Important Questions for Class 11

Physics
Chapter 7 - System of Particles and Rotational Motion

Very Short Answer Questions 1 Mark

1. A wheel 0.5m in radius is moving with a speed of 12m / s . Find its angular
speed.
Ans: Angular speed can be given as v  r
v 12
 
r 0.5
   24rad / s

2. State the condition for translational equilibrium of a body.

Ans: For a body to be in a translational equilibrium, the vector sum of all the
forces acting on the body must be equal to zero.

3. How is angular momentum related to linear momentum?

Ans: Angular momentum can be related as L  r  p
Or L  rpsin 
Where  is the angle between r and p .

4. What is the position of the centre of mass of a uniform triangular lamina?

Ans: The centre of mass of a uniform triangular lamina is at the centroid of the
triangular lamina.

1
5. What is the moment of inertia of a sphere of mass 20kg and radius m
4
about its diameter?

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 1

 2
Ans: I  MR 2
5
2
2 1
I   20   
5 4
I  0.5kgm 2

6. What are the factors on which moment of inertia of a body depends?

Ans: Moment of inertia of a body depends on:
 Mass of the body
 Shape and size of the body
 Position of the axis of rotation

7. Two particles in an isolated system undergo head on collision. What is the

acceleration of the centre of mass of the system?
Ans: Acceleration of the centre of mass of the system is zero.

8. Which component of a force does not contribute towards torque?

Ans: The component of a force that does not contribute towards torque is the
radial component.

9. What is the position of centre of mass of a rectangular lamina?

Ans: The point of intersection of diagonal is the position of the centre of mass of
a rectangular lamina.

10. Give the location of the centre of mass of a

(a) sphere,
(b) cylinder,
(c) ring, and
(d) cube, each of uniform mass density.
Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body?

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Ans: The centre of mass (C.M.) can be defined as a point where the mass of a
body is supposed to be concentrated.
For the above listed geometric shapes having a uniform mass density, the centre
of mass lies at their respective geometric centres.
The centre of mass of a specific body need not necessarily lie inside of the body.
For example, the centre of mass of bodies such as a ring, a hollow sphere, etc.,
lies outside the respective body.

11. A child sits stationary at one end of a long trolley moving uniformly with
a speed v on a smooth horizontal floor. If the child gets up and runs about
on the trolley in any manner, what is the speed of the CM of the (trolley +
child) system?
Ans: There will not be any change in the speed of the centre of mass of the given
system.
The child is running arbitrarily on a trolley that is moving forward with velocity
v . However, the running of the child will have no effect on the velocity of the
centre of mass of the trolley. This happens because of the force due to the motion
of child is purely internal.
Internal forces in a body produce no effect on the motion of the bodies on which
they are acting. Because there is no external force involved in the (child + trolley)
system, the child’s motion will not produce any change in the speed of the centre
of mass of the trolley.

12. To maintain a rotor at a uniform angular speed of 200rad s 1 an engine

needs to transmit a torque of 180Nm . What is the power required by the
engine? (Note: uniform angular velocity in the absence of friction implies
zero torque. In practice, applied torque is needed to counter frictional
torque). Assume that the engine is 100% efficient.
Ans: Angular speed of the rotor is given as, 200rad / s .
Torque required by the rotor of the engine is given as 180Nm .
The power of the rotor  P  can be expressed in the relation of torque and angular
speed by the formula P  
 P  180  200  30  103

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 P  36kW
Therefore, the power required by the engine is 36kW .

Short Answer Questions 2 Marks

1. A planet revolves around on massive star in a highly elliptical orbit is its
angular momentum constant over the entire orbit. Give reason?
Ans: When a planet revolves around the star, it takes place under the effect of
gravitational force. The force is radial and does not contribute towards torque.
Hence, in the absence of an external torque angular momentum of the planet
remains constant.

2. Obtain the equation   0  t .

Ans: We know the relation,
d

dt
d  dt
Integrating within the limits
 t
0
d   dt
0

   0  t
   0  t
Hence, proved.

3. What is the torque of the force F  2iˆ  5jˆ  4kˆ acting at the point
 
r  3iˆ  3jˆ  3kˆ m about the origin?

Ans: Torque is given by

  rF

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  ˆi ˆj kˆ 
 
    2 3 4
3 2 3 



   17iˆ  6ˆj  13kˆ Nm 

 
4. What is the value of linear velocity if   3iˆ  4jˆ  kˆ and


r  5iˆ  6jˆ  6kˆ . 
Ans: Linear velocity is given by
   r

  
   3iˆ  4ˆj  kˆ  5iˆ  6ˆj  6kˆ 
   18iˆ  13jˆ  2kˆ

5. Establish the third equation of rotational motion 2  0 2  2 .

d
Ans: We have the relation,  
dt
Multiply and divide by d
d d
 
dt d
d d
 
d dt
 d  d
Integrating we get
 
0
d   d
0


 2 
   0   


 2  0

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 2 0 2
   
2 2
 2  0 2  2
Hence, proved.

6. Find the expression for radius of gyration of a solid sphere about one of its
diameters.
Ans: Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its diameter can be given as,
2
 MR 2
5
K  Radius of Gyration
2
I  MK 2  MR 2
5
2
 K2  R 2
5
2
K R
5

7. Prove that the centre of mass of two particles divides the line joining the
particles in the inverse ratio of their masses?
m1 r1  m 2 r2
Ans: We can express the relation as rcm 
m1  m 2
If centre of mass is at the origin,
 rcm  0
 m1r1  m2 r2  0
m1r1  m2 r2
In terms of magnitude, it can be expressed as,
m1 r1  m2 r2

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 m1 r2
 
m 2 r1

8. Show that cross product of two parallel vectors is zero.

Ans: A  B  ABsin xˆ
If A and B are parallel to each other,
Then,   0
 AB  0

dL
9. Prove the relation   .
dt
Ans: We are aware of the relation, L  I
Differentiating on both sides with respect to time
dL d d
  I  I  I …… (1)
dt dt dt
Where, L  Angular Momentum
  Torque
d
And 
dt
   I …… (2)
From (1) and (2)
dL

dt
Hence, proved.

