Fundamentals of Electricity

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the trainees should be able to:
 Define and differentiate following:
 Atom
 Element
 Molecule
 Compound

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Fundamentals of Electricity

 Discuss Bohr’s Model

 Differentiate the characteristics of atomic
particles with regards to charge and mass.
 Discuss the significance of valence electrons.
 Differentiate energy band levels of electrons.
 Explain ionization process.
 Define, differentiate and classify materials
being Conductor, Insulator and Semiconductor
 Define and discuss electricity

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Fundamentals of Electricity

 Explain the basic principle how electricity is

produced
 Discuss the following sources of electricity
 Conversion of chemical energy
 Electromagnetism
 Photo electricity
 Piezoelectricity
 Thermoelectricity

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Fundamentals of Electricity

Introduction

 Electricity is a fundamental entity of nature.

 It consists mainly of negatively and positively
charged particles commonly found in the atom.
 Through man-made influence and natural
phenomena, it is possible to observe how the
electron (negatively charged) and the proton
(positively charged) interact magnetically.

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Matter

5
The Electron Theory

electron

neutron

proton

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 Matter

 Matter is anything that has weight and occupies

space.
 Examples of matter are air, water, automobiles,
clothing, and even our own bodies.
 Matter can be found in any one of three states:
solid, liquid, and gaseous.

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 Molecules

• Any particle that is a chemical combination of

two or more atoms is a molecule.
• In a compound, the molecule is the smallest
particle that has all the characteristics of that
compound.

MATTER MOLECULES

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 Molecules

• Water, for example, is a compound made up of

two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
• It maybe chemically or electrically divided into its
separate atoms, but it cannot be divided by
physical means.

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 Molecules

 An atom is the smallest part into which an

element can be divided.
 Elements are the basic building blocks of all
matter. Some common elements include silver,
copper, gold, tin, hydrogen and oxygen

MATTER MOLECULE ATOM

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 Molecules

 All atom consist of two basic parts: a body at

the center of the atom, called Nucleus, and
electron orbiting around the nucleus.
 Atoms may have more than one orbiting
electron, but each atom contains only one
nucleus

MATTER MOLECULE ATOM

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Elements and Compounds

• An element is a substance that cannot be

reduced to a simpler substance by chemical
means.
• Examples are iron, gold, silver, copper, and
oxygen.
• All substances are composed of one or more of
these elements.
• When two or more elements are chemically
combined, the resulting substance is a
compound.
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Elements and Compounds

• A compound is a chemical combination of

elements that can be separated by chemical but
not by physical means.
• Examples of common compounds are water
(hydrogen and oxygen) and table salt (sodium
and chlorine).

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 Remember

 One rule that is very prevalent in all forms of

electricity, and also magnetism, is that like
charges, or poles, repel and unlike charges,
poles, will attract.

-- --

+ +

-- +

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The Electron Theory

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 Composition of Atoms

Atoms are composed of :

 Nucleus – at the center

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 Composition of Atoms

Atoms are composed of :

 Nucleus – at the center which consists of
protons (+) charge

+ +
PROTONS

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 Composition of Atoms

Atoms are composed of :

 Nucleus – at the center which consists of
protons (+) charge and neutrons which has no
charge.

+ +

NEUTRONS

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 Composition of Atoms

Atoms are composed of :

 Nucleus – at the center which consists of
protons (+) charge and neutrons which has no
charge.
 Electrons – orbiting the nucleus
--
-- ELECTRONS
+ +

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 Electron

 The electron is a fundamental sub-atomic

particle which carries a negative electric charge
 Within an atom the electrons surround the
nucleus of protons and neutrons in an electron
configuration.
 In our study of electricity, we are particularly
interested in the electrons in the outermost shell
called ‘valence electron’.
 The movement of valence electrons from one
atom to another atom produces electric current .

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 Periodic Table of Elements

For any element:

Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number
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Electron Configuration

ORBITAL SHELL

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 Shell Capacity

ENERGY LEVEL SHELL LETTER ELECTRON CAPACITY

1 K 2

2 L 8

3 M 18

4 N 32

5 O 50

6 P 72

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 Valence Electron

 These are the electrons in the

INSULATOR outermost shell which are
knocked or forced out to form a
flow of electricity.
 The maximum number of valence
electrons is 8.
 The larger the number of valence
electrons, the tighter they are
held in the atom, this is the
property of an insulator.
 Examples of insulators are
plastic, rubber, wood, glass…
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 Valence Electron

 A material that contain atoms with

CONDUCTOR only 1 or 2 valence electrons is
said to have unstable atoms
these materials are conductors.
Silver, copper, gold and aluminum
all have one valence electron and
are good conductors of electricity.

 The flow of electricity is formed in

these conductors when a stray
electron bumps into the valence
electron of an atom knocking it
out of orbit.

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 Valence Electron

 A material that is neither a

SEMICONDUCTOR conductor or an insulator is called a
SEMICONDUCTOR semiconductor.
 A semiconductor will have 4
valence electrons and as they are
heated they conduct more
electricity.
 The main semiconductor materials
used are silicon and germanium.
 A pure semiconductor material
cannot be used to construct a
device, so it is mixed or 'doped'
with an impurity.
 If water was absolutely pure, with
no impurities, it would be an
insulator.
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 Ionization

 The process by which an atom loses or gains electrons.

