Inventory Control Ebook
Inventory Control Ebook
Inventory Control Ebook
Control
Guide
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Table of
Contents
Table of Contents
It is also one of the key ways a business can keep its costs low.
This in turn can lead to higher profit margins and increased sales.
If you don’t take control over your inventory, your inventory will control you.
The success of your business depends on how you purchase, store, sell, and
deliver your inventory. Dedicating time and resources to this process is vital to
long-term growth.
Inventory control can feel like an overwhelming task, but it doesn’t have to be.
Here’s an example of how it can work.
Let’s say that you’re an inventory manager and you discover that you have a
batch of products on hand that aren’t selling. This dead stock takes up valuable
space in your inventory and is nearing the end of its life cycle.
● Inventory management
● Stock management
● Control of goods
● Material control
● Stock keeping
● Assets management
● Stock control
● Warehouse management
Inventory control is a vital part of any business’s operations and has a major
impact on their ability to make a profit.
● Boost inventory efficiency. Your products may be all over the warehouse
making picking and packing take much longer than needed. Inventory
control lets you discover and optimize this and many other issues to
increase efficiency and streamline your processes.
Storing inventory has many associated costs that a manager needs to keep
under control. Without inventory control, a business’s warehouse can quickly
become a problem. By allowing inventory to move about with no interference,
a manager risks running into skyrocketing costs and plummeting profits. This in
turn will lead to the loss of their job and possibly the closure of the business.
Automated inventory control takes a perpetual inventory count to the next level
and makes decisions using a set of predetermined rules. This feature is built into
some of the best inventory control software and allows you to take a more hands-
off role.
Here’s an example of how this automatic inventory control can work. If you
have a particular product that you always want to keep in stock, you may set
a minimum supply threshold for reorder. Once you hit this number, the system
automatically sends a new purchase order to your manufacturer.
Now that you have a better understanding of inventory control, let’s look at its
partner inventory management.
If you don’t have answers to these questions, you’re not making the most
informed decisions for your inventory. This means you’re spending more on
storage and making less profit.
Adopting new inventory management methods can help you eliminate waste
and focus on growing your business.
There are eight inventory management process steps that all inventory plans
are built around. Here are those steps.
6 Products are taken from stock. These goods are packaged and shipped
or delivered directly to the customer.
8 Stock levels trigger reordering. Calculating your reorder point for each
product you sell can optimize this step and get you the goods you need to
meet demand. This is a major component of the just in time inventory
model.
These eight steps can be done more efficiently with a properly managed inventory
process flow. Each step can be optimized by tracking and reviewing each step.
You can eliminate waste, discover flaws, and reallocate resources to any step that
needs it to increase your profit and limit your costs.
An inventory process map is a flowchart that shows every step in your inventory
program. Though the eight steps are fairly standard, there are many variables
that are specific to your businesses. By mapping out all steps and options, you
can always be prepared for any changes in supply or demand.
For example, if an order comes in and you’re out of stock, you need to know
what to do. Your inventory process map should include your business’s preferred
method of dealing with this situation. It may be placing a backorder or refunding
the customer. You can even include on your map that you do both depending on
the item’s value.
The four major devices of inventory management are ABC inventory analysis,
economic order quantity (EOQ), buffer stock, and reorder points. These devices
are ways of ensuring your supply of goods is sufficient for meeting customer
demand. They offer their own benefits based on the business you operate.
Here’s a brief guide on each of them.
Here’s an example of how the kanban method works. Let’s say you operate a
meat packing plant. Under the kanban method, you only want to keep enough
meat and packaging materials on hand to fulfill the orders you already have. So,
when a new order for 500 lbs of beef comes in, you use the meat and supplies
on hand first. Once this “bin” of materials are used, you place an order with your
supplier to finish filling the order. This is repeated as needed every time an order
is received.
There are many ways you can improve your inventory management and get
the most out of your inventory.
● Coordinate with suppliers. The better relationship you have with your
suppliers, the better your inventory management. If you communicate
demand changes and product needs regularly, they can ensure you’re
always supplied.
● Track product lead time. Product reordering can best be timed if you
know the lead time to expect. This will also help you avoid running into
issues with meeting customer demand.
