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315 views167 pagesPower System Analysis
Uploaded by
Yasmi NishadCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 167
Edition 2016
Electrical Pe
| a1
Electrical Engineerii
fa (Tatil Bate)
NES EL,
Sra
According to
Ue ore)
ESE Firoz [lure
Preface
Syllabus
Oa
Representation of Power System “1-1 to 1-62
Unit -2
Unit - 3
Fault Calculations
Unit - 4
a
Unit-5
Unit - 6
CSVTU Questions
QO =
Symmetrical Components
Economic Operation of Power Systeme Load Flow Studies... 4-1 10 4-80
Power System Stability”
2-1 fo 2-64
_ 3-1 to 3-64
~ 5110 5-58
OS. 6-1 106 6" Semester
BE : 324651(24)
BEE : 325651
ee phase
Representation of _
Power System
Contents
* Single Line Diagram
* Impedance Dragrarn
' Resctance Diagram
1 Equivalent Impedance of Thee
Phase Transformer
' PerUnit Quantities
PLU. Impedance of Three Phase
Transformer
' Pomitive Sequence Impedance
Paagram in Per-Unut System
' Expression for Three Phase Power in
PU,
The eng le deagram os power eye |
en
Sermerments of the system composes
tog wrth thew dat (ach ws cape Pag.
olnge od rnctamce ew) bce
Tises sometimes the
oacings te piven
cromery © sew al the coment
‘yee on ingle Hee
Breakers need mot Be system under normal balanced steady state conditions is
‘The transmission line is the main
of a power system is mainly
‘of the transmission lines in the system. It is necessary to
and power at: ona transmission line provided that
Sela
In drawing a diagram of such a system, the equipment are shown
are phase system. If al the equipment ofthe three phase are
would be rather complicated and difficult to understand. Since all
exactly similar, its necessary to use a simplified representation
ase and neal Sudha dsr is nown single ine fone ne
of
se ine tga fine power sae,
to draw its equivalent circuit (also known
is represented by an em in series with an
‘transformer are represented by series
former is usually omitted in a power
Single line diagram
“Transformer ‘Transformer Motor
in 1, ™
i Xmission line
Generator aie
Impedance diagram :
R,
Generator” Transformer! mission ine | Transformer Motor 1 Motor2! Static
If the resistive component of the impedance are neglected then impedance
diagram reduces to as reactance diagram as shown in below figure,
Sometimes the values are expressed in percent. However itis preferable to use pet
unit values,
Reactance diagram :
Step for preparing impedance diagrams : In order to prepare a
diagram of a power system one-line diagram and specifications of the
transformers lines, motors and loads are required. The following
‘made while preparing impsedance diagram : the whole system the rated value of wolage of a particular
the base voltage. The base voltages of other sections are then
linetotine voltage ratios of transformers, Al impedances in
4 reached inching the primary inypexiance,
voltage base chosen for the primary site the
‘the transformer including secondary impedance of the
in per unit to anew base voltage. This new base Voitage
ry voltage multiplied by the intone voltage ratio of the
voltages may be shown on the anetne diagram
nitimpedanc of eps aormer apes thet
‘ating of the transformer is equal to three times the
transformer, The per unit impedance of the three
M6 equal to the per unit impedance ot the single-phase
¥ of all sections should be calculatal on proper base with
GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ® 4:5 tation of Power:
ole
Aalyantages of per unit system
1. When expressed in per unit system parameters tends to fall in relatively narrow
‘numerical ranges. Therefore any erroneous data can be easily identified.
Power system contain a large number of transformers, the ohmic value of
Impedance as referred to secondary is different from the value as referred to
primary, However base values are selected properly the per unit impedance is the
same on the two sides of transformer.
3, The chance of confusion between line and phase value between the 3—@ balanced
system is reduced,
4. The impedances of machine are specified by the manufacturer in terms of per unit
value
5. Transformer connection do not affect the per unit values
‘Consider at} system where, Base voltage = (kV),_ and Base wolt-Amp =(KVA)_
x10’ &v),
mete
a eT a ET 2 oO
And OVA Kx xIe?
vay,
OVA
Cor a
rom equation () and (i,
OM XO ae
te AVA) =10" VA)
Per unitimpedance Z,
oil
This equation is applicable for both single phase and three-phase circuit.
‘Change of base value : Normally the per unit impedance of various component
corresponding to its own rating voltage and voltamp. rating are given and
‘choose one common base MVA and base kV for whole system. Therefore
{imperative to determine the per unit impedance of various equipment
to the common base KV and base MVA. If the individual quantity
and (AV) 4.80 from equation (ii) base impedance will be of Power,
GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS
But,
-705,
Kat Ky a(R KE Bi!
“ i
From equation (v) and (vi),
Ru Be
HVA A
Oa WA a We behets ng pt
uation per unit impedance is ‘ic eens bese Equating real and imaginary parts,
onal othe square of the base kV.
: nav
leakage reactance each of 2:50.
Determine:
0 ‘Tot pecron ot patie srr oad a tes
Gi Total octane fae fered ony a
‘Sol. The VA on both sides ofthe transformer is 5000 VA, that is,
5, =5000VA
()) Total reactance ofthe transformer referred to primary,
MY
7 Pl
My xan)
x, -25025%( 42) «2ssi0=ns0
fain viegaon pinay ai ase
Now ee keds J
Ma a
Tot pe i acti cred
ig 2h, Sh 1251 2% «oma
(ii) Total reactance of the transformer referred to secondary,
"
spe tia
nonoula) GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS ' of Power,
Ui
* s§feom
ieee
a ag
»‘ y
ration
kV,
eX +x,(Bey
XyKVi ARV
Xe i
Wy,
¥
MY
MyM
ad KV
x.
he VA
Korat _ XyKV? +A RV}
Xa py = Att = MARV FAG =a
Lil erent 2»
For secondary side :
Base power=MVA_
™, ay,
Base voltage= kV, x2 = kv, x AM «gy,
Be yoy peo RY,
Total impedance in secondary sid
x, ~xox,(8)
ce =, 44, (2
x, -14, (BK)
as X43, (
at We
w
mye
MV,
Oe
‘So from equation (i) and (ji) the pu impedance re
secondary side is same,
le,
X AV A AY?
