SRIT / 20MHG01/ Calculus and Linear algebra / Functions of Several Variables

SRI RAMAKRISHNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
COIMBATORE- 641010
20MHG01/ Calculus and Linear Algebra
Unit - III
Functions of Several Variables

Introduction
The area of an ellipse is . It depends on the two variables and ; The total
surface area of a rectangular parallelepiped is and it depends on
variables The velocity of a fluid particle moving in space depends on
variables The functions of several variables play a vital role in advanced
Mathematics.
If then are known as the independent variables or
arguments and is known as the ‘dependent variable’ or ‘value’ of the function.

Partial Differentiation
Definition:
A partial derivative of a function of several variables is the ordinary derivative
with respect to one of the variables when all the remaining variables are held constant.
Partial differentiation is the process of finding partial derivatives.

Note:
All the rules of differentiation applicable to function of a single independent
variable are also applicable in partial differentiation with the only difference that while
differentiating with respect to one variable, all the other variables are treated as
constants.

Partial Derivatives
Let be a function of two variables .
The derivative of w.r.to , keeping as constant, is called the partial derivative of
w.r.to and is denoted by one of the symbols.

( )
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The derivative of w.r.to y, keeping as constant, is called the partial derivative of
w.r.to and is denoted by one of the symbols.

( )

Higher Order Partial Derivative:

Partial derivatives of higher order of a function are calculated by
successive differentiation.
Thus if then

( )

( )

( )

( )

( ) ( ( ))

Problem: 1

Answer:

( )

( )

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( )

Problem: 2
Find the first order partial derivatives of √
Answer:
Given √
Differentiate partially w.r.t. and , we get

( )
√ √

√ √

( )
√ √

Problem: 3
Find the first order partial derivatives of
Answer:
Given
[ ]
[ ]

( )

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[ ]

Problem: 4
Find the partial derivative of the given function with respect to each variable

( )

Answer:

( )

( ) ( )
√ √

√ √

√ √

( )

Problem: 5
Find the partial derivative of the function
Answer:
Given

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Problem: 6
Verify that when
Answer:
Given

( )

( )

( )

( )

From and , we get

Hence, given function is verified.

Problem: 7

Answer:
Given

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From and , we get

Hence satisfies the Laplace equation.

Problem: 8

Answer:
Given

Adding and , we get

( )

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( )( ) * +

( )( ) [ ]

( ) ( )

Problem: 9

( )
Answer:

( ) ( )( )

( )

Differentiating partially w.r.t. and we get

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( ) ( )( )

TOTAL DIFFERENTIATION
Total Derivative
Total differential of a function of three variables is denoted by and is
defined as

whether or not and are independent of each other.

Definition:
Let and and are themselves functions of a single independent
variable .
Then the dependent variable may be considered as a function of the one independent
variable . The derivative of and is given by

DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTION

Any function which cannot be expressed as and is called an
implicit function.

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Problem: 1

Answer:

Problem: 2

Answer:

( )
[ ]

Problem: 3

Answer:

[ ]

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Problem: 4

Answer:

[ ]

Problem: 5

Answer:
[ ]

[ ]

( ) [ ] [ ]

( )

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( )

( )

Problem: 5

Answer:

Given

Also,

( )

( )

( )

Problem: 6

Answer:

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Given

[ ] [ ]

Using the values , we get

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]

Problem: 7

and
Answer:

Given

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Using the values , we get

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]

Direct substitution method:

Problem: 8

( )

Answer:

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

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( ) ( ) ( )

Using the above values in equation , we get

( ) ( )

( )[ ]

( )* + [ ]

( )[ ]

Direct substitution method:

( )

( )

( ) ( )

( ) * +

( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

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Problem: 9
Find the total differential coefficient of w.r.t. when are connected
by
Answer:
Let , then the total differential is

Thus the total differential coefficient of w.r.t. is

From the implicit relation we calculate

( )

( )

Problem: 10
The altitude of a right circular cone is 15 cm and is increasing at 0.2 cm/sec. The
radius of the base is 10 cm and is decreasing at 0.3 cm/sec. How fast is the volume
changing?
Answer:
Let be the radius and be the altitude of the cone. So volume of the right
circular cone is

Since and are changing w.r.t., time , differentiate w.r.t. .