The most important part of any inventory control manager’s job is proper
inventory tracking.
“Now where did I leave that inventory,” you say as you walk dazedly through
your warehouse.
That scenario is a bit dramatic, but it can certainly feel that way when you discover
your inventory numbers are off. Properly tracking inventory usage and variance is
key to making the most out of your products.
Inventory levels influence all decisions you make and can quickly increase or
decrease your revenue. They can be tracked manually or perpetually. We’ve
broken out how these work below.
The simplest way to track inventory is to manually count your inventory every
two weeks and compare the numbers versus sales. That’s known as periodic
inventory.
There are a number of inventory tracking programs and tools that you can use to
better understand your inventory levels. Only you can determine what is best for
your business.
There’s no one best way to track inventory, but there are a few best practices
that all businesses should adopt.
Here are six ways you can make inventory tracking easier for your business.
● Establish KPIs. You need to set specific goals for your inventory,
otherwise you simply have goods sitting around with no plans. Inventory
turnover ratio, inventory costs, and reorder points and frequency are all
good places to start.
● Use ABC inventory analysis. This analysis will give you insight into the
value of your inventory. With that information you can prioritize the stock
that is most important to your bottom line.
● Optimize your inventory cycle. The speed at which your stock sells, or
turns over, is vitally important to understand. This will help you plan
reorders and avoid stocking items that don’t sell quickly.
To track inventory manually you’ll need to physically take inventory at least twice.
Once to establish baseline stock levels and again to determine usage. These two
inventories are usually taken on the first and last days of the month.
Ideally, you will bring a laptop or other portable device with you during the
inventory to update it as you go. However, you can also print out a sheet and
write in your data.
To keep track of inventory in excel, you first need to build out an inventory
tracking spreadsheet. To start, set aside enough time to take a full, manual
inventory. Bring the spreadsheet with you and note each item counted. Then,
at the point you want to discover usage, repeat the process. Next, add in any
inventory received in between the two inventories. Finally, compare the data
in the spreadsheet against sales data to determine any waste or incorrect
information.
Though there are many forms of inventory auditing, the workflow is mostly the
same. You must acquire two records that should reflect the same inventory
numbers. Then check them against each other to discover if they do match.
If not, flag the areas with issues and look into any problems that arise like
missing inventory, damaged product, or inaccurate sales figures.
There are also many smaller procedures that may be a part of the inventory
audit workflow.
4 Cutoff analysis. With this analysis, you halt all operations at the time
of the physical inventory count. This ensures there can be no mistakes
of uncontrolled variables.
8 Freight cost analysis. This analysis evaluates the amount you spend
on shipping costs and the lead time involved. It also accounts for losses
and damage incurred during transit.
● Pick the audit types you’ll use and do them regularly. From the list of ten
above, pick one or two and make them a part of your monthly or weekly
workflow. This way you can discover problems sooner and avoid having
to train employees on new audits as you perform them.
Inventory audits can uncover a number of issues with your inventory. One of the
biggest is the problem of dead stock.
Dead stock is an issue that many businesses find themselves faced with.
It takes up warehouse space, loses value, and interferes with a business’s
ability to make money.
So, what exactly is dead stock and how do you deal with it?
Dead stock is not the same as inventory with a long life cycle. It was never
intended to sit for as long as it has. It is likely the result of overbuying, inaccurate
demand forecasting, or poor sales strategies.
Let’s say you’re a food wholesaler and you ordered 200 sacks of potatoes for
resale. Your demand forecast shows that you can expect to sell them within two
months.
Unfortunately, demand for those potatoes unexpectedly dropped and you can
only sell 50 sacks in those two months. Due to a new health food trend, revised
forecasting shows that sweet potatoes have stolen most demand for potatoes.
As such, you can’t feasibly sell the remaining 150 any time soon.
This remaining balance is now considered dead stock. These potatoes are now
a drain on your warehouse and may even go bad before you can offload them.
Dead stock inventory control consists of selling what product you can and finding
ways to minimize the expenses accrued by dead stock. An inventory manager
needs to determine the causes of their dead stock.