10. Show that for an isolated system the centre of mass moves with uniform
velocity along a straight line path.

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Ans: For the given conditions let M be the total mass concentrated at centre of
mass whose position vector is r .
Md 2 r
F
dt 2
Md  dr  Md
F  
dt  dt  dt
Vcm  
For an isolated system it can be given as, F  0


Md
dt
 
Vcm  0

Or
d
dt
 
Vcm  0 since M  0

 
 Vcm  constant

11. The angle  covered by a body in rotational motion is given by the

equation   6t  5t 2  2t 3 . Determine the value of instantaneous angular
velocity and angular acceleration.
at time t  2s .
Ans: In the question it is given that   6t  5t 2  2t 3 .
d
Now, Angular velocity    6  10t  6t 2
dt
At t  2s

  6  10  2   6  2 
2

   50rad / sec
Again, angular acceleration can be given as,
d d 2
   10  12t
dt dt 2
At t  2s
  10  12  2 

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  34rad / s 2

12. A solid cylinder of mass 20kg rotates about its axis with angular speed
100rad / sec . The radius of the cylinder is 0.25m . What is the kinetic energy
associated with the rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude of
angular momentum of the cylinder about its axis?
Ans: Mass of the cylinder is given as, m  20kg
Angular speed is given as,   100rad / s
Radius of the cylinder, r  0.25m
The moment of inertia of the solid cylinder can be given as:
mr 2
I
2
Now,
1
 I   20   0.25 
2

2
 I  0.625kgm 2
1
Kinetic energy can be given as: K.E.  I2
2
1
 K.E.   6.25  100   3125J
2

2
Angular momentum can be given as,
L  I
 L  6.25 100
 L  62.5Js

13. A rope of negligible mass is wound round a hollow cylinder of mass 3kg
and radius 40cm . What is the angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope
is pulled with a force of 30N ? What is the linear acceleration of the rope?
Assume that there is no slipping.
Ans: Given that,
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Mass of the hollow cylinder is given as, m  3kg
Radius of the hollow cylinder is given as, r  40cm  0.4m
Applied force on the given rope is given as, F  30N
The moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder about its geometric axis can be given
as:
I  mr 2
 I  3   0.4 
2

 I  0.48kgm 2
Torque acting on the rope,
  F r
   30  0.4
   12Nm
For angular acceleration  , torque can also be given by the expression:
  I
 12
 
I 0.48
   25rads 2

Linear acceleration of the rope can be stated as  ra  0.4  25  10ms2 .

14. A bullet of mass 10g and speed 500m / s is fired into a door and gets
embedded exactly at the centre of the door. The door is 1.0m wide and weighs
12kg . It is hinged at one end and rotates about a vertical axis practically
without friction. Find the angular speed of the door just after
the bullet embeds into it. (Hint: The moment of inertia of the door about the
ML2
vertical axis at one end is .)
3
Ans: Given that,
Mass of the bullet is given as, m  10g  10  103 kg

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Velocity of the bullet is given as, v  500m / s
Width of the door, L  1.0m
1
Radius of the door, r  m
2
Mass of the door is given, M  12kg
Angular momentum transmitted by the bullet on the door:
  mvr

   100  103    500  

1
 2.5kgm2s 1
2
Moment of inertia of the door can be given as:
ML2
I
3
1
 I   12  1  4kgm 2
2

3
But we have the relation,
  I
 2.5
   0.625rads 1 , which is the required angular speed.
I 4

15. Explain why friction is necessary to make the disc in Fig. 7.41 roll in the
direction indicated.
(a) Give the direction of frictional force at B, and the sense of frictional
torque, before perfect rolling begins.
Ans: To roll the given disc, some torque is necessary. As per the definition of
torque, the rotating force must be tangential to the disc. Since the frictional force
at point B is along the tangential force at point A , a frictional force is necessary
for making the disc roll.
Force of friction will act in the opposite direction to the direction of velocity at
point B . The direction of linear velocity at point B can be pointed tangentially
leftward. Therefore, frictional force will act tangentially rightward. The frictional

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torque before the start of perfect rolling is perpendicular to the plane of the disc
in the outward direction.

(b) What is the force of friction after perfect rolling begins?

Ans: Since frictional force will act opposite to the direction of velocity at point
B , perfect rolling will start when the velocity at that point becomes equal to zero.
This will make the frictional force that acts on the disc as zero.

Short Answer Questions 3 Marks

7
1. The moment of inertia of a solid sphere about a tangent is MR 2 . Find
5
the moment of inertia about a diameter.
Ans: From the diagram we can infer that a tangent KCL is drawn at point C of a
solid sphere of mass M and radius R . Now, draw a diameter AOB KCL .

Then according to Theorem of parallel axis, I1  I  M  OC 

2

7
M.I about the tangent can be given as I1  MR 2
5
I  I1  M  OC 
2

7
 I  MR 2  MR 2
5
2
 I  MR 2 , which is the moment of inertia about a diameter.
5

2. Four particles of mass 1kg , 2kg , 3kg and 4kg are placed at the four
vertices A , B , C and D of square of side 1m . Find the position of centre of
mass of the particle.
Ans: From the given data we can infer,
m1  1kg at  x1 , y1    0,0 

m2  2kg at  x 2 , y 2   1,0 

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m3  3kg at  x 3 , y3   1,1

m4  4kg at  x 4 , y 4    0,1
Now,
m1x1  m 2 x 2  m3x 3  m 4 x 4
X cm 
m1  m 2  m3  m 4
 Xcm  0.5m
m1y1  m 2 y 2  m3 y3  m 4 y 4
Ycm 
m1  m 2  m3  m 4
 Ycm  0.7m

Therefore, the centre of mass is located at  0.5m,0.7m  .

3. A circular ring of diameter 40cm and mass 1kg is rotating about an axis
normal to its plane and passing through the centre with a frequency of 10
rotations per second. Calculate the angular momentum about its axis of
rotation.
Ans: From the question we can write,
40
R cm  20cm  0.2m
2
M  1kg
v  10rotations / sec
Now, Moment of inertia can be calculated as,

M.I.  MR 2  1   0.2   0.04kgm 2

2

  2v  210  20rad / s

Angular momentum can be calculated as,
 L  0.04  20
 L  2.51kgm 2 / s

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4.
(a) Which physical quantities are represented by the
(i) Rate of change of angular momentum?
dL
Ans: Torque i.e.,  
dt

(ii) Product of I and  ?

Ans: Angular momentum i.e., L  I

(b) Show that angular momentum of a satellite of mass Ms revolving around

the earth having mass Me in an orbit of radius r is equal to
Ans: Given that
Mass of satellite is given as  Ms
Mass of earth is given as  Me
Radius of satellite is given as  r
Ms v 2
Required centripetal force can be given as  …… (1)
r
Where v is the orbital velocity with which the satellite revolves around the earth.
Now, Gravitational force between the satellite and the earth can be given as:
GM e M s
 …… (2)
r2
Equating equations (1) and (2)
Ms v2 GMe Ms

r r2
GM e
v
r
Now angular momentum of the satellite can be given as,
L  Ms vr

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 GM e
 L  Ms  r
r

 L  GM e M s 2 r

Hence, proved

5. In the HCl molecule, the separation between the nuclei of the two atoms is
about 1.27Å 20kg . Find the approximate location of the CM of the molecule,
given that a chlorine atom is about 35.5 times as massive as a hydrogen atom
and nearly all the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus.
Ans. The provided situation can be expressed as:

Distance between H and Cl atoms  1.27Å

Mass of H atom  m
Mass of Cl atom  35.5m
Let the centre of mass of the given system be at a distance x from the Cl atom.
Distance between the centre of mass and the H atom  1.27  x 
Let us suppose that the centre of mass of the given molecule lies at the origin.
Therefore, it can be written as:
m 1.27  x   35.5mx
0
m  35.5m
 m 1.27  x   35.5mx  0

 1.27  x  35.5x
1.27
x  0.037Å
 35.5  1

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Here, the negative sign gives an indication that the centre of mass lies at the left
side of the molecule.
Therefore, the centre of mass of the HCl molecule lies 0.037Å from the Cl atom.

