (z ,∙)

Solutions:
a. Since the sum of any two integers is another integer, then Z is closed under
addition. Also, addition is associative under Z. Thus, ¿ is a semigroup.

b. Since the set of integers Z is closed under multiplication, and multiplication is

associative under Z, then (Z , ∙) is a semigroup.

Monoids
A semigroup (S, *) having an identity element for the operation * called a
monoid.

We define the identity element e in a set S under the operation * if

a∗e=e∗a=a , ∀ a ϵ S
We note that the identity element should commute with any element of the set.
For instance, the identity element of the semigroup (Z, +) is 0, i.e. for any
element a in Z, we have: a+ 0=0+ a=a , ∀ a ϵ Z

Commutative Moniod
An operation * is said to be commutative under the set S if
a∗e=e∗a=a , ∀ a ϵ G
Groupoids, Semigroups, and Monopoids Page 3 of 9
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Barotac Viejo Campus, Brgy. Pto. Princesa, Barotac Viejo Iloilo

OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

We call (S,*) a commutative monoid.

Example: Find the identity element of the following semigroups.

a. (¿ ¿ b.)(Z¿ ¿+ ,.) ¿

Solutions.
a.) Z+¿ ¿ contains the integers from starting from 1, then Z+¿ ¿ has no identity
elements since it does not contain the element 0.

b.) The multiplicative identity elements of Z+¿ ¿ is 1, i.e.

a ∙ 1=1 ⋅a=a , ∀ a € Z+¿ ¿

Examples: test properties of commutative monoid for the set ¿, where S is the
set of real numbers and ¿ is defined as a∗b=a+2 b .

Solution. a.) Closure. S is closed under the operation ¿ since

a∗b=a+2 b , ∀ a , b € S .

b.) Associative. The operation ¿ is not associative if

a∗( b∗c )=( a∗b )∗c , ∀ a , b € S .

Left-side: a∗( b∗c )=( a∗b )∗c , ∀ a , b € S .

¿ a+2( b+2 c)

Right-side: ( a∗b )∗c=( a+2 b )∗c

¿ a+2 b+ 2c

Since the two sides are equal, then ¿ is not associative.

c.) Identity, To find the identity of the set S, say e, we need to show that
a∗e=e∗a=a

But a∗e=a+2 e=a . It follows that 2 e=0 ,or e = 0 € S.Thus, the identity
elements of S is 0. We conclude that ( S ,∗¿is a monoids.

d.) Commutative. The operation ¿ is commutative if a∗b=b∗a , i.e.

a∗b=a+2 b , and b∗a=b+2 a .

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 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Barotac Viejo Campus, Brgy. Pto. Princesa, Barotac Viejo Iloilo

OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

Apparently, since the two computations a∗b and b∗a are not equal, then ¿ is
not commutative.
Example: Define the binary operation ⨁ in the set G= { 0 ,2 , 4 ,6 ,8 } modulo of
10. Show that (G, ⨁ ) is a commutative monoid.

Solution. We first set the table with a few operations applied on elements.
2 ⊕2=4 4 ⨁ 2=6 6 ⨁ 2=8
2 ⊕4=6 4 ⨁ 4=8 6 ⨁ 4=0
2 ⊕6=8 4 ⨁ 6=0 6 ⨁ 6=2
2 ⊕ 8=0 4 ⨁ 8=2 6 ⨁ 8=4
Thus, we have the table of the result upon performing the operation ⨁ for pairs of elements in G.
⨁ 0 2 4 6 8
00 2 4 6 8
22 4 6 8 0
44 6 8 0 2
66 8 0 2 4
88 0 2 4 6
The set G is closed with respect to ⨁ based on the table, i.e.
∀ a , b ∈G → a ⨁ b∈ G
b. Associative
Since the elements of G are integers and we know for the fact that addition is commutative
under Z (set of integers), then the binary operation ⨁ is associative in G.

c. Identity
The identity element is 0. We can verify the identity 0 based on the first and second rows and
columns as indicated in the table. All the elements on the second row must be the same to that of
the first row, and all the elements on the second column must be the same to that of the first
column. This assertion is indicated by the bold lines in the table.
⨁ 0 2 4 6 8
0 0 2 4 6 8
2 2 4 6 8 0
4 4 6 8 0 2
6 6 8 0 2 4
8 8 0 2 4 6
Thus, (G , ⨁) forms a monoid.
d. Commutative
There are 2 ways to verify the commutative property. The first solution is based on the fact
that the elements of G are integers, and the fact that addition is commutative under Z, then ⨁ is
commutative under G.

Groupoids, Semigroups, and Monopoids Page 5 of 9

 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Barotac Viejo Campus, Brgy. Pto. Princesa, Barotac Viejo Iloilo

OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

Second solution of the commutative property will be based on the main diagonal. Since the
elements are symmetric with respect to the main diagonal as indicated in the table, then this
implies that the binary operation ⨁ is commutative in Z, i.e.
a∗b=b∗a , ∀ a , b ∈ Z
⨁ 0 2 4 6 8
0 0 2 4 6 8
2 2 4 6 8 0
4 4 6 8 0 2
6 6 8 0 2 4
8 8 0 2 4 6

Example: Let G denote the set of all ordered pairs of real numbers with nonzero first components.
Define the operation * by the rule
(a, b) * (c, d) = (ac, bc + d).
Test the properties of a commutative monoid.