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 Positive Ion

--
CLICK THE -- -- --
-- --
MOUSE --
ONCE TO -- -- -- --
--
IONIZE THIS -- --
COPPER -- Cu --
-- +29 --
ATOM.
-- -- -- --
--
-- -- --
-- --
--

• Positive ion is when an atom loses an electron.

• Example : Copper = 29 protons – 28 electrons = Cu+ ion
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 Negative Ion

--
CLICK THE -- -- --
MOUSE -- -- --
ONCE TO -- -- -- --
--
IONIZE THIS -- --

COPPER
-- Cu --
-- + 29 --
ATOM.
-- -- -- --
--
-- -- --
-- -- --

--
• Negative ion is when an atom gains an electron.
• Example : Copper = 29 protons – 30 electrons = Cu –
ion 29
Motion of electrons in a conductor

NO APPLIED FORCE

- - - -
- -
- - -
- - - - -

WITH APPLIED FORCE

(POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE)
- - - - - - - - -
- +
- - - - - - - - -
By applying energy to a conductor, the free electrons
will be pushed in a particular direction. 30
 Electromotive Force

 Is the measure of push on each electron which makes

the electron move.
 Emf is the potential difference, or voltage, between the
terminals of a source of electricity. Electromotive force is
usually measured in volts . The symbol for volts is V.

e
E 6 V. B

e E

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 Voltage

 The term potential difference and voltage are often used

interchangeably to mean the “push”, thus you may see
the term electromotive force (EMF)

 When writing voltages in electrical formulas, the letter E is

used to symbolize voltage or potential difference, while
the letter V is more commonly used to abbreviate the unit
of voltage on volts.

 Potential difference always involve two points. If a

potential difference exist between two points and a
conductor is placed between them, current will flow.
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Sources of Electricity

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 Sources of Electricity

Chemical energy
 Voltage is produced by chemical reaction in a battery cell.

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 Sources of Electricity

Electromagnetism
 Voltage is produced in a conductor when the conductor
moves through a magnetic field, or a magnetic field
moves through the conductor so that the magnetic lines
of force of the field are cut.

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 Sources of Electricity

Light (photoelectricity)
 Voltage is produced by light striking photosensitive (light
sensitive) substances.

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 Sources of Electricity

Pressure (piezoelectricity)
 Voltage is produced by squeezing crystals of certain
substances.

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 Sources of Electricity

Pressure (piezoelectricity)
 Voltage is produced by squeezing crystals of certain
substances.

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 Sources of Electricity

Heat (thermoelectricity)
 Voltage is produced by heating the joint (junction) where two
unlike metals are joined.

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 Sources of Electricity

Voltage outputs of sources of electricity

1. Battery - Direct Current – DC

2. Generators - Alternating Current – AC
3. Solar Cell – Photovoltaic (PV) – DC
4. Piezoelectric – DC
5. Thermoelectric - DC

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 Electron Current Flow

 If a voltage exists across a complete conducting

path, or a circuit, electrons flow in this circuit from
low to high potential.
 This flow of electrons is given the name “electron
current”.
- - - -
_ +

Battery

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 Conventional Current Flow

 It is the reverse of “electron flow”.

 It is the flow of positive charges from high to low
potential.

+ + + +
_ +

Battery

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 Current

 It is the movement of electrons in a particular

direction as pushed by an electromotive force.
 Movement of electrons = Current
 The symbol for current is “ I “
 The strength of current is measured in Amperes
represented by A or Amps.
 A current flowing in a single direction is called a
direct current (d.c.)
 When the direction of flow of current is
continually reversing, it is called an alternating
current (a.c.)
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 Closed or Complete Circuit

 Current can only flow in a closed circuit

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 Direct Current

 Is a steady current flowing in a single direction

e e e e
_ +

Battery

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 Direct Current (DC) Voltage

 The DC voltage means that the polarity of the

voltage never changes, the positive terminal
always has positive voltage and the negative
terminal always has negative voltage.
Output of the positive battery terminal
with respect to its negative terminal

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 Alternating Current

 Is when the direction of flow of current is

continually reversing

e e e e

A.C. Generator

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 Alternating Current (AC) Voltage

 Alternating current (AC) is current derived from a voltage

which is continuously varying.
 The mains voltage being fed to our house is 220 volts AC.
 The voltage is derived from a generator at the power
station which is basically a coil of wire being rotated
within a large magnet, this action causes the lines of flux
in the magnet to be cut, inducing a voltage into the coil of
wire.

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 In modern ships the main supply is usually A.C.
but D.C. has many uses.

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 Summary

• Matter is anything that has weight and takes up space.

• All matter is made up of molecules.
• All Molecules are made up of Atoms.
• Atoms are made up of Protons and Neutrons in a nucleus
with electrons forming shells around them – much like the
solar system.
• Electrons have a negative charge, Protons have a
positive charge, and Neutron has no charge.
• Electrons can be forced to move from one atom to the
next and this is accomplished using electromotive force.
• This movement of electrons is electrical current.

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Questions, Comments or Suggestions

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 Engr. Rolly C. Palo
Electrical Trainer

Marlow Navigation Training Center

Manila, Philippines

+632 981 MNTC local 2164

[email protected]

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