6. Show that the area of the triangle contained between the vectors a and b
is one half of the magnitude of a  b .

Ans: Let us consider two vectors OK  a and OM  b , which are inclined at

an angle  , as shown in the following figure.

In OMN , we can express the relation:

MN MN
sin   
OM b

 MN  b sin 

Now,

a  b  a b sin 

2
 a  b  OK  MN 
2
 a  b  2  Area of OMK

1
 Area of OMK  ab
2

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7. A meter stick is balanced on a knife edge at its centre. When two coins,
each of mass 5g are put one on top of the other at the 12cm mark, the stick
is found to be balanced at 45cm . What is the mass of the meter stick?
Ans: Let us assume that W and W be the respective weights of the meter stick
and the coin.

The mass of the meter stick is supposed to be concentrated at its mid-point, i.e.,
at the 50cm mark.
Mass of the meter stick is m
Mass of each coin is m  5g
When the coins are placed 12cm away from the end P , the centre of mass gets
shifted by 5cm from point R toward the end P . The centre of mass is located at
a distance of 45cm from point P .
The net torque will be thus, conserved for rotational equilibrium about point R .
This can be expressed by the equation,
10  g  45  12   mg  50  45   0
10  33
 m   66g
5
Therefore, the mass of the meter stick is 66g .

Long Answer Questions 4 Marks

1. Show that a   b  c  is equal in magnitude to the volume of the
parallelepiped formed on the three vectors, a , b and c .
Ans: A parallelepiped with origin O and sides a , b , and c is depicted in the
following figure.

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Volume of the given parallelepiped  abc
And
OA  a
OB  b
OC  c
Let us suppose that n be a unit vector perpendicular to both b and c . Therefore,
n and a have the same direction.

b  c  bcsin n
 b  c  bcsin90 n
 b  c  bcn
Now,

 
a b  c  a   bcn 

 
 a b  c  abccos nˆ

 a  b  c   abccos0 nˆ

 a  b  c   abccos0

 a  b  c   abc

 a  b  c   abc  Volumeof theparallelepiped

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2. A hoop of radius 2m weighs 100kg . It rolls along a horizontal floor so that
its centre of mass has a speed of 20cm / s . How much work has to be done to
stop it?
Ans: Given that,
Radius of the hoop is given as, r  2m
Mass of the hoop is, m  100kg
Velocity of the hoop is,
v  20cm / s  0.2m / s
Total energy of the hoop  Translational KE  Rotational KE
1 1
E r  mv 2  I2
2 2
Moment of inertia of the hoop about its centre can be given as I  mr 2

E r  mv 2   mr 2  2
1 1
2 2
But we have the formula, v  r
1 1
 E1  mv2  mr 22
2 2
1 1
 E1  mv 2  mv 2  mv 2
2 2
The work needed to be done for halting the hoop is same to the total energy of the
hoop.
Hence, required work to be done can be given as,

W  mv 2  100   0.2   4J
2

3. The oxygen molecule has a mass of 5.30  1026 kg and a moment of inertia
of 1.94  1046 kgm 2 about an axis through its centre perpendicular to the lines
joining the two atoms. Suppose the mean speed of such a molecule in a gas is
500m / s and that its kinetic energy of rotation is two thirds of its kinetic
energy of translation. Find the average angular velocity of the molecule.
Ans: Given that,
Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 19
Mass of an oxygen molecule is given as, m  5.30  1026 kg

Moment of inertia of oxygen molecule is given as, I  1.94  1046 kgm 2

Velocity of the oxygen molecule is given as, v  500m / s
Let the separation between the two atoms of the oxygen molecule be 2r
m
Mass of each oxygen atom in the oxygen molecule 
2
Therefore, moment of inertia I , can be calculated as:
m 2 m 2
  r    r  mr
2

2 2
l
r
m

1.94  1046
  0.60  1010 m
5.36  10 26

It is provided that:
2
KE rot  KE trans
3
1 2 1
 I2   mv2
2 3 2
2
 mr 22  mv 2
3
2 v
 
3 r

2 500
 
3 0.6  1010
   6.80  1012 rad / s , which is the required average angular velocity of the
molecule.

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 20

4. A man stands on a rotating platform, with his arms stretched horizontally
holding a 5kg weight in each hand. The angular speed of the platform is 30
revolutions per minute. The man then brings his arms close to his body with
the distance of each weight from the axis changing from 90cm to 20cm . The
moment of inertia of the man together with the platform may be taken to be
constant and equal to 7.6kgm 2 .
(a) What is his new angular speed? (Neglect friction.)
Ans: Moment of inertia of the man-platform system is given as,
7.6kgm 2
Moment of inertia when the man stretches his hands to a distance of 90 cm:
MIHandsStretched  2  mr 2

 MI HandsStretched  2  5   0.9 
2

 MIHandsStretched  8.1kgm2

Initial moment of inertia of the system can be given as,

Ii  7.6  8.1  15.7kgm2
Angular speed can be expressed as,
1  300rev / min
Angular momentum can be given as,
Li  Iii  15.7  30 …… (1)
Moment of inertia when the man folds his hands to a distance of 20 cm becomes:
MIHands at 20cm  2mr 2

 MI Hands at 20cm  2  5  0.2   0.4kgm 2

2

Final moment of inertia is given as,

If  7.6  0.4  8kgm 2
Final angular speed can be given as, f
Final angular momentum can be expressed as,

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 21

Lf  If f  0.79 …… (2)
From the conservation of angular momentum, we can write:
Iii  If f
15.7  30
f   58.88rev / min
8

(b) Is kinetic energy conserved in the process? If not, from where does the
change come about?
Ans: Kinetic energy is not conserved in the mentioned process. With the decrease
in the moment of inertia, there is increase in kinetic energy. The additional kinetic
energy is generated from the work done by the man to fold his hands toward
himself.

5. Read each statement below carefully, and state, with reasons, if it is true
or false;
(a) During rolling, the force of friction acts in the same direction as the
direction of motion of the CM of the body.
Ans: False
Frictional force acts in the opposite direction of motion of the centre of mass of a
body. In the case of rolling, the direct point of motion of the centre of mass is in
backward direction. Therefore, frictional force acts in the forward direction.

(b) The instantaneous speed of the point of contact during rolling is zero.
Ans: True
Rolling can be considered as the rotation of a body about an axis that passes
through the point of contact of the body with the ground. Therefore, its
instantaneous speed is zero.

(c) The instantaneous acceleration of the point of contact during rolling is

zero.
Ans: False

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 22

When a body is rolling, its instantaneous acceleration is not equal to zero. It has
some value.

(d) For perfect rolling motion, work done against friction is zero.
Ans: True
When perfect rolling begins, the frictional force that acts at the lowermost point
becomes zero. Therefore, the work done against friction is also zero.