One thing that can lead to dead stock is poorly managed lead times and reorder
points. This can cause customers to cancel their orders and stock that was
expected to be sold left sitting in the warehouse.
Inventory tracking is also a vital part of managing and eliminating issues with dead
stock. It will also allow you to determine the correct amount of goods to order in the
future and recognize sales trends and inventory cycles.
Dead stock must be accounted for each month it sits in inventory until it is
gone. That is, until it is finally offloaded or written off as a loss. This lowers your
profitability each month and highlights the importance of eliminating dead stock.
Getting rid of dead stock isn’t easy. If it was it wouldn’t have become dead in
the first place.
● Start product kitting. Kitting is a great option for products that aren’t
selling. By bundling them with similar goods or products with more
demand, you can offload them more easily. In particular, you can work
with a subscription box company and get your goods bundled with similar
products from other companies.
● Transfer the goods to another store. If you own multiple locations, moving
them to another location is a viable option. Demand can vary greatly by
location and you may be able to sell more stock in another area.
● See if your supplier will take them back. Some suppliers will include in
their contract that they’ll take inventory back if they don’t sell by a certain
point. You may have that deal already and not know it or your supplier
might be willing to sign a new contract.
This report can give you insight into what products are in danger of expiring and
allocate resources to sell or offload them. It can also highlight issues that are
contributing to dead stock like long lead time.
Lead time is one of the most important measures in inventory control. It affects
all businesses within a supply chain and can cause major issues if it gets out of
control.
Manufacturing lead time, or production lead time, is the amount of time between
a merchant placing an order and the manufacturer completing it. This includes the
time taken to procure supplies, manufacture, and ship the goods.
Total lead time is affected by every step within a supply chain. Production takes
time, shipment takes time, and any other intermediary steps take time. As such,
lead time in inventory management needs to be monitored and planned for.
ARO, or after receipt of order, is the point that the supplier receives the order. This
essentially starts the clock on production and is the first important number when
measuring lead time. Any actions taken between ARO and the delivery of goods
are a part of the lead time for that order.
For retailers, long lead time means a loss of sales and angry customers. On the
manufacturing front, long lead time can cause production to halt entirely. It also
leads to increased lead time for the retailers and strains relationships. Every
additional day that goods are delayed, money is lost.
Lead time reduction takes time, energy, and data, but can help your business
improve its sales and fulfillment capability. The most important factor when trying
to reduce lead time is to look at your historical data. These numbers can help
you determine average lead times and help you discover where lead times are
increasing so you can head them off.
There are a few ways you can use this information to reduce your lead times.
● Change suppliers. Your lead time may be increasing due to issues with
your supplier. If they can’t get it under control, it may be time to look
elsewhere.
● Share sales forecasts with your supplier. If you are predicting a massive
increase in sales in the future, let your supplier know. They can change
their plans and begin working on production sooner to ensure you get the
goods you need.
This can cause further delays with subsequent orders leading to ever-growing lead
times and unhappy customers.
Discovering your lead time requires a simple formula. There are two options
depending on if you’re a manufacturer or a retailer.
First, we can look at previous data the company has on tuna cans to discover
manufacturing time. Let’s assume the average amount of time for manufacturing
1000 tuna cans is two weeks.
Next, we need to look at procurement time. For a manufacturer, this is the amount
of time it takes for all components and raw materials used in production to arrive
onsite.
In this case, we’ll assume it takes five days to get the necessary materials.
Lastly, we need to find the time it takes to ship the tuna cans to their destination.
This can be estimated based on previous shipments or an external shipping
company will provide it. Here we’ll say it will take one week to ship.
We discover that the total lead time for this order is 26 days. With this information,
you can keep the customer informed and look at any areas where there is room for
improvement and you have a better chance at calculating optimal reorder points.
If you order product at the wrong time, you could be missing out on a lot of
revenue or spending more on inventory carrying costs than necessary. Ordering
at the optimal point can ensure you always meet demand and streamline your
inventory control.
Keep reading to learn what a reorder point is, how to calculate it, and how it can
benefit your business.
Reorder point is not a stable number, but is flexible based on sales trends and the
demand cycle of a given product. This means you need to have an understanding
of each product’s inventory levels and sales to optimize its reorder point. This is
easily done using inventory management software that tracks everything you need
to know about your inventory.