( )

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substituting these values, we get

[ ]

Problem: 11

Answer:

( )

( )

Problem: 12
then prove that

( )

Answer:
Given

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Also given

( ) ( ) ( )

Now,

Also given

( ) ( ) ( )

Adding and , we get,

( ) ( )

( )

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Problem: 13
Given the transformations and and that is a function of

( )

Answer:
Given

Given

( )

( ) ( )

Given

Given

( )

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( ) ( )

Adding and , we get,

( ) ( )

( )

Hence the proof.

Problem: 14
If is a function of and , also and are other two variables such that

( )

Answer:

Also and

( )

( ) ( )

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Given and

( )

( ) ( )

Adding and , we get,

( ) ( )

( )

Hence the proof.

Problem: 15
If where then show that

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Answer:
Given

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Given

( ) ( ) ( )

Given

( ) ( ) ( )

From and , we get,

( ) ( ) ,( ) ( ) -

,( ) ( ) -

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Hence the proof.

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Practice Problems
1. If is a function of where and prove that

( )

2. If and then show that

( )

JACOBIANS
The Jacobian determinant is used when making a change of variables when
evaluating a multiple integral of a function over a region within its domain. The
Jacobian can also be used to solve systems of differential equations at an equilibrium
point or approximate solutions near an equilibrium point.

Definition: (Jacobian)
If are functions of three variables then the jacobian of the
transformations is defined as

| |

| |

|| ||

Properties of Jacobian:
Property 1: If and are functions of and , then

[ ]

If is the jacobian of and and also is the jacobian of and

then
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Property 2: If are functions of and and then are functions of

and then

Note:

Property: 3 If are functionally dependent functions of three independent

Property: 4
If Jacobian is not equal to zero, then and are said to be functionally independent.

Property: 5
If functions of variables are always functionally dependent when .

Problem: 1

Find the Jacobian of the transformations

Answer:

| |

| |

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Problem: 2

Answer:

| |

| |

Problem: 3

Answer:

|| ||

[ ]
( )

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| |

( )( ) ( )( )

Problem: 4

Answer:

|| ||

( )

( )

|| ||

( )( ) ( )( )

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Problem: 5

Answer:

|| ||

* ( ) +

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

|| ||

( )( ) ( )( )

( )

* +

Problem: 6

Answer:

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|| || | |

| |

| |

Problem: 7

Answer:

| | || ||

| |

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To find , we need to find the values and in terms of and .

[ ]

| |

( )

Problem: 8

and

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| |

| |

| |

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

Problem: 9

Answer:
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| |

| |

| |

Problem: 10

Answer:

| |

| |

( )

( )

( )

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| |
| |

( )( )( )| |

( )( ) ( )

( )( )( ) | |

( )( )( ) | |

Problem: 11

Answer:

| |

| |

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| |

[ ] [ ]
[ ]

FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCE
If are functionally dependent functions of three independent variables

Problem: 12

Show that and are

functionally dependent. Find the relation between them.

Answer:

| |

| |

| |

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

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[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ]

Therefore and are functionally dependent.

To find the relation between
Now,

Problem: 13
Show that and are
functionally dependent.
Answer:

| |

| |

| |

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]

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Therefore are functionally dependent.

Problem: 14
√ √

Answer:

|| ||

√ √

√
√ √

√
√ √

√
√

√
√

| √ √ |
| |
√ √
√ √

( ) ( )
√ √ √ √

√ √

Therefore and are functionally dependent.

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Problem: 15

Answer:

|| ||

| |

Therefore and are functionally dependent.

Problem: 16

|| ||

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

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|| ||

( )( ) ( )( )

Therefore and are functionally dependent.