PnP
vy
x
a Meat KAW + Ny?
Te ava GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS: 414
‘Total impedance in secondary side,
fy,
mabe, |=)
Met (7)
(4) ;
mageteor,] ab | -2ee(%]
oe 33 ir.)
CAL
pemieswt| CB)
3
“We "|" VA SMA
wisi ye?
Sa), soy
elm G3 as |
EAE ALA
ae vA
ayia oy
From the above equation it is prove that the impedance in per unit for three-phase
transformer isthe same a that foreach single phase transformer.
‘Question 9
For the single phase two winding transformer in figure (neglect
same whether computed from primary or secondary.
Zp Zz,
Figure shows « single phase transformer in terms of primary and secondary leakage
reactance Z, and Z, and transformation ratio 1a.
Let us choose base voltage on the primary side (V,), and on the secondary side
(/,),. Also choose a common base voltampere (WA),
i, Oe 1
De
As the (VA), is common, we can also write GAT ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS * 4:13 of Power:
6 Expression for Three Phase Power in
‘Question 10
Derive expression for three phase power in per unit.
‘Ans. Assume actual line wolage= V7, actual ine curren
Acelerpees perenne
Tae ine vlinge= igi base ine curest= is wd
ese epee eerie
Actual apparent power VJWi1, FL I,
ot apparent power = Ail EEE Eo Lan
aaa ieee ‘Base eppereat power Wests Vis ty
in
in Per Unit
Sol. Given: (MVA),y =75MVA, (kV)ay =10EV, (Xu = 04
‘And new value (MIVA), =100MVA.
(ev), = IY
(MVAD gs OVD,
Ode = daa 1.
OAV AN Be GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS 4
Sol.
"A base of 200 MVA, 25 kV in generator 1 side, 30 200 MVA base power in all ireuit
and following base voltages,
220 ¢
Base voltage for transmission line side = 2525 = 220kV
se voltage for gener lde= 720525, «25kV fi
RReactance value for different system are :
Reactance of generator 1
OVA, OV)
(VA AV
Cdn * Eada
2) ott
J027 pu es
‘ours ACADEMY FUBLICATIONS® _1-40_Repressntation of Powes Syatema
xy-nan2 (2) «pam
Reactant tle
r= nied) «ose
nan ain ng
Xa * 11000
ee 02a)
baa’ ee} 25
Np = Maat = 10025 6 10,1646 pu
a oa (23.24
Reactance of transformer 7,,
2s
x, = Rand,
= Jas
(meee
25 (10)
y= sas) «nat
aan (i) ie
rene |
f
type) «
p25 23{1) «paar
eel of Power.
‘Bol. A base of 30 MVA, 33 kV at transmission line, so 30 MVA base power in all other
‘Greuit and following base voltage,
Generator side base voltage =33x 42 = 11 kV
Motor side base voltage 3352 = 6.24V
Now px. reactance value of different system are : ‘ot.
Transformer F
posed of
Line voltage of star connected sh
ae (
rove at transfor bank =
‘A baw of 80 MYA, 18 KV In
Ing bawe voltages
= 30KY
Hine ste bawe votes 19x42 « tHOKY
”
Motor sds base voltage 180/22 6 45.14V
ue ina
Reactance value of dil
Reactance of gen
rent ystem are
(MYA) V9,
Epes Ee,
Coden * hd Cae OV)
50 (is)
4, -702088-(3) «029
is,
Reactanee of tranalormer I,
sory
x, «008 ) «oases
Impedance of tranwmission tine,
1
Ermag (254 {79 0
2 ‘aa
a AVR tt ro
vA,” 90
i %
Sg =k 2584 113) aS
Zen AS MS xereiee = OURS JOLT pw
Reactance of transformer 1,
a cern) 1!
Ny = 0 of Power,
Reactance of transformer T;,
20,
X,, = 0.1
ny G
Reactance of motor 1,
= 02x20, 2
4, = 02a 2S = jo2spu
Reactance of motor2,
2 a
= 02x (as) 10-S6pa 100,
Max
a ”
Y= ssi
Renctance of n
= /0N264 pu
108, (22)' jaasoone
50 "Un
= 10.0000 ee
sresentation of Power
GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS® ar, ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS.
ce
a (MVA), 100
Zyaus _ (132+ JO512),.199 = (1.09+ 0.423) pu
Zn aD
Reactance diagram :
xaos
‘Question 24
‘The one line diagram of 3-9 power system is shown in figure. Select a.
100 MVA and 22 kV on generator side. Draw impedance diagram with
‘mark in per unit.
Gonertor 90 MIVA, 22 KV, X=18%
MVA, 22/220 kV, X= 10%
T, :40 MVA, 220/11 KV, X= 69%
T, 40 MVA, 22/110 kV, X= 6.4%
T, :40 MVA, 110/11 kV, X=8% ‘
m 2665 MVA, 1045 KV, X= 18.5% *
‘The3~ load absorb 57 MVA the 0.6 power factor at 10
reactance of 48.491 and 6543 “A base of 20 MVA, IL KV in generatorG,, 50 20 MVA base power in all other circuit
‘and following base voltages,
“Transmission line side bse voltage =11