(e) A wheel moving down a perfectly frictionless inclined plane will undergo
slipping (not rolling) motion.
Ans: True.
The rolling of a body occurs when a frictional force will act between the body and
the surface. This frictional force will give the torque necessary for rolling. When
the frictional force is not present, the body slips from the inclined plane under the
effect of its own weight.

6. Two particles, each of mass m and speed v , travel in opposite directions

along parallel lines separated by a distance d . Show that the vector angular
momentum of the two-particle system is the same whatever be the point
about which the angular momentum is taken.
Ans: Let us suppose that at a certain instant two particles be at points P and Q ,
as shown in the given figure.

Angular momentum of the system about point P can be given as:

LP  mv  0  mv  d

 LP  mvd …… (1)

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 23

Angular momentum of the system about point Q can be given as:
L Q  mv  d  mv  0

 L Q  mvd …… (2)

Let us consider a point R , which is at a distance y from point Q , i.e.,

QR  y
 PR  d  y
Angular momentum of the system about point R can be given as:
LR  mv   d  y   mv  y

 LR  mvd  mvy  mvy

 LR  mvd …… (3)
On comparing equations (1), (2), and (3), we get:
LP  LQ  LR …… (4)
We can hence infer from equation (4) that the angular momentum of a system is
independent on the point about which it is taken.

Long Answer Questions 5 Marks

1.
(a) Why is moment of inertia called rotational inertia?
Ans: Rotational inertia measures the moment of inertia during its rotational
motion. Clearly, the moment of inertia is called as rotational inertia.

(b) Calculate M.I of a uniform circular disc of mass 500gm and radius 10cm
about
(i) Diameter
Ans: Moment of inertia can be given as:
1
Id  MR 2
4

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 24

 1
 Id   500  102  12500gmcm 2
4

(ii) axis tangent to the disc and parallel to diameter

Ans: Moment of inertia can be given as:

Id  Id  MR 2
1
 Id  MR 2  MR 2
4
5
 Id  MR 2
4
5
 Id   500  102
4
 Id  62500gmcm 2

(c) Axis passing through centre and perpendicular to its plane?

Ans: Moment of inertia can be calculated:
1
I  MR 2
2
1
 I   500  10 
2

2
 I  25000gmcm 2

2.
(a) A cat is able to land on its feet after a fall. Why?
Ans: When cat lands to the ground, it stretches its tail as a result of which, the
moment of inertia increases.
Also, I  cons tan t
Angular speed will be small because increase in moment of inertia and thus, the
cat is able to land on its feet without any harm.

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 25

(b) If angular momentum moment of inertia is decreased, will its rotational
be also conserved? Explain.
Ans: The moment of inertia of a system decreases from I to I .
Then the angular speed will increase from  to  .
We can write,
 I  I
Since,  I  constant 

I
 
I
K.E. of rotation of the system can be given as
1
K.E.  I2
2
1  I 
2

 K.E.  I  
2  I 

1 I22
 K.E. 
2 I
Therefore, because I  I the K.E of the system will increase. Hence, the kinetic
energy will not be conserved.

3. Find the components along the x , y , z axes of the angular momentum l

of a particle, whose position vector is r with components x , y , z and
momentum is p with components px , p y and pz . Show that if the particle
moves only in the x-y plane the angular momentum has only a z-component.
Ans: Linear momentum of the particle, p  p x ˆi  p y ˆj  p z kˆ

Position vector of the particle, r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ

Angular momentum,
l  r p

  
 l  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ  p x ˆi  p yˆj  p z kˆ 
Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 26
  ˆi ˆj kˆ 
 
 l  x y z
p py p z 
 x
Now,
l x ˆi  l yˆj  lz kˆ  ˆi  yp z  zp y   ˆj  xp z  zp x   k  xp y  zp x 

On comparing the coefficients of î , ĵ and k̂ , we can write:

l x  yp z  zp y ,

l y  zp x  xp z ,

lz  xp y  yp x …… (1)

The particle is moving in the x-y plane. Therefore, the z-component of the
position vector and linear momentum vector is becoming zero, i.e., z  pz  0
Thus, equation (1) reduces to:
lx  0
ly  0

lz  xp y  yp x

Hence, when the particle is subject to move in the x-y plane, the direction of
angular momentum will be along the z-direction.

4. A non-uniform bar of weight W is suspended at rest by two strings of

negligible weight as shown in Fig.7.39. The angles made by the strings with
the vertical are 36.9 and 53.1 respectively. The bar is 2m long. Calculate
the distance d of the centre of gravity of the bar from its left end.

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 27

Ans: The free body diagram of the bar can be drawn as shown in the given figure.

Length of the bar is given, l  2m

T1 and T2 are the tensions generated in the left and right strings respectively.
At translational equilibrium, we can express:
T1 sin36.9  T2 sin53.1
T1 sin 53.1
 
T2 sin 36.9
T1 0.800 4
  
T2 0.600 3
4
 T1  T2
3
On taking the torque about the centre of gravity, for rotational equilibrium, we
can write:
T1 cos36.9  d  T2 cos53.1  2  d 

 T1  0.800  d  T2 0.600  2  d 

4
  T2  0.800  d  T2  0.600  2  0.600d 
3
 1.067d  0.6d  1.2
1.2
d
1.67
 d  0.72m

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 28

Therefore, the centre of gravity of the given bar lies 0.72m from the left end of
the bar.

5. A car weighs 1800kg . The distance between its front and back axles is
1.8m . Its centre of gravity is 1.05m behind the front axle. Determine the
force exerted by the level ground on each front wheel and each back wheel.
Ans: Given that,
Mass of the car is given as, m  1800kg
Distance between the front and back axles, d  1.8m
Distance between the centre of gravity and the back axle  1.05m
The different forces acting on the car are shown in the given figure:

The forces in the figure, R f and R b are the forces exerted by the level ground on
the front wheels and back wheels respectively.
At translational equilibrium we can write:
R f  R b  mg
 R f  R b  1800  9.8
 R f  R b  17640N …... (1)
For rotational equilibrium, on taking the torque about the centre of gravity, we
can write:
R f 1.05   R b 1.8  1.05

 R f  1.05  R b   0.75 

R f 0.75 5
  
R b 1.05 7

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 29

 Rb 7
 
Rf 5
 R b  1.4R f …… (2)

Solving equations (1) and (2), we obtain:

1.4R f  R f  17640N
17640
 Rf  N  7350N
2.4
 R b  17640  7350  N  10290N

7350
Therefore, the force exerted on each front wheel can be given as N  3675N
2
10290
and the force exerted on each back wheel can be given as N  5145N .
2

6.
(a) Find the moment of inertia of a sphere about a tangent to the sphere,
given the moment of inertia of the sphere about any of its diameters to be
2MR 2
where M is the mass of the sphere and R is the radius of the
5
sphere.
Ans: The moment of inertia (M.I.) of a sphere about its diameter can be given as:
2MR 2
5