Reorder Point = (Average Daily Usage x Average Lead Time) + Safety Stock
Calculating the reorder point for a given product first requires that you determine
a product’s average daily sales, lead time, and amount of safety stock. You can
easily pull daily sales information from your POS system if you have one. If
you don’t you can look at inventory numbers and divide by the number of days
between taking inventory.
Lead time can also be calculated for the product using a simple formula or by
contacting your supplier. With these three numbers in hand, it’s as simple as
plugging them into the formula above to determine that product’s reorder point.
Repeat as necessary for each item in your inventory.
Optimal Reorder Point & Optimal Reorder Point Formula
The optimal reorder point will maximize the profit you can make from your stock
and avoid surplus inventory in your warehouse. This is the point at which you
need to order product to replenish your stock.
The formula to determine optimal reorder point is the same as above. The main
difference is that you must calculate your reorder point for a product each
day. This will update your data and let you determine the most optimal time
for reordering. It also allows you to notice sudden shifts in demand and react
accordingly.
Reorder point calculators are a convenient choice if you have a large inventory
with many SKUs. One may be a part of the inventory management software you
use or you can use an Excel sheet with built-in formulas.
Safety stock and lead time are the two more common causes of problems
determining reorder points. However, both can be compensated for if you’re
adequately prepared.
Safety stock is additional stock you keep on hand in the event that demand
suddenly increases. The major issue here is that you may go through this stock
more quickly than anticipated. This means you need to reorder earlier than
anticipated. Luckily, that is exactly why you keep safety stock on hand.
Lead time is the second issue that may interfere with calculating your optimal
reorder point. Unfortunately, you don’t have much control over lead time as it is
dependent on the supplier and shipper. However, there are two ways you can
prepare yourself for any issues in lead time.
First, by keeping an adequate safety stock on hand. That way you can still fulfill
orders while awaiting products in shipment. Second, calculate your reorder point
daily to notice any changes in lead time as they occur. This way you can order
product earlier if you foresee any issues.
The reorder point model is an option for businesses that use perpetual inventory
management and want to avoid any excess storage. It is a very strict inventory
model and will only work for certain businesses.
● Lead time is constant. If lead time shifts, your products may not arrive in
time. Then, you run into issues with backorders and unfulfilled orders.
● Price per unit and order costs are constant. Costs should be constant so
that you can ensure you have enough cash on hand for full reorders.
● Suppliers can always meet demand. Not all suppliers can always fulfill the
orders they receive. This can’t be the case if you run a business that
orders and expects goods in an optimal time frame. Once you know the
best time to order products, you need to discover the correct amount to
order. That’s known as the economic order quantity,
When choosing what inventory models to implement for your business, economic
order quantity should always be considered. It can help mitigate rising costs,
streamline your warehouse operations, and put more money in your pockets.
Keep reading to find out how economic order quantity works, what benefits it
brings, and how you can implement it in your own business.
The optimal quantity is the exact amount of inventory you should order and keep
on hand to meet demand. Finding your optimal order quantity for a product is the
goal of calculating its EOQ. However, this number is very difficult to achieve as
any slight variance in demand, cost, or price will throw your numbers off.
Utilizing EOQ for your business can provide many benefits. Here are just a few.
● Adapts to your business. Many inventory methods are only viable for
certain types of business. EOQ utilizes only your own numbers, so it
can benefit any business that uses it.
Though there are definitely positive aspects of calculating EOQ, there are also
a few drawbacks that you need to be aware of.
● The math is complicated. You’ll see the formula used for EOQ
calculations below, and it’s safe to say it isn’t the easiest to use.
Luckily, there are many ways to automate the process and tools to help.
Calculating economic order quantity requires you first find a few metrics regarding
demand and costs. These are the annual demand for the product in units, the cost
per order, and the annual holding cost per unit. Once you’ve collected this data, it’s
as easy as plugging them into the formula below.
Uncovering the economic order quantity for a product can be done using a slightly
complicated formula.
If any of that seems confusing to you, let’s clear it up a bit with an example.