To find the relation between

( )

Problem: 17
Show that are functionally
dependent. Find the relation between them.

| |

| |

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| |

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

[ ]

Therefore are functionally dependent.

To find the relation between
Now, and

Practice Problems

3. If √ √ √ and

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TAYLORS EXPANSION
Taylor’s expansion for two variables:

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

Let and

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

This is known as Maclaurin’s series expansion of

(OR)
[ ]

[ ]

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Problem: 1
( )

Answer:
Function ( )

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

* ( ) + [ ( ) ( ) ]

[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

* +

[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

[ ] [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

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Problem: 2

( )

Answer:

Function ( )

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

* ( ) +

[ ( ) ( ) ]

[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

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[ ] [ ( ) ]

[ ( ) ]

[ ( ) ]

[ ( ) ]

Problem: 3
( ) ( )
degree term by using Taylor’s expansion.
Answer:
Function ( )

( )

[ ]
( )

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

* ( ) +

* ( ) ( )( ) ( ) +

* ( )( ) ( ) +

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Problem: 4
Expand about up to the second degree term by using
Taylor’s expansion.
Answer:
Function

[ ]

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

* +

Problem: 5

( )

Answer:

Function ( )

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[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ( ) ( ) ( )]
√ √ √

[ ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )]
√ √ √

( ) ( )( )
√ √
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ √ √ ]

( ) [ ( ) ( ) ]
( )
√ [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

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Problem: 6

( )

Answer:
Function Value at

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

* +

* +

* +

Here,

[ ]

[ ]

[ ( ) ( )]

[ ( ) ( )]

[ ] [ ]

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Problem: 7
Expand in powers of and up to terms of third degree.
Answer:
Function Value at

Here
[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

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Problem: 8

Expand in powers of by using Taylors series.

Answer:

Function Value at

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ]
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MAXIMA AND MINIMA FOR THE FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES

( )

Condition for maximum and minimum:

Step : 4 Maximum : If and then is maximum

Minimum : If and then is minimum
Saddle : If then is saddle point
Not an Extremum : If

Problem: 1
Find the maximum and minimum values of the function
Answer:
Given,

( )

To find the stationary points:

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The stationary points are and .

Result It is a saddle point It is maximum point

To find Maximum value:

Problem: 2
Examine the extremum of
Answer:
Given,

( )

To find the stationary points :

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Substitute the value in , we have

( )

Since from
When then
then
The stationary points are and .

Result It is saddle point It is minimum point

To find Minimum value:

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Problem: 3
Find the extreme values of the function
Answer:

( )

To find the stationary points:

The stationary points are .

Result Minimum point Saddle point Saddle point Maximum point

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Minimum value:

Maximum value:

Problem: 4
Find the extreme values of the function
Answer: Given,

( )

To find the stationary points:

Solving and , we get

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( )

( )

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Result Maximum point

Maximum value:

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]

LAGRANGES METHOD OF CONSTRAINED MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Application of Maxima and Minima:
Lagrange’s Method of Undetermined Multipliers:
Let be a function of three variables and the variables be
connected by the relation

Let
be an auxiliary equation.
Differentiating equation partially w.r.to we get

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Eliminating from equations and the values of and are obtained for
which has stationary value. This method of obtaining stationary values of
is called Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers, and equations
and are called Lagrange’s equations. The term is called undetermined
multiplier.

Problem: 1
Find the maximum volume of the largest rectangular solid that can inscribed in an

Answer:
The sides of the rectangle be
Hence the volume of the rectangle be

Therefore, we have to find the maximum volume subject to

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

From and , we have

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[ ]

[ ]

√ √

The maximum volume is

( )( )( )
√ √ √

Problem: 2
Find the minimum values of subject to the condition
Answer:

We have to find the minimum value subject to

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From and , we have

Taking first two ratios, we have

Taking second and third ratios, we have

From and , we have

Substitute the values in , we get,

Therefore the minimum value of is

( ) ( )( )

( )

Problem: 3
The temperature at any point in a space is Find the
highest temperature on surface of the sphere
Answer:
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We have to find the highest temperature subject to

From and , we have

Taking first two ratios, we have

Taking second and third ratios, we have

From and , we have

Substitute the values in , we get,

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( )

( )

√
Therefore the maximum temperature is

( )( )( )
√

Problem: 4
A rectangular box open on the top, is to have the volume of . Find the
dimensions of the box that requires the least cost material for its construction.
Answer:
Let be length, breadth and height of the box.