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 30

According to the theorem of parallel axes, the moment of inertia of a body about
any axis is same as the sum of the moment of inertia of a certain body about a
parallel axis passing through its centre of mass and the product of its mass and
the square of the distance between the two parallel axes.
The moment of inertia about a tangent of the sphere can be expressed as:
2MR 2 7
 MR 2  MR 2
5 5

(b) Given the moment of inertia of a disc of mass M and radius R about any
1
of its diameters to be MR 2 , find its moment of inertia about an axis
4
normal to the disc and passing through a point on its edge.
1
Ans: The moment of inertia of a disc about its diameter can be given as: MR 2 .
4

We can infer that, according to the theorem of perpendicular axis, the moment of
inertia of a planar body (lamina) about an axis perpendicular to its plane is same
as the sum of its moments of inertia about two perpendicular axes concurrent with
perpendicular axis and lying in the plane of the body.
1 1 1
The moment of inertia of the disc about its centre is MR 2  MR 2  MR 2
4 4 2
The position of the perpendicular axis is shown in the following figure.
On application of the theorem of parallel axes:
The moment of inertia about an axis normal to the disc and passing through a
1 3
point on its edge is MR 2  MR 2  MR 2 .
2 2

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 31

7. Torques of equal magnitude are applied to a hollow cylinder and a solid
sphere, both having the same mass and radius. The cylinder is free to rotate
about its standard axis of symmetry, and the sphere is free to rotate about
an axis passing through its centre. Which of the two will acquire a greater
angular speed after a given time?
Ans: Let us assume that m and r be the respective mass and radius of the hollow
cylinder and the solid sphere. The moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder about
its standard axis can be given as,
I1  mr 2
The moment of inertia of the solid sphere about an axis that passes through its
centre can be given as,
2
I 2  mr 2
5
The formula for torque in terms of angular acceleration and moment of inertia can
be expressed as:
  I
Where,
  Torque
  Angular acceleration
I  Moment of inertia
For the hollow cylinder the expression can be given as,
1  I11
For the solid sphere the expression can be given as,
2  I 2  2
As an equal amount of torque is applied to both the bodies it can be stated as,
 2 I1 mr 2 2
  
1 I 2 2 mr 2 5
5
2  1 …… (1)
Using the relation   0  t

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 32

Where,
  Angular acceleration
t  Time of rotation
0  Initial angular velocity
  Final angular velocity
For equal 0 and t , we have:
   …... (2)
From equations (1) and (2), we can conclude:
2  1
Therefore, the angular velocity (  ) of the solid sphere will be greater than that of
the hollow cylinder.

8.
(a) A child stands at the centre of a turntable with his two arms outstretched.
The turntable is set rotating with an angular speed of 40rev / min . How
much is the angular speed of the child if he folds his hands back and
2
thereby reduces his moment of inertia to times the initial value?
5
Assume that the turntable rotates without friction.
Ans: Given that,
Initial angular velocity of turntable, 1  40rev / min
Final angular velocity of the given turntable is 2
The moment of inertia of the child with stretched hands can be given as I1
The moment of inertia of the child with folded hands can be given as I2
The two moments of inertia are related to each other as follows:
2
I2  I1
5
Since no external force acts on the child, the angular momentum L is not varying.
Therefore, for the two circumstances, we can write:
Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 33
I11  I22

I1
 2  1
I2
I1 5
 2   40   40
2 2
I1
5
 2  100rev / min

(b) Show that the child’s new kinetic energy of rotation is more than the
initial kinetic energy of rotation. How do you account for this increase in
kinetic energy?
Ans: Given that,
1
Initial Kinetic energy of rotation of the turntable, E i  I121
2
1
Final kinetic energy of rotation of the turntable, E f  I 22 2
2
1
E f 2 I 2 2
2


Ei 1 2
I1 1
2
1 2
  I 2
Ef 2 5 1 2
 
Ei 1 2
I1 1
2
E f 2 2 2
  
Ei 5 21

2 100 
2
E
 f  
E i 5  40 2

Ef
  2.5
Ei

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 34

 Ef  2.5  Ei
The increase in the rotational kinetic energy is related to the internal energy of the
boy on the turntable.

R
9. From a uniform disc of radius R , a circular hole of radius is cut out.
2
R
The centre of the hole is at from the centre of the original disc. Locate the
2
centre of gravity of the resulting flat body.
Ans: Mass per unit area of the original disc can be given as  .
Radius of the original disc  R
Mass of the original disc,
M  R 2
The disc with the cut portion is shown in the given figure:

R
Radius of the smaller disc is given 
2
2
R 1 M
Mass of the smaller disc is given as M       R 2 
2 4 4
Let us suppose that O and O be the respective centres of the original disc and
the disc cut off from the original. As per definition of the centre of mass, the
centre of mass of the original disc is assumed to be concentrated at O , while that
of the smaller disc is assumed to be concentrated at O .
It is provided that:
R
OO 
2

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 35

After the smaller disc has been cut from the original disc, the remaining portion
left over after cutting is considered to be a system of two masses. The two masses
can be expressed as:
M
M  concentated at O   M    concentrated at O
 4
(The negative sign in the above statement indicates that this portion has been
removed from the original disc.)
Let us suppose that x be the distance through which the centre of mass of the
remaining portion shifts from point O .
The relation between the centres of masses of two masses is given as:
m1r1  m 2 r2
x
m1  m 2
For the given system, it can be written as:
R
M  0  M   
x 2
M   M 
M R

x 4 2  MR  4  R
M 8 3M 6
M
4
(The negative sign in the above statement indicates that the centre of mass gets
shifted toward the left of point O .)
The centre of gravity of the resulting flat body can be located from the original
centre of the body and opposite to the centre of the cut portion.

10. A solid sphere rolls down two different inclined planes of the same heights
but different angles of inclination.
(a) Will it reach the bottom with the same speed in each case?
Ans: Mass of the sphere  m
Height of the plane  h
Velocity of the sphere at the bottom of the plane is given as  v

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 36

At the top of the plane, the total energy of the sphere i.e., Potential energy
 P.E.  mgh
At the bottom of the plane, the sphere has both translational and rotational kinetic
energies which can be expressed as,
1 1
Therefore, total energy T.E.  mv 2  I2
2 2
Using the law of conservation of energy, we can state that:
1 2 1 2
mv  I  mgh …… (1)
2 2
For a solid sphere, the moment of inertia about its centre can be given as,
2
I  mr 2
5
Therefore, equation (1) becomes:
1 2 1 2 2 2
mv   mr    mgh
2 2 5 
1 1 
 v 2   r 2  2  gh
2 5 
But we have the formula,
v  r
1 2 1 2
v  v  gh
2 5
7
 v 2    gh
 10 
10
v gh
7
Therefore, the velocity of the sphere at the bottom depends only on height (h) and
acceleration due to gravity (g). Both values are constants and does not change.
Therefore, the velocity at the bottom remains the same from whichever inclined
plane the sphere is rolled.