Let’s say you are a wholesale supplier for the food industry. You have a particular
product you’re looking to optimize, in this case cans of creamed corn. The first
thing you do is look at your historical data regarding creamed corn.
After poring through your data, you calculate that you normally sell an average of
2,500 cans each year. You also look through your purchase orders and inventory
costs to calculate that each shipment of 100 cans of corn costs $75. And you find
that storage of each can costs you $20 per year.
With these variables in hand, you can now calculate your optimal EOQ for cans
of creamed corn. Let’s plug them in.
We discover that the optimal order size is 137 cans of creamed corn. Pair this
with calculating the optimal reorder point, and you can maximize the profit you
make from cans of corn.
Using the formula above is great if you’re calculating the EOQ for a single
product, but what if you have thousands of SKUs?
That’s where an EOQ calculator comes in handy. There are a few ways you can
do this. First, there are options online where you can manually input data to find
your EOQ. Second, a calculator may be built into your inventory management
software if you use one. Lastly, you can use an Excel sheet and import product
data. unplanned backordering happens.
The EOQ model is used by many industries, but is most prevalent in businesses
that operate a just in time inventory system. These systems are built to minimize
inventory that is held on location and require constant contact with suppliers.
There are a few assumptions of economic order quantity you need to understand
if your business is going to use it.
These assumptions are necessary as the formula will not be accurate if any of
the numbers involved fluctuate.
Though you may come across both terms in your journey through inventory
control, economic order quantity and reorder quantity are not the same. Both
numbers are used to determine the best amount of inventory to order but are
calculated in different ways. Reorder quantity is a formula used by ecommerce
businesses and is based only on sales and lead time.
Inventory forecasting can help you prepare for changes in consumer demand,
uncover new opportunities for inventory, and increase your profits. It can also be
a very daunting task.
Read on to discover how inventory forecasting works, the elements needed for it,
and the tools you can use to do it.
To forecast inventory levels, you must first take inventory at least twice. These
can be physical inventories, a series of cycle counts, or the use of a perpetual
inventory program. From there, you can determine what products are selling
well and if they are nearing their reorder point. This lets you predict future sales
trends based on historical sales.
You can also use ABC inventory analysis to organize the products by value and
establish goals for each. This will let you invest more into purchasing, marketing,
and selling the most in-demand products.
Each new inventory taken will provide further insight into inventory trends. You
can use any shifts in sales or stock levels to make more informed forecasts.
There are many moving parts when using inventory forecasting. Here are four
major elements you need to consider:
There are many ways any business looking to forecast for inventory
management and control can achieve their goals.
Inventory forecasting is made much simpler and more precise by using inventory
forecasting software. Most perpetual inventory management software has this
functionality built in, but there are also stand-alone options.
If you choose to go this route, here are the most important features to look for:
Now that you know all about inventory control and management, it’s time to put it
all to use. That can be done by becoming an inventory control manager.
By using all of the information above, inventory control managers can become
one of the most important members of a business’ staff.
Read on for an overview of what an inventory manager is, their normal tasks,
required skills, and how much they’re paid.
The average salary for an inventory control manager is $60,643. To ensure the
most accurate number, we took the average inventory control manager salary
from the five largest nationwide employment websites.
Given that number combined with the fact that inventory control manager duties
take an average of 40 hours per week, inventory control managers make an
average of $29.16 an hour. They have a lot of responsibility in keeping the
warehouse operational.
At-home inventory control manager’s duties are essentially the same as their
in-person counterparts. However, the compensation is lower due to the remote
nature of the job. At-home inventory control manager duties take an average of
40 hours per week, so they make an average of $22.86 an hour.
Due to the varied nature of this role, inventory control managers must have
a wide variety of skills.
● Problem solving. There are many issues that may arise like shrinkage,
dead stock, or missing product. Inventory control managers need to be
able to quickly and efficiently find solutions.
You may not be ready to make the leap to become an inventory control manager
or maybe there’s only an assistant manager position open. This role is a great
first step. It can prepare you for becoming an inventory control manager and give
you valuable experience in inventory control and management.
FREE DEMO
Konstantin Zvereff
Chief Executive Officer
(443) 454-6781
[email protected]