We need to find the minimum material cost subject to the volume of the box
.
The auxiliary equation be

[ ]

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From and , we have

Taking first two ratios, we have

Taking second and third ratios, we have

From and , we have

Substitute the values in , we get,

The material cost should be minimum if the dimensions of the box are

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Problem: 5
Find the dimensions of the rectangular box without top of maximum capacity
with surface area 432 square meters.
Answer:
Let be length, breadth and height of the box.

We need to find the minimum material cost subject to the Surface area of the box
.
The auxiliary equation be

[ ]

From and , we have

Taking first two ratios, we have

Taking second and third ratios, we have

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From and , we have

Substitute the values in , we get,

The material cost should be minimum if the dimensions of the box are

Problem: 6
Find the maximum value of , when .
Answer:
The auxiliary equation be

[ ]

From and , we have

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Taking first two ratios, we have

Taking second and third ratios, we have

( )

Substitute the values and in , we get,

( )

( )

( )

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

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Problem: 7
Find the maximum and minimum distance at the point from unit sphere
whose centre is at the origin.
Answer:

Distance from to any point of the sphere is

√
Squaring we get

[ ]

From and , we have

Taking first and last ratios, we have

Taking second and third ratios, we have

Substitute the values and in , we get,

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( ) ( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( ) ( )

( )

√( ) ( ) ( )

[ ]

( )

√( ) ( ) ( )

[ ]

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Problem: 8
Divide 24 into three parts such that the continued product of the first, square of
the second and cube of the third may be maximum.
Answer:
Let and be three parts of 24.

From and , we have

Dividing by , we get

Taking first two ratios, we have

Taking first and third ratios, we have

Substituting in equation

Hence and are three parts of 24.

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Problem: 9
A wire of length is cut into two parts which are bent in the form of a square and
circle respectively. Find the least value of the sum of the areas so found.
Answer:

A piece of length is bent in the form of a circle of radius ;

The parameter of the circle is

( )

Let the sum of the areas be given as

Also,
Let

( )

From equations and ,

Substituting in eqn
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( )

Hence, the least value of the sum of the areas is

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )

( )

Two marks
Question: 1

Answer:

( )

( )

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( )

Question: 2

Answer:
Given
[ ]
[ ]

( )

( )

( )

Question: 3

Answer:

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Question: 4

Answer:

Question: 5

Answer:

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Question: 6

Answer:

( )

( )

Question: 7

( )

Answer:

( ) ( )( )

( ) ( )

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( ) ( )

( )( )

Direct substitution method:

( )

( )

( ) ( )

( )( )

Question: 8

Answer:

[ ]

Question: 9

Answer:

[ ]

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Question: 10

Answer:

|| ||

[ ]
( )

| | ( )( ) ( )( )

Question: 11

Answer:

| | | |

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Question: 12

Answer:

|| || | |

| |
| |

Question: 13

Answer:

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SRIT / M & H / M. Vijaya Kumar 72

 SRIT / 20MHG01/ Calculus and Linear algebra / Functions of Several Variables
Question: 14

Answer:

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Question: 15

Answer:

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Question: 16
Write the sufficient condition for to have a maximum value at .
Or
State the conditions for maxima and minima of .
Answer:
SRIT / M & H / M. Vijaya Kumar 73
 SRIT / 20MHG01/ Calculus and Linear algebra / Functions of Several Variables
Let have continuous first and second partial derivatives in the

( )

If , point is a saddle point (neither maximum nor minimum).

If , the nature of point is undecided. More investigation is
necessary.

SRIT / M & H / M. Vijaya Kumar 74