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 37

(b) Will it take longer to roll down one plane than the other?
Ans: Let us consider two inclined planes with inclinations 1 and  2 respectively
related as:
1  2
The acceleration generated in the sphere when it rolls down the plane inclined at
1 is:
gsin 1
The different forces acting on the sphere are shown in the given figure.

R1 is the normal reaction to the sphere as shown in the above figure.

Similarly, the acceleration generated in the sphere when it rolls down the plane
inclined at  2 is:
gsin 2
The different forces that act on the sphere are shown in the given figure.

R 2 is the normal reaction to the sphere as given in the figure.

1  2 , sin 2  sin 1 …… (1)

a 2  a1 …… (2)

Initial velocity of sphere, u0

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 38

Final velocity of sphere, v  constant
Now, by using the first equation of motion, we can obtain the time of roll as:
v  u  at
1
t
a
For inclination of angle 1 :

1
t1 
a1
For inclination of angle  2 :

1
t2  …… (3)
a2

(c) If so, which one and why?

Ans: From equations (2) and (3), we obtain:
t 2  t1
Therefore, conclude that the sphere will take a longer time to reach the bottom of
the inclined plane having the smaller inclination.

11. A solid cylinder rolls up an inclined plane of angle of inclination

30 . At the bottom of the inclined plane the centre of mass of the cylinder
has a speed of 5m / s . How far will the cylinder go up the plane?
How long will it take to return to the bottom?
Ans: A solid cylinder rolling up an inclination is pictured in the following figure.

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 39

Initial velocity of the solid cylinder on the inclined plane, v  5m / s
Angle of inclination is 30
Height reached by the cylinder on the inclined plane  h
Energy of the cylinder on the inclined plane at point A :
KErot  KE trans
1 1
 I2  mv 2
2 2
Energy of the cylinder at point B  mgh
Let us use the law of conservation of energy, we can express:
1 2 1 2
I  mv  mgh
2 2
1
Moment of inertia of the solid cylinder is I  mr 2
2
11  1
  mr 2  2  mv2  mgh
2 2  2
1 1
 mr 22  mv 2  mgh
4 2
1 1
 r 22  v 2  gh
4 2
But we have the expression, v  r
1 1
 v2  v 2  gh
4 2
3
 v 2  gh
4
3 v2
h 
4 g
3 55
h   1.91m
4 9.8
In ABC ,

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 40

 BC
sin  
AB
h
 sin 30 
AB
1.91
AB   3.82m
0.5
Therefore, the cylinder will move 3.82m up the inclined plane.
For radius of gyration K , the velocity of the cylinder at the instance when it rolls
back to the bottom is given by the formula:
1
  2

 2gh 
v 2 
 1  K 
 R2 
1
  2

 2gABsin  
v 2 
 1  K 
 R2 
R2
For the solid cylinder we can write K 2 
2
1
 2
 2gABsin  
v 
1
 1 
 2 
1
4  2
 v   gABsin  
3 
The time taken to return to the bottom can be given as:
AB
t
v

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 41

 AB
t 1
4 2
 gABsin  
3 
1
 3AB  2
t  
 4gsin  
1
 11.46  2
t    0.764s
 19.6 
Therefore, the total time taken by the cylinder to return to the bottom is
 2  0.764   1.53s

12. As shown in figure, the two sides of a step ladder BA and CA are 1.6m
long and hinged at A . A rope DE , 0.5m is tied halfway up. A weight 40kg
is suspended from a point F , 1.2m from B along the ladder BA . Assuming
the floor to be frictionless and neglecting the weight of the ladder, find the
tension in the rope and forces exerted by the floor on the ladder. (Take
g  9.8m / s 2 )

(Hint: Consider the equilibrium of each side of the ladder separately.)

Ans: The given situation can be depicted as follows:

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 42

N B  Force exerted on the ladder by the floor point B

NC  Force exerted on the ladder by the floor point C

T  Tension in the given rope
BA  CA  1.6m
DE  0.5m
BF  1.2m
Mass of the given weight, m  40kg
Draw a perpendicular line from A on the floor BC . This line intersects DE at
mid-point H .
In ABI and AIC are similar
BI  IC
Therefore, I is the mid-point of BC .
DE BC
BC  2  DE  1m
AF  BA  BF  0.4m …… (1)
It can be said that D is the mid-point of AB.
Therefore, we can express:
1
AD   BA  0.8m ……. (2)
2
Using equations (1) and (2), we get:

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 43

FE  0.4m
Therefore, F is the mid-point of AD .
FG DH and F is the mid-point of AD . Therefore, G will also be the mid-point
of AH .
AFG and ADH are similar triangles.
FG AF

DH AD
FG 0.4 1
  
DH 0.8 2
1
 FG  DH
2
1
 FG   0.25  0.125m
2
In ADH we can state,

AH  AD2  DH 2

 AH  0.82  0.252  0.75m

For translational equilibrium of the ladder, the upward force should be same as
the downward force.
NC  NB  mg  392 …… (3)
For rotational equilibrium of the ladder, the net moment about A can be given as:
  NB  0.5  40  9.8  0.125  NC  0.5  0
  N C  N B   0.5  49
 NC  NB  98 …… (4)
Solving equations (3) and (4), we can write:
NC  245N
NB  147N
For rotational equilibrium of the side AB, let us consider the moment about A.

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 44

 NB  BI  mg  FG  T  AG  0
 245  0.5  40  9.8  0.125  T  0.76  0
 0.76T  122.5  49
 T  96.7N , which is the required tension.

13. Two discs of moments of inertia I1 and I 2 about their respective axes
(normal to the disc and passing through the centre), and rotating with
angular speeds 1 and 2 are brought into contact face to face with their
axes of rotation coincident.
(a) What is the angular speed of the two-disc system?
Ans: Given that,
Moment of inertia of disc 1 is I1
Angular speed of disc 1 is 1
Moment of inertia of disc 2 is I2
Angular speed of disc 2 is 2
Angular momentum of disc 1 is L1  I11
Angular momentum of disc 2 is L2  I22
Total initial angular momentum is Li  I11  I22
When the two discs are joined together, their moments of inertia get summed up.
Moment of inertia of the system of two discs can be given as,
I  I1  I2
Let  be the angular speed of the system.
Total final angular momentum is given as, Lf   I1  I 2  
Let us use the law of conservation of angular momentum,
Li  Lf
 I11  I22   I1  I 2  

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 45

 I11  I22
 , which is the required angular speed.
I1  I 2

(b) Show that the kinetic energy of the combined system is less than the sum
of the initial kinetic energies of the two discs. How do you account for this
loss in energy? Take 1  2 .
Ans: Given that,
1
Kinetic energy of disc 1 is given as, E1  I121
2
1
Kinetic energy of disc 2, E 2  I 22 2
2

Total initial kinetic energy can be given as, Ei 

1
2
 I121  I22 2 

When the discs are joined, their moments of inertia get summed up.
Moment of inertia of the system can be given as, I  I1  I2
Angular speed of the system can be given as: 
1
Final kinetic energy E f   I1  I2  2
2