Solution. a. The set G is closed with respect to * since the elements of the ordered pair are real
numbers, i.e.
(a, b) * (c, d) = (ac, bc + d) ∈ G, since ac ∈ R and bc + d ∈ R. .
b. To test the associative property, we have
( (a, b) * (c, d) ) * (e, f) = (a, b) * [(c, d) * (e, f)]
For the left-hand member:
[(a, b) * (c, d)] * (e, f) = (ac, bc + d) * (e, f)
= [(ac) e, (bc + d) e + f ]

For the right-hand member:

(a, b) * [ (c, d) * (e, f) ] = (a, b) * (ce, de + f)
= (a (ce) , b(ce) + (de + f) )
Notice that multiplication and addition are associative under the set of real numbers, i.e.
(ac) e = a (ce)
(bc + d) e = b (ce) + de
Thus,thebinary operation * is associative under G.
c. To find the identity (e, f), then for (a, b) ∈ G, we have the following:
(a, b) * (e, f) = (a, b)
(ae,be + f) = (a,b)

By equating coefficients, we have ae = a and be + f = b

Solving for e and f, we have e = 1 and f = 0

Since 1 and 0 are real numbers, then (1, 0) ∈ G. Thus, we have the identity of G as (e, f) = (1,0).
Thus (G, * ) is a monoid.
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 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Barotac Viejo Campus, Brgy. Pto. Princesa, Barotac Viejo Iloilo

OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

d. To test the property of commutative, we need to show
(a, b) * (c, d) = (c, d) * (a, b)
Left-side: (a, b) * (c, d) = (ac, bc + d)
Right-side:(c, d) * (a, b) = (ca, da + b)
Since bc + d ≠ da + b, then * is not commutative. Thus, (G, * ) is a not a commutative monoid.

Example: Define the addition operation ⨁ as modulo 4 in Z 4 = {0, 1,2,3). Determine whether the
system ( Z 4,⨁ ) forms a monoid.

Solution. We test the three properties of a monoid as follows:

a. Closure
We first form the table by adding pairs of elements in modulo 4. For example, 2 ⨁ 2 = 0, 2⨁ 1 = 3,
2⨁ 0 = 2, etc. If we continue the addition of pairs of elements in Z 4, the complete addition is given
in the following table.
⨁ 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3
1 1 2 4 0
2 2 3 0 1
3 3 0 1 2
Based on the table, the set z 4 is closed under addition modulo 4, i.e
∀ a , b ∈ Z 4 →a ⨁∈ Z 4
Another way to interpret the closure property is that since the elements of Z 4are integers and
subset of Z and we know for the fact that Z is closed under addition, then Z 4is closed under
addition.
b. Associative
Since the elements are integers and addition is associative in Z, then the operation ⨁ is
associative in Z 4 modulo 4.
c.Identity.
The identity element of Z 4 is 0. We can verify the identity 0 based on the first and second
rows and columns as indicated in the table by bold lines. All the elements on the second row must
be the same to that of the first row, and all the elements on the second column must be the same
to that of the first column. The similarity of the elements on the first and second rows and columns
assert the property
a∗0=0∗a=a , ∀ a∈ Z 4
Thus, ( Z 4, ⨁ ) is a monoid
d.Commutative.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Barotac Viejo Campus, Brgy. Pto. Princesa, Barotac Viejo Iloilo

OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

There are 2 ways to verify the commutative property. The first solution is based on the fact
that since the elements of Z 4are integers, and the fact that addition is commutative under Z, then
⨁ is commutative under Z 4.
Second solution of the commutative property will be based on the main diagonal. Since the
elements are symmetric with respect to the main diagonal as indicated in the table, then this
implies that the binary operation ⨁ is commutative in Z, i.e.
a∗b=b∗a , ∀ a , b ∈ Z 4

 Application
 Using “Power Point Presentation” the students will answer the activity.
 On the line provided, write T if the operation is defined under the set of real numbers R
( a , b , c ϵ R ) , and F if not.
1. a+ b+c
2. a−b−c
3. a ⋅b ⋅ c
4. a ÷ b ÷ c
 On the line provided, write yes if the set is groupoid under the given operation, and no if
not.
1. ¿
2. (Z+ , ∙)
3. (Z , ÷)
4. (Z+ , ÷)
5. (Z 0 , ÷)
 Show if the following is semigroup.
1. ¿
2. (W + , ÷)
3. (Z e, ∙)
4. (Z e, ÷)
5. ¿
 Choose volunteers from the class to show their answers on the board.
D. Assessment/Assignment
1. Determine which of the following are monoids under the set of real numbers, where
the operation is defined as follows:
a. a∗b=a+ b b. a∗b=ab
c. a∗b=a+ b−ab c. a∗b=2 a+3 b
2. Prove that the following are monoids under the set of real numbers together with the
binary operation defined by the following:
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NISU Barotac Viejo Campus, Brgy. Pto. Princesa, Barotac Viejo Iloilo

OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

a. a∗b=2 ab b. a∗b=a+ b−2 ab
1
c. a∗b=a+ b d. a∗b= ¿)
2
e. a∗b=2(a+ b) f. a∗b=( a+ b ) ÷ 2

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