 I   I   1 I   I  
2 2
1
 E f   I1  I 2   1 1 2 2    1 1 2 2
2  I1  I 2  2 I1  I 2

And Ei  Ef

I   I  
2

 Ei   I121  I22 2   1 1 2 2
1
2 2  I1  I2 

1 2 1 1 I 2121 1 I 2 22 2 1 2I1I 212

 E i  I1 1  I 2 2 
2
 
2 2 2  I1  I 2  2  I1  I 2  2  I1  I 2 

1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 
1  I2 1  I1I2 1  I1I2 2  I2 2  I1 1  I2 2 
2 2 2 2
 Ei  2 2 2 2 2 2
 I1  I2  I I   
 12 1 1 

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 46

 Ei 
I1I2
2  I1  I 2 
 12  2 2  212 

I I    2 
2

 Ei  1 2 1
2  I1  I 2 
All the quantities on right hand side are positive
Ei  E f  0
Ei  E f
The loss of K.E. can be attributed to the frictional force that comes into play when
the two discs come in contact with each other.

14.
(a) Prove the theorem of perpendicular axes. (Hint: Square of the distance
of a point  x,y  in the x–y plane from an axis through the origin
perpendicular to the plane is x 2  y 2 )
Ans: It is stated by the theorem of perpendicular axes states that the moment of
inertia of a planar body (lamina) about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal
to the sum of its moments of inertia about two perpendicular axes concurrent with
perpendicular axis and lying in the plane of the body.
A physical body with centre O and a point mass m , in the x–y plane at (x, y) is
shown in the following figure.

Moment of inertia about x-axis can be given as, I x  mx 2

Moment of inertia about y-axis can be given as, I y  my2

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 47

  
2
Moment of inertia about z-axis can be given as, I z  m x y
2 2

I x  I y  mx 2  my 2  m  x 2  y 2 

 
2
 Ix  Iy  m x 2  y2

 Ix  I y  Iz

Therefore, the theorem is proved.

(b) Prove the theorem of parallel axes.

(Hint: If the centre of mass is chosen to be the origin  miri  0 )

Ans: The theorem of parallel axes states that the moment of inertia of a body
about any axis is same as the sum of the moment of inertia of the body about a
parallel axis that passes through its centre of mass and the product of its mass and
the square of the distance between the two parallel axes.

Let us suppose that a rigid body is made up of n particles, having masses at

m1,m2 ,m3 ,...,mn perpendicular distances r1,r2 ,r3 ,...,rn respectively from the
centre of mass O of the rigid body.
The moment of inertia about axis RS passing through the point O can be given
as:

I RS   i1 mi ri 2
n

The perpendicular distance of mass mi , from the axis

QP  a  ri
Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 48
Therefore, the moment of inertia about axis QP can be given as:
n
IQP   mi  a  ri 
2

i 1

 IQP   mi  a 2  r 2i  2ari 
n

i 1

 IQP   mi  a   m r  m 2ar
n n n
2 2
i i i i
i 1 i 1 i 1

 IQP  I RS   mi  a  2 m ar
n n
2
i i
i 1 i 1

Now, at the centre of mass, the moment of inertia of all the particles about the
axis that passes through the centre of mass is zero, that is,
n
2 miari  0
i 1

Where, a  0

m r  0 i i

m
i 1
i M

M  Total mass of the rigid body

IQP  IRS  Ma 2

Therefore, the theorem is proved.

15. Prove the result that the velocity v of translation of a rolling body (like a
ring, disc, cylinder or sphere) at the bottom of an inclined plane of a height
2gh
h is given by v 2  using dynamical consideration (i.e., by
 k2 
1  2 
 R 
consideration of forces and torques). Note k is the radius of gyration of the
body about its symmetry axis, and R is the radius of the body. The body
starts from rest at the top of the plane.

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 49

Ans: A body rolling on an inclined plane of height h, is depicted in the given
figure:

m  Mass of the body

R  Radius of the body
K  Radius of gyration of the body
v  Translational velocity of the body
h  Height of the inclined plane
g  Acceleration due to gravity
Total energy at the top of the plane is given as,
E1  mgh
Total energy at the bottom of the plane can be given as,
Eb  KErot  KE trans
1 1
 E b  I2  mv 2
2 2
v
But I  mk 2 and  
R

2 v 
2
1 1
 E b  mk  2   mv 2
2 R  2
1 2 k2 1 2
 E b  mv 2  mv
2 R 2
1 2 k2 
 E b  mv 1  2 
2  R 
From the law of conservation of energy, we can write:
ET  E B

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 50

 1  k2 
 mgh  mv 2 1  2 
2  R 
2gh
v
 k2 
1  R 2 
 
Therefore, the given result is proved.

16. A disc rotating about its axis with angular speed 0 is placed lightly
(without any translational push) on a perfectly frictionless table. The radius
of the disc is R . What are the linear velocities of the points A , B and C on
the disc shown in figure? Will the disc roll in the direction indicated?

Ans: From the question we can infer that:

vA  R0 ,
vB  R0 ,

R
vC    0
2
The rolling of the disc will not take place.
Angular speed of the disc is given  0
Radius of the disc is given  R
Let us use the relation for linear velocity, v  0R
For point A we can write:
vA  R0 in the direction tangential to the right
For point B we can write:
Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 51
vB  R0 in the direction tangential to the left
For point C it can be written as:
R
vC    0 in the direction same as that of v A .
2
The directions of motion of points A , B , and C on the disc are depicted in the
following figure

Because the disc is placed on a frictionless table, the disc will not roll. This is due
to the presence of friction is essential for the rolling of a body.

17. A solid disc and a ring, both of radius 10cm are placed on a horizontal
table simultaneously, with initial angular speed equal to 10 rads 1 . Which
of the two will start to roll earlier? The co-efficient of kinetic friction is
k  0.2 .
Ans: Given that,
Radii of the ring and the disc are given as, r = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Initial angular speed is given, u  0
Coefficient of kinetic friction is, k  0.2
Initial velocity of both the objects, u  0
Motion of the two objects is a result of frictional force. As per Newton’s second
law of motion,
we have frictional force, f  ma
k mg  ma

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 52

Where,
a  Acceleration produced in the objects
m  Mass
a  k g …… (1)
From the first equation of motion, the final velocity of the objects can be obtained
as:
v  u  at
 v  0  k gt
v  k gt …... (2)
The torque applied by the frictional force will act in perpendicularly outward
direction and cause reduction in the initial angular speed.
Torque,   I
  Angular acceleration
k mgr  I
 k mgr
 …… (3)
I
Let us use the first equation of rotational motion to obtain the final angular speed:
  0  t
 k mgr
   0  t …… (4)
I
Rolling starts when linear velocity, v  r
  mgrt 
v  r  0  k  …… (5)
 I 
Equating equations (2) and (5), we can write:
  mgrt 
 k gt  r  0  k 
 I 

  mgrt 
  k gt  r  0  k  …… (6)
 I 

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 53

For the ring:
I  mr 2
  mgrt 
 k gt  r  0  k 2 
 mr 
k gt  r0  k gt
 2k gt  r0
r0
 tr 
2 k g
0.1  10  3.14
 tr   0.80s …… (7)
2  0.2  9.8
For the disc:
1
I  mr 2
2
 k gmr 2 t d
 k gt d  r0 
1 2
mr
2
 k gt d
  k gt d  r0 
1
2
 k gt d  r0  2k gt d
 3k gt d  r0
r0
td 
3 k g
0.1  10  3.14
 td   0.53s …… (8)
3  0.2  9.8
Since, t d  t r the disc will start rolling before the ring.

18. A cylinder of mass 10kg and radius 15cm is rolling perfectly on a plane
of inclination 30 . The coefficient of static friction k  0.25
Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 54
(a) How much is the force of friction acting on the cylinder?
Ans: Given that,
Mass of the cylinder is given as, m  10kg
Radius of the cylinder is given as, r  15cm  0.15m
Co-efficient of kinetic friction k  0.25
Angle of inclination is given as,   30
Moment of inertia of a solid cylinder about its geometric axis is,
1
I  mr 2
2
The various forces acting on the cylinder are depicted in the given figure:

The acceleration of the cylinder is given as:

mgsin 
a
I
m 2
r
mgsin  2
a   gsin 30
mr 2 3
m 2
2r
2
 a   9.8  0.5  3.27m / s 2
3
Let us use Newton’s second law of motion, we can express net force as:
f net  ma
mgsin30  f  ma
 f  mgsin30  ma
 f  10  9.8  0.5  10  3.27

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 55

 f  49  32.7  16.3N

(b) What is the work done against friction during rolling?

Ans: During rolling, the instantaneous point of contact with the plane will come
to rest. Therefore, the work done against frictional force will be zero.

(c) If the inclination of the plane is increased, at what value of does the
cylinder begin to skid, and not roll perfectly?
Ans: For rolling without skidding, we have the formula:
1
  tan 
3
 tan   3  3  0.25  0.75

 tan 1 0.75  36.87

19. Separation of motion of a system of particles into motion of the centre of

mass and motion about the centre of mass:

(a) Show p i  p i  m i V Where p i is the momentum of the i th particle (of

mass mi ) and p i  m i v i . Note v i is the velocity of the i th particle relative
to the centre of mass. Also, prove using the definition of the centre of mass
 p i  0 .
i

Ans: Let us take a system of i moving particles.

Mass of the i th particle  mi

Velocity of the i th particle  vi

Therefore, momentum of the i th particle, pi  mi vi

Velocity of the centre of mass is V
The velocity of the i th particle with respect to the centre of mass of the system is
given as: vi  vi  V …… (1)

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 56

Multiplying mi throughout equation (1),
we can write:

mi vi  mi vi  mi V

p i  p i  m i V
Where,

pi  m i vi is the Momentum of the i th particle with respect to the centre of mass
of the system.

Hence, pi  pi  m i V

We have the formula: pi  m i vi

Taking the summation of momentum of all the particles with respect to the centre
of mass of the system, we can write:

dri
i r i i i i i dt
p   m v   m

Where

ri is the position vector of i th particle with respect to the centre of mass

dri
vi 
dt
As per the definition of the centre of mass, we have:

m v   0
i
i i

dri
  mi 0
i dt

  pi  0
i

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 57

 1
(b) Show K  K  MV 2 , where K is the total kinetic energy of the system
2
of particles, K is the total kinetic energy of the system when the particle
1
velocities are taken with respect to the centre of mass and MV 2 is the
2
kinetic energy of the translation of the system as a whole (i.e. of the centre
of mass motion of the system). The result has been used in Sec. 7.14.
Ans: We have the formula for velocity of the i th particle as:

vi  vi  V

m v  m v   m V
i i i i i

Taking the dot product of equation (2) with itself, we can write:

 m v  m v    m  v   V  m  v   v 
i
i f
i
i i
i
i f
i
i i

M 2  vi 2  M 2  vi 2  M 2  vi vi  M 2  vivi  M 2V 2
i i i i

Now, for the centre of mass of the system of particles,  v v

i
i i    v i v i ,
i

M 2  v12  M 2  v12  M 2V 2
i i

1 1 1
M  v12  M  v12  MV 2
2 i 2 i 2
1
K  K  MV 2
2
Where,
1
K  M  v12 is the total kinetic energy of the system of particles
2 i

1
K  M  v12 is the total kinetic energy of the system of particles with respect
2 i
to the centre of mass
1
MV 2 is the Kinetic energy of the translation of the system as a whole.
2
Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 58
(c) Show L  L  R  MV Where L   ri  p i is the angular momentum
of the system about the centre of mass with velocities taken relative to the
centre of mass. Remember ri  ri  R rest of the notation is the standard
notation used in the chapter. Note L and R  MV can be said to be
angular momenta, respectively, about and of the centre of mass of the
system of particles.
Ans: Position vector of the i th particle with respect to origin can be given  ri

Position vector of the i th particle with respect to the centre of mass is given  ri
With respect to the origin the position vector of the centre of mass  R
It is provided that:
ri  ri  R
ri  ri  R
We have the following relation from part (a),
pi  pi  mi V
Taking the cross product of this relation by ri we can write:

 r  p   r  p   r  m V
i
i i
i
i i
i
i i

L    ri  R   pi    ri  R   mi V
i i

 L   ri  pi   R  pi   ri  mi V   R  mi V

i i i i

 L  L   R i  pi   ri  mi V   R  mi V
i i i

where,
 
R   pi  0 and   ri  MV  0
i  i 
Hence, m i
i M

 L  L  R  MV

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 59

(d) Show
dL
dt
  ri 
i
d
dt
 
Pi . Further, show that
dL
dt
 ext where ext is the

sum of all external torques acting on the system about the centre of mass.
(Hint: Use the definition of centre of mass and Newton’s Third Law.
Assume the internal forces between any two particles act along the line
joining the particles.)
Ans: We have the following relation:

L   ri   pi
i

dL d  
   ri  pi 
dt dt  i 


dL d 
dt dt  i 

   ri   pi   ri 
i
d 
dt
 
pi


dL d 
dt dt  i

   mi ri   vi   ri 
 i
d 
dt
 
pi

Where,

ri is the position vector with respect to the centre of mass of system of particles.

 m r  0
i
i i

dL
dt
  ri 
i
d 
dt
pi  
We have the following relation:


dL
dt
  ri  mi
i
d 
dt
 
vi

Where,
d 
dt
 
vi is the rate of change of velocity of the i th particle with respect to the
centre of mass of the system.
Therefore, according to Newton’s third law of motion, we can express:

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 60

mi   is the external force acting on the i particle.
d 
dt
vi th

     i.e.,  r   m dt  v     is the external torque acting on the system

d
i i i i ext
i ext i

as a whole.
dL
Hence,  ext .
dt